Solanum Torvum Research Articles

IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA KIMIA PADA BUAH SEGAR TERUNG POKAK (Solanum torvum) DENGAN METODE LCMS

The content of antioxidant compounds in pokak eggplant (Solanum torvum) had the potential as an herbal medicine and was consumed by the world population. The research objective was to study the chemical compound content of the LCMS method. Experimental design with fresh fruit extraction of pokak eggplant using 95% ethanol solvent. The parameters measured were the chemical components found in fresh fruit. The results of analysis of chemical compounds include Choline, Proline, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, BMK ethyl glycidate, 4- Methoxycinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, 7- Hydroxycoumarine, Trigonelline, 1- Vinylimidazole, Pipecolic acid, L- (+) - Arginine- Stearoylglycerol, Caffeine, Cetrimonium, l- Pyroglutamic acid, Erucamide, Muscone, Cucurmin, Stearamide, Betulin, Acetophenone, Ethyl oleate, SSR146977, D - (+) - Maltose, M-144, Monoolein, L-ide, Histidine, Tomatidine, Oleamide Hexadecanamide, Isoleucine, DIPEA, L- Aspartic acid, Octadecanimine, Maltol, 1-Linoleoyl glycerol, 3- Hydroxy-L- proline, Sakuranin, Leucylprolin, Diaminopimelic acid, Nervonic acid, Nootkatone, Caffeic acid, 5-Hydroxymethyl , Methyl cinnamate, Octyl decyl phthalate, 1-Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, Glycerophospho-N-palmitoyl ethanolamine, 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde, Methyl palmitate, Cyclohexyl, phenyl ketone, Esculin, n-Pentyl isopentyl phthalate, - 6 -Ketoprostaglandin F1α, N, N-Dimethylsphingosin e, α-Eleostearic acid, cis-12-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester, Oleoyl ethanolamide, Citral, L-Tyrosine, XLR-11, Isovanillic acid, 1-Tetradecylamine, Isoquinoline, Calocarpin, Sedanolide, N-Acetyltyramine, Testosterone isocaproate , 2-Methyl-S-benzothiazole, 1-Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, Dodecyltrimethylammonium, cis, cis-Muconic acid, 6-Ketoprostaglandin 4-octopamine, Lupeol, N-FeroyETl, [4- (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) tetrahydro-1H, 3H-furo [3,4-c] furan-1-yl] -2-methoxyphenyl hexopyranoside.

Fruit shape morphometric analysis and QTL detection in a set of eggplant introgression lines

Eggplant fruit shape is an important quantitative agronomic trait. The use of introgression lines (ILs) for QTLs identification is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the genetic control of eggplant fruit shape. In the present study, a set of 16 eggplant ILs, each harboring a single marker-defined chromosomal segment from the wild eggplant relative S. incanum in the genetic background of S. melongena, was evaluated for fruit shape in two environments (open field and screenhouse). A detailed phenotyping of the fruits of the two parents, hybrid and ILs was performed using 32 morphological descriptors of the phenomics tool Tomato Analyzer. Several morphological differences were found between parents, and the hybrid displayed negative heterosis for many fruit shape traits, being more similar to the S. incanum parent. Significant differences for most fruit shape descriptors were found between ILs and the recipient parent. For many descriptors, the genotype factor had the highest contribution to the percentage of the sum of squares. Although the contributions of the environment and the G × E interaction were significant for almost all descriptors, their effects on fruit shape were relatively low. Hierarchical clustering revealed nine clusters of highly correlated traits and six ILs groups. A total of 41 stable QTLs spread over ten chromosomes were detected. Of these, twenty QTLs associated to Basic Measurement and Fruit Shape Index descriptors were syntenic to other previously reported in several intraspecific and interspecific eggplant populations, while twenty-one QTLs, including Blockiness, Homogeneity, Asymmetry and Internal Eccentricity, were new. In addition, mutations associated to genes belonging to SUN, OVATE and YABBY families described in tomato were reported in the QTLs genomic regions identified in eggplant. Eleven SUN and YABBY genes were proposed as potential candidate controlling fruit shape variations in eggplant. Our results provide novel and highly relevant insights on the genetics of fruit shape in eggplant and have important implications for eggplant breeding.

Comparative analysis of the nutritional profiles of selected Solanum species grown in Sri Lanka

Nutritional profiles of eggplant, aubergine or brinjal (local name, Wambatu) (Solanum melongena L.), eggplant (local name, Elabatu) (Solanum melongena var. insanum L.) and wild eggplant/turkey berry (local name, Thibbatu) (Solanum torvum Sw.) were determined. Healthy and undamaged fruits in medium maturity were collected using stratified random sampling design from all agro-climatic zones of Sri Lanka, sorted and cleaned. Composite samples were prepared by oven drying a portion of the sample at 45 °C and freeze-drying the rest. Proximate composition, mineral contents, fatty acid profile and vitamin composition were determined using standard procedures and presented on fresh weight basis.Among studied Solanum species, the nutritional significance of S. torvum was upheld by the highest quantities of protein, total carbohydrate, almost all minerals, vitamins C, D and E while the nutritional importance of S. melongena var. insanum was highlighted by the highest quantities of PUFA and MUFA. Moreover, S. melongena (Wambatu) comprised of the highest contents of dietary fibre and vitamins K, A, B1 and B2, indicating the higher nutritional value of S. torvum (Thibbatu) and S. melongena (Elabatu). Furthermore, the highest commercially cultivated S. melongena (Wambatu) contained significantly higher amounts of Cd and As than the other two Solanum species tested.

Grafting in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.): a sustainable way of increasing the yield

The grafting success of commercial brinjal F1 hybrids on disease-resistant varieties and wild Solanum species has enumerated the effect of rootstock combinations with scions on the fruit yield of brinjal. The Galine F1 (4.25, 35.75) hybrid took significantly lesser days, and it was at par with Mahy-11 F1 hybrid (4.75, 37.50), whereas varieties and wild species recorded maximum number of days for germination and reaching to the grafting stage, thus synchronization of grafting stage of scions and rootstocks could be achieved by staggered sowing. The significantly highest graft success noted Galine F1 (96.67%) and Mahy-11 (94.44%) grafting on Solanum torvum rootstock, thus these combinations were highly suitable for grafting. The highest number of branches (15.29), fruits per plant (30.18), yield per plant (4.40 kg) and yield per hectare (61.11 t) were found by scion Mahy-11 grafting on Solanum torvum rootstock and differed significantly from the other scion and rootstock graft combinations. For the grafting characteristics, growth and yield traits were found to be superior and were influenced by the grafts i.e. Mahy-11 and Galine F1 scion grafted on rootstock Solanum torvum. Thus, Solanum torvum rootstock is highly suitable for brinjal grafting compared to other rootstocks.

Mathematical modeling of thin layer drying characteristics and proximate analysis of Turkey berry (Solanum torvum)

In the present work the drying characteristics and proximate analysis of Turkey berry (Solanum torvum) were analyzed under open Sun drying and greenhouse drying with two different glazing materials (UV polyethylene sheet and drip lock sheet) under passive and active modes. The drying rate under different modes of drying are 18.73 g per hour in drip lock greenhouse active mode, 12.50 g per hour in UV polyethylene sheet greenhouse active mode,15.22 g per hour in drip lock sheet greenhouse passive mode, 11.84 g per hour in UV polyethylene sheet greenhouse passive mode and 10.65 g per hour in open sun drying. Twelve mathematical models were chosen to determine the drying characteristics of Turkey berry. From the statistical analysis it is found that modified Henderson and Pabis model is the best drying model describing thin layer drying characteristics of Turkey berry in both open Sun drying and greenhouse drying. The goodness of the fit achieved is based on the values of coefficient of determination, R2, sum square error, root mean square error, and reduced chi square, ?2. From the proximate analysis of dried Turkey berry it is found that more amount of carbo-hydrate is retained in UV polyethylene greenhouse dryer under passive mode. In drip lock greenhouse dryer under passive mode the retention of vitamins such as protein, vitamin C, and ash content showed a positive sign. In drip lock green-house dryer under active mode the retention of calcium, iron and dietary fibre is found to be high. Finally it is observed that more amounts of nutrients are retained in greenhouse drying than in open Sun drying.

Solanum torvum mediated synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial activities

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with biogenic synthesis employing plants have been grown to be a promising alternative to the traditional chemical synthesis method. The AgNPs were triumphantly synthesized using Solanum torvum (Turkey berry) fruit extract characterized by UV–Visible spectrum as a consequence of strong surface plasmon resonance peak at 442 nm. The existence of bio-molecules acting as a capping and stabilizing agent in the AgNPs with Solanum torvum was revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. X-ray diffraction investigation for the greener route synthesized AgNPs witnessed as face centered cubic crystalline nature along with an average crystalline size of 25 nm. Scanning electron microscope images evidenced that the nanoparticles have an irregular shape of hexagonal morphology and the presence of silver element was depicted in Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope profile. The AgNPs were explored against two gram-positive and negative bacteria via antibacterial activity. The results showed that biosynthesized AgNPs have a strong inhibitory effect on bacteria with a more pronounced inhibition against Bacillus subtilis. AgNPs with very high antibacterial activity can also be employed as an efficient material for different medicinal applications.

Inhibition of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm by Ethanol Extracts of Sauropus androgynus and Solanum torvum

Sauropus androgynus and Solanum torvum are known to possess antioxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-fungal and antiseptic properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanol extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves and Solanum torvum fruit in prevention of biofilm formation by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The study also assessed the presence of bioactive compounds and their ability to modify the cell surface hydrophobicity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. In this study, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from tertiary care hospitals in Coimbatore were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing and biofilm formation. Among the 20 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates, all were found to be 100 % sensitive to vancomycin and 100 % resistant to cotrimoxazole and tetracycline. Two methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were observed to be strong biofilm producers confirmed by microtiter plate method and only one methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate was used for further studies. Phytochemical screening of plant materials was carried out to identify the bioactive compounds potentially responsible for the biological properties. Among the plant extracts tested, extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves showed a maximum zone of inhibition (18 mm), whereas the zone of inhibition exhibited by Solanum torvum fruit extracts was 16 mm at 200 µg/ml against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration testing of extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves and Solanum torvum fruit were also carried out against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in which each extract at a concentration of 5 mg/ml was found to inhibit methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation via the microtiter plate method. Moreover, there was an increase in cell surface hydrophobicity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm from 33.96 to 61.90 % at 150 µg/ml of extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves, while Solanum torvum fruit extracts showed 46.80 % hydrophobicity. Similarly, anti-adhesive activity was found to be higher in extracts of Sauropus androgynus leaves (0.008) when compared to Solanum torvum fruit extracts (0.016) at 50 µg/ml. The current study reports for the first time the efficacy of Sauropus androgynus and Solanum torvum extracts as a promising source of anti-biofilm agents, especially against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Characterization of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Solanum torvum (Turkey Berry) fruit extract and its application in catalytic degradation of methylene blue and antibacterial properties

Contamination of water resources by various pollutants like organic dyes, pesticides, organometallic compounds, and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) of various micro-organisms against different antibiotics, drugs are two of the major challenges the world is facing today. Various physical and chemical techniques like sedimentation, oxidation, adsorption, etc. have been used for decontamination of water but these processes are costly, energy consuming and require chemicals. Green synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) because of their large surface area, unique optical and electronic properties, simple synthesis procedure and ability to absorb a broad range of wavelength can provide a way forward. Another important feature of these nanoparticles (NPs) is their antimicrobial behaviour against pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, AuNPs were biosynthesized using Solanum torvum extract (ST extract) and various parameters like shape, size and stability were characterized via Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential techniques. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) studies specify the presence of –OH functional groups as capping agents in the plant mediated synthesis. The Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) analysis confirmed the occurrence of elemental gold signals. The green synthesized AuNPs had predominantly spherical shape, high stability with different kinds of organic molecules bound to its surface. The gold nano-spheroids displayed efficient catalytic potential in the reduction of Methylene Blue dye along with an enhanced performance against bacterial microorganisms.

Antimycobacterial activity of total extracts from Solanum torvum Swartz. (Solanaceae)

Aims and objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The zoonotic infectious condition represents a never-ending challenge towards which drug discovery efforts are needed. The current study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from roots, stem bark, leaves and unripe fruits derived from Solanum torvum, a shrub traditionally used against respiratory tract illnesses, including tuberculosis. Methods: The phenotypic colorimetric micro plate alamar blue assay (MABA) was used to study the antimycobacterial activity of the ethanolic extracts against six mycobacterial strains. Each experiment was run in triplicate. Data generated was analyzed using descriptive statistics to obtain mean minimum inhibitory concentration values. Results: The roots, stem bark, leaves and unripe fruits exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values of 1.250 mg/mL, 0.078 mg/mL, 1.250 mg/mL and 0.625 mg/mL against the pathogenic mycobacterial strain, M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, Solanum torvum stem bark has demonstrated moderate activity against the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain. This observation validates the ethno pharmacological use of the plant species against tuberculosis. Further studies are required to isolate, elucidate the structure and characterize the antimycobacterial compounds responsible for the observed activity. These will potentially contribute towards bioprospecting for a new class of ligands with activity against sensitive and drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis.

Expression Analysis of miR393 and Target Gene <i>Ve</i> of <i>Solanum torvum</i> Swartz Infected by <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> Kleb

In this study, Solanum torvum Swartz. was used as material and B-Actin gene and U6 were used as internal references. First, the expression characteristics analysis of miR393 and target gene Ve were performed on the root, stem, leaf, flower and fruit of Solanum torvum Swartz. during flowering and fruiting stage. The strong Verticillium dahliae Kleb. were inoculated into Solanum torvum Swartz. during 5-6 leaf stage, and the control group was treated with ultrapure water. The Solanum torvum Swartz. roots were taken at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h and 72 h for expression analysis of infection by Verticillium dahliae Kleb.. The results showed that under normal growth conditions, miR393 and target gene Ve had specific expression patterns in different tissues of Solanum torvum Swartz., and the differential expression was significant. Both miR393 and target gene Ve had the highest expression levels in roots, followed by stems, and had the lowest levels in fruits. After infection by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., both miR393 and target gene Ve had certain expression in different infection periods. The expression of target gene Ve showed an upward tendency with the extension of infection time, and the highest expression level appeared at 48 h, followed by 72 h. While the expression of miR393 showed a downward tendency with the extension of infection time, and the highest expression level appeared at 6 h. The expression of miR393 and target gene Ve showed opposite tendencies in different infection periods. These results provided a foundation for further research on the interaction mechanism between miR393 and target gene Ve and the molecular mechanism of resistance to Verticillium wilt.

Grafting studies of tomato with wild Solanum rootstocks

A grafting study was conducted with three rootstocks viz., Solanum torvum, Solanum sisymbrifolium and Solanum capsicoides and two scion viz., TNAU tomato hybrid CO 3 and Shivam. Among the rootstocks Solanum capsicoides took less time to germinate and germination percentage was more in Solanum sisymbrifolium both at 15 and 25 days after sowing. Success percentage was more in graft combination of Shivam with Solanum sisymbrifolium on 30th and 45th day. The highest plant height was observed in Shivam grafted with Solanum torvum rootstock, whereas total number of branches per plant, days to first flowering, per cent fruit set and yield per plant was high in TNAU tomato hybrid CO 3 grafted with Solanum sisymbrifolium rootstock. Days to fifty percent flowering and fruit weight was positive in non-grafted Shivam compared to other treatments. Days to first fruit set was observed earlier in non-grafted tomato hybrid CO 3. The combination of TNAU tomato hybrid CO 3 grafted with Solanum sisymbrifolium rootstock performed well under field condition for yield and yield contributing characters.

Investigation of drying kinetics and qualities of turkey berry in fluidized bed dryer

In this work, drying kinetics, physical and bio-chemical properties of turkey berry were studied at an air velocity of 3.6 and 4.2 m/s along with different temperatures of 70, 80, 90 °C as well as open sun drying. The parameters such as drying rate, effective moisture diffusivity, activation energy, shrinkage, total color changes and Vitamin-C were analyzed in detail. The maximum moisture diffusivity of the sample was measured as 7.56 × 10−10 m2/s, at 90 °C with velocity of 4.2 m/s. The minimum and maximum activation energy was found as 30.79 and 32.29 kJ/mol at an inlet fluidized velocity of 3.6 and 4.2 m/s. The minimum volumetric shrinkage of the product was observed at 90 °C with velocity of 4.2 m/s while the minimum color change and maximum Vitamin-C retention was observed at 70 °C with velocity of 4.2 m/s. The morphology of the dried turkey berries was investigated using scanning electron microscope.

Investigation of resistance to Verticillium wilt disease (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) in eggplant genotypes

This study was conducted in 2015, it was aimed to determine the resistance status of 42 eggplant genotypes for breeding studies against Verticillium wilt disease caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. disease, which limits eggplant production in Turkey. Disease resistance status of eggplant genotypes were determined by classical testing. The study revealed that it was determined the severity of the disease against Verticillium dahliae varied between 9.04-76.53% among the genotypes of different eggplant species. As a result of classical testing E4, E5, E7, E8, E10, E24, E33, E42 eggplant genotypes of different species; Solanum torvum, Solanum incanum, Solanum linnaeanum, Solanum aethiopicum, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Solanum americanum have been found resistant at 7.98-9.87% disease severity. It was also determined that 22 eggplant genotypes were moderate-level resistant and 13 eggplant genotypes were in susceptible groups. Eggplant genotypes, where the resistance status of Verticillium wilt determined in the study will contribute to the development of new hybrid eggplant varieties in future.

Short Notes on Traditional Vegetables Consumed by Jahai Tribe in Klewang Village, Royal Belum State Park, Malaysia

Indigenous people are known for their lives blended with the environment. The resource for their survival was procured from their surrounding nature, including the traditional vegetables. Not much is known about the traditional vegetables species that they consumed and the ones they don’t. A simple survey was conducted among the Jahai aboriginal community in Klewang Village, Royal Belum State Park, on 5th March 2020. The study was conducted randomly using face-to-face interviews and surveys to identify the traditional vegetables found and consumed in the villages. The habitats of these traditional vegetables were recorded and the plants were collected and photographed for identification and live specimens were planted at Agro Techno Park, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus. All species were identified using spot characters such as inflorescence and leaf morphology. Survey results showed that there were seven species of traditional vegetables including planted and wild grown, namely, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot esculenta), purple milletia (Morus atropurpurea), torch ginger (Etlingera elatior), pigweed (Amaranthus viridis), Indian mulberry (Morus citrifolia) and wild eggplant (Solanum torvum). Out of these seven traditional vegetables, there are only three vegetable species that are not consumed by this tribe: pigweed (A. viridis), Indian mulberry shoots (M. citrifolia) and purple milletia shoots (M. atropurpurea).

HopH1 effectors of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and pv. syringae B728a induce HR cell death in nonhost eggplant Solanum torvum

HopH1 is an effector protein of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and P. syringae pv. syringae B728a and is a homolog of the putative Zn-dependent protease effector Rip36 of Ralstonia solanacearum, which induces hypersensitive response (HR) cell death in a nonhost plant, Solanum torvum Sw. cv. Torubamubiga. Although P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) 1448A neither produces HopH1 nor induces HR cell death, hopH1-introduced Pph 1448A acquired the ability to induce HR. These results indicate that the putative Zn-protease HopH1 effector induces HR cell death in nonhost S. torvum.

Rootstock Effects on Yield and Some Consumer Important Fruit Quality Parameters of Eggplant cv. ‘Madonna’ under Protected Cultivation

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different rootstocks on the yield and quality of eggplant cv. ‘Madonna’ in soilless pot culture in an unheated polyethylene greenhouse. The eggplant was grafted onto several rootstocks, including tomato rootstocks Optifort (O) and Emperador (E), and four Solanum rootstocks; Solanum grandiflorum × Solanum melongena (SH), Solanum torvum (ST), Solanum melongena × Solanum integrifolium (SI), and Solanum integrifolium (A) compared with self-grafted (SG) and self-rooted (SR) as control. The results showed that the total marketable yield significantly increased by grafting onto ST (3.94 kg/plant), SH (3.36 kg/plant), and A (3.34 kg/plant) relative to SR (1.65 kg/plant). The chromatics characters of skin and pulp are slightly influenced by rootstocks. Our findings confirmed that grafting eggplant decreased firmness (except SH) of the flesh. Fruit harvested from the Optifort/Madonna combination had the rounded shape, lowest firmness, and Brix value, while the lowest oxidation potential was observed in this combination. The highest seed number was observed in SH/Madonna and SI/Madonna combinations. During the sensory evaluation, the lightest fruit flesh was found in SR, ST, and O, and the sweetest taste was observed in fruits harvested from ST rootstock.

Proximate Composition and Phytochemical Properties of Fresh and Boiled Solanum torvum Consumed in East of Côte d’Ivoire

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional and anti-nutritional factors composition of the Solanum torvum fruit.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing laboratory of Nangui Abrogoua University (Côte d’Ivoire), between June 2019 and March 2020.
 Methodology: Proximate composition, mineral element profile and phytochemical composition of fresh and boiled S torvum berries were investigated. The S torvum fruit were harvested fresh. One part was cooked in boiling water for 25 min while the other part did not undergo any treatment. These two samples were dried in an oven at 45°C for 72 hours, ground and analyzed according to official analytical method.
 Results: The results indicated that the boiling caused the loss of nutrients except moisture, fibers and lipids. It was noted a significant reduction of nutrient and anti-nutrients content of berries after boiling. Boiled berries showed a higher energy value (57.07 Kcal) than fresh ones (53.12 Kcal). Despite the boiling, S torvum berries showed high levels of polyphenols (142.54 mg GAE/100g DW (dry weight)), carotenoids (12.96 mg βCE/100g DW), vitamin C (12.03 mg/100 g FW), fibers (6.88%) and ash (7.23%). Minerals analysis of S torvum berries indicated that it is rich in potassium (2046.77 mg/100 g DW), calcium (340.92 mg/100g DW), phosphorus (238.71 mg/100g DW) and magnesium (234.97 mg/100g DW) with high predicted bioavailability for calcium, magnesium and zinc. S torvum fruit contains also iron (7.97 mg/100g DW) and zinc (8.10 mg/100g DW) which are essential for organism.
 Conclusion: These data indicated that this Solanum torvum fruit consumed in East of Côte d’Ivoire could constitute a potential good source of nutrients for local population.

Comparative Studies on the Physiological and Biochemical Responses to Salt Stress of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) and Its Rootstock S. torvum

This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress of Solanum melongena and its wild relative, Solanum torvum, commonly used as eggplant rootstock. Young plants of both species were watered during 25 days with NaCl aqueous solutions at the following four final concentrations: 0 (for the controls), 100, 200, and 300 mM. Plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments content, monovalent ion concentrations in roots and leaves, leaf levels of osmolytes (proline and total soluble sugars), oxidative stress markers (MDA and H2O2), non-enzymatic antioxidants (total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids), and enzymatic antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase) were determined after the stress treatments. Salt-induced growth reduction was more significant in S. melongena than in S. torvum, especially at high salt concentrations, indicating a (slightly) higher salt tolerance of the wild species. The mechanisms of tolerance of S. torvum were partly based on the active transport of toxic ions to the leaves at high external salinity and, presumably, a better capacity to store them in the vacuoles, as well as on the accumulation of proline to higher concentrations than in the cultivated eggplant. MDA and H2O2 contents did not vary in response to the salt treatments in S. torvum. However, in S. melongena, MDA content increased by 78% when 300 mM NaCl was applied. No activation of antioxidant mechanisms, accumulation of antioxidant compounds, or increase in the specific activity of antioxidant enzymes in any of the studied species was induced by salinity. The relatively high salt tolerance of S. torvum supports its use as rootstock for eggplant cultivation in salinized soils and as a possible source of salt-tolerance genes for the genetic improvement of cultivated eggplant.

Gambaran Histologi Gonad Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) dengan Pemberian Terong Rimbang (Solanum torvum) dalam Pakan

Tilapia is one of the economically valuable freshwater fishery commodities, the development of tilapia aquaculture continues to increase, premature sex maturity often occurs in tilapia when the enlargement process is mixed between male and female sexes. Eggplant wavers (Solanum torvum) is one of the plants that can be used to inhibit the reproduction process because it contains sterol carpesterol and solasodine compounds. This study aims to determine the Gonad Maturity Index in male and female tilapia and the development of spermatogenesis in male tilapia. The experimental design used was a non factorial Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replications. As treatment includes treatment A (control), treatment B (50 grams of eggplant weight), and treatment C (100 grams of eggplant weight) mixed in feed. The results showed that the addition of balanced eggplant in the feed to the IKG did not show differences between treatments, while the results of histological tests on spermatogenesis gave a positive trend in inhibiting microscopic testicular tilapia cells.

Quorum quenching by 2-Hydroxyanisole extracted from Solanum torvum on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its inhibitory action upon LasR protein

Among the list of the most dangerous superbugs, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ranks top of the table with its deadly characteristics of multi-drug resistance and ability to form biofilm during opportunistic infections to patients those are immune-compromised. MDX and XDR of this strain urged researchers to reveal better antibacterial compounds. Solanum torvum (commonly called as pea eggplant) is well known for its medicinal values however, the roots of this plant had less attention in pharmacological studies. The objective of this study is twofold. Firstly, to compare the interactions exhibited between2-Hydroxyanisole and odDHL with LasRprotein. Secondly, to explore the impact of molecule of interest on genes related to vital pathways. Three-dimensional docking studies for the two ligands were performed using surflex-dock package - Sybyl-x 2.0 whereas differentially regulated genes were identified by volcano plot, heat map prediction and KEGG pathway. It was predicted that 2-Hydroxyanisole may form three hydrogen bonds with LasR protein and revealed a decreased level of gene expression (%).After treatment with Solanum torvum Root Extract (STRE),a total of 26,418,456 reads of P. aeuroginosa were mapped to various pathways, of which, QS-regulated genes such as LasR, coIII (coxB), fliD genes along with 104 genes were down regulated. The high C Score calculated for 2-Hydroxyanisole and altered gene expression upon STRE treatment pave the pathway for designing the future in vitro experiments to validate these inhibitory effects thereby exploring the underlying mechanisms of action of 2-Hydroxyanisole to restrict the virulence of P. aeruginosa.