Pavlov's Work Research Articles

INHIBITORY EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRAZ ON SECRETORY ACTIVITY OF THE PANCREAS

Since the time of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov's work, it is known that the juice collected from the pancreatic fistula, when it is re-introduced into the duodenum, inhibits the secretion of the pancreas. Most recently, in the works of American, French and Japanese physiologists, this inhibition was associated with the fact that trypsinogen secreted in the pancreatic secretion and trypsin contained in the duodenal contents inhibit the release of the hormone cholicystokininpancreosimin by duodenal endocrine cells - a powerful stimulator of enzyme secretion by the pancreas. This explanation of the reverse reproduction of pancreatic secretion from the duodenum is recognized by most experts. In connection with the above, the study of this problem seems to be an urgent task.

“Pavlovian” session: a new reading

An attempt was made to take a fresh look at a significant event for Soviet science that happened more than 70 years ago – the Joint scientific session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, dedicated to the problems of the physiological doctrine of academician I.P. Pavlov (June 28 – July 4, 1950). The memoirs of contemporaries of that memorable event were analyzed based on a new reading of the speeches of the participants, published in the verbatim record of the scientific session. For the first time, authors examined the report of the physiologist M.M. Koltsova, who was considered one of those who wanted and offered to “close” psychology. Also, for the first time in historiography of the “Pavlovian” session, authors analyzed the unfulfilled (but published in the verbatim record) speech of the employee of the Institute of philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.A. Petrushevsky, in which he highlighted the state of contemporary psychology in the USSR and outlined the prospects for its development. As a significant result of the analysis of the materials reflected in the verbatim record authors considered the fact that in the texts of the speeches and in the resolution of the session there was not found an extremely (sharply) negative mention of psychology and psychologists, therefore, the opinion of some authors about the existing decision to “close” psychology, expressed in the session, has not yet been confirmed. Some consequences of this scientific event were considered: the teaching of I.P. Pavlov began to spread directively; after the death of I.V. Stalin the interest in Pavlov's works declined; there were words about the urgent need to create a special psychological institution in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences. It is shown that the session caused a high activity of psychologists, which led to the strengthening of its methodological positions and scientific-organizational structures.

Lamarckism by Other Means: Interpreting Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes in Twentieth-Century Britain.

This essay examines the reception of Ivan Pavlov's work on conditioned reflexes in early to mid-twentieth century Britain. Recent work on the political interpretation of biology has shown that the nineteenth-century strategy of "making socialists" was undermined by August Weismann's attacks on the inheritance of acquired characters. I argue that Pavlov's research reinvigorated socialist hopes of transforming society and the people in it. I highlight the work of Pavlov's interpreters, notably the scientific journalist J. G. Crowther, the biologist Lancelot Hogben, and the science writer H. G. Wells, who made Pavlov's work accessible to a British audience and embraced the socialist implications of his research - especially the idea that people could be persuaded to become socialists through science writing for a nonspecialist audience and through use of a simplified language such as Basic English. They saw, in the followers of National Socialism, how Pavlovian conditioning could create a national movement, and believed that this could be used for their own more democratic form of socialism. In the final part of the essay, I suggest that this broad socio-cultural movement to reshape humanity proved controversial, especially in the post-war period and in light of Soviet use of brainwashing. The likes of Aldous Huxley and F. A. Hayek feared that conditioning could only lead to totalitarianism, while the historian E. P. Thompson put forward a socialist humanism that left room for human agency.

Classical Conditioning since Pavlov

In the three quarters of a century following Pavlov's work, the accumulation of factual information about classical conditioning has continued, but there has been little conceptual progress. The only thing we have now that approximates a workable general theory of conditioning was introduced more than 30 years ago and continues to receive a good deal of respectful consideration despite a variety of generally recognized shortcomings that little has been done to repair; nor does a systematic review of recent papers in leading journals give any good reason to think that a more satisfactory theory is in the making. A remedial strategy, recommended long ago by C. L. Hull and by E. R. Hilgard, is proposed and exemplified by some research with honeybees.

Reception of Pavlov's theory in Japan1

Abstract: There were three Japanese medical physiologists who studied in Ivan Petrovich Pavlov's laboratory during 1904–1933. They were Hidetsurumaru Ishikawa, Yasutaro Satake, and Takashi Hayashi. The first article concerning Pavlov's theory was written by Ishikawa in 1916. At the same time, a psychologist, Genji Kuroda, also wrote an essay on Pavlov's theory. They were motivated to write the articles by a false report of Pavlov's death in 1916. Satake carried out experimental work using dogs, but he did not cite Pavlov's scientific works. Hayashi worked hard according to Pavlov's research methods. A psychologist, Yasho Kotake, first published a paper based on Pavlov's theory in Japanese Journal of Psychology in 1943. However, these experiments did not seem to be research in the psychological field because his research program was very different to traditional Japanese psychological research. Although the introduction of behaviorism into Japan occurred in the 1910s, the reception of Pavlov's theory was delayed. The process of the reception of Pavlov's theory in Japan was different to that in the USA. It seems that the difference is due to the attitudes of psychologists to introspection and the influence of German psychology.

Pavlovian George Windholz (1931-2002): an exemplar of scholarly "observation and observation" and a critical contributor to psychology, and hence to behavioral neuroscience.

Although most members of the Pavlovian Society properly focus their efforts on empirical research, the scholarly, critical conceptual contributions of some individuals are also relevant to progress in psychology and behavioral neuroscience. This paper discusses the contributions of the late George Windholz (often in collaboration with Peter Lamal) as: (a) a historian of Pavlov's life and work; (b) an analyst of priority issues in psychology as a science; (c) a refuter of myths perpetrated by psychology texts. These contributions provide an example of the scholarly form of the motto "observation and observation," where the data used to test hypotheses comprise original documents (often in languages other than English) examined by the historian's critical eye.

On the practical value system building for behavior science.

Abstract The argument is made that because the work and products of science are necessarily impacted by the assumptions upon which scientists operate, it is incumbent upon scientists to systemize these foundations of their enterprises. The values of system building, identified as protection against semantic confusion, prevention of internal inconsistency, and facilitation of interdisciplinary collaboration, are exemplified as correctives for specific problems of these sorts in Behavior Analysis. It is suggested that the objection of behavior analysts to Kantor's Interbehaviorism, pertaining to a perceived absence of dependency relations in his formulation, is a misunderstanding arising from the incomplete systemization of Behavior Analysis. Key words: Interbehaviorism, Kantor, Behavior Analysis, system building, dependency relations, interdependency. ********** In his book, About Behaviorism, Skinner cites 20 common misunderstandings of behaviorism, and comments as to their likely sources. From his perspective, the most important source of the misunderstanding of the philosophy of the science of behavior was a misunderstanding of the science of behavior. In his words: Its most active investigators, and there are hundreds of them, seldom make any effort to explain themselves to non-specialists (Skinner, 1974, p.8.) This circumstance has changed very little in the thirty years since About Behaviorism was published, and it no doubt continues to have this consequence. Still, if we had to guess, we would say that Skinner's isolation of this as the most important source of misunderstanding was not so much what he believed to be the case, as what he thought he might be able to do about it by saying so. For our part, we think behaviorism is misunderstood because understanding it is threatening. We think J. R. Kantor's Interbehaviorism is misunderstood for the same reason. The threat in the latter case is a different one, though, and it operates upon a different audience. We will return to this issue after first agreeing with Skinner's contention about ignorance, and perhaps for the same reason. Very few behavior analysts are familiar with Interbehaviorism. Most have probably never even heard of it. The same is true for the larger psychological community, if inclusion of this perspective in textbooks, even textbooks on the history of psychology, is a good indication of community awareness. It is also the case that among the behavior analysts who are familiar with Interbehaviorism, many harbor the sorts of reservations about it that could only come from a misunderstanding of the position. It seems useful, thereby, to address these issues. More specifically, we wish to address why this position has attracted so little attention and why it has been so misunderstood by those attending to it. With regard to the first of these issues, it has been argued that Kantor's position was ignored because his work was difficult to read. Certainly it is the case that Kantor's style was unusually formal, and his vocabulary unusually large. We don't think this was the reason that his work was ignored, though. Rather, we believe that Interbehaviorism showed up on the intellectual scene at an inopportune time. Kantor's first major works, Principles of Psychology and An Outline of Social Psychology, were published in the twenties. This was a time in which the field of Psychology was undergoing significant change. Prior to this time, Psychology had claimed independence from its historical subservience to spiritistic philosophy, and had emerged as an experimental science. By the twenties, pragmatism was in vogue, and learning theories, on the model of Pavlov's work, were attracting critical attention. Societal circumstances had been disrupted by the war, and the difficulties attendant to the reintegration of soldiers into society placed explicit demands on the discipline to be of service. …

Pavlov in Spain.

Reflexology has been present throughout Spanish science since the last third of the nineteenth century and its importance can be seen in the works of authors such as Martín Salazar, Ramón y Cajal, Gómez Ocaña, Simarro and Turró. The most important research in Reflexology in Spain takes place a) at the Schools of Neurophysiology and Psychology in Barcelona and Madrid, b) with a group of authors specializing in pathological medicine and c) in the Military's Health Department, Pavlov's work was received in Spain with special interest. Fernández-España, who could be considered the "first Spanish Pavlovian," emphasized Pavlov's work in a series dedicated to the study of objective psychology which was published between 1914 and 1924. Planelles was the first investigator to develop a program in pavlovian experimentation, presenting his results in 1935. The Civil War (1936-1939) ended these and many other Spanish projects in psychology. After the war, interest in Reflexology and Pavlov's theories slowly rose again, first through psychosomatic medicine and then in the 60's because of the works of such authors as Monserrat-Esteve, Rof Carballo and Colodrón. The progressive inclusion of psychology in the Schools of Philosophy and Arts after 1968 marked the beginning of a new era.

Pavlov's methodological behaviorism as a pre-Socratic contribution of the melding of the differential and experimental psychology.

The differential/experimental distinction that Cronbach specified is important because any adequate account of psychological phenomena requires the recognition of the validity of both approaches, and a meaningful melding of the two. This paper suggests that Pavlov's work in psychology, based on earlier traditions of inquiry that can be traced back to the pre-Socratics, provides a potential way of achieving this melding, although such features as systematic rather than anecdotal methods of observation need to be added. Pavlov's methodological behaviorist approach is contrasted with metaphysical behaviorism (as exemplified explicitly in Watson and Skinner, and implicitly in the computer-metaphorical, information-processing explanations employed by current "cognitive" psychology). A common feature of the metaphysical approach is that individual-differences variables like sex are essentially ignored, or relegated to ideological categories such as the treatment of sex as merely a "social construction." Examples of research both before and after the "cognitive revolution" are presented where experimental and differential methods are melded, and individual differences are treated as phenomena worthy of investigation rather than as nuisance factors that merely add to experimental error.

Pavlov's physiology factory: experiment, interpretation, laboratory enterprise

Russian physiologist and Nobel Prize winner Ivan Pavlov is most famous for his development of concept of conditioned reflex and classic experiment in which he trained a dog to salivate at sound of a bell. In this study, Daniel P. Todes explores Pavlov's early work in digestive through structures and practices of his landmark laboratory - department of Imperial Institute for Experimental Medicine. In Lectures on Work of Main Digestive Glands, for which Pavlov won Nobel Prize in 1904, scientist frequently referred to experiments of other scientists in his department and stated that his conclusions reflected the deed of entire laboratory. This novel claim caused prize committee some consternation. Was he alone deserving of prize? Examining fascinating substance of Pavlov's notebooks, unpublished memoirs, and laboratory publications, this text details importance of Pavlov's directorship of what author calls a physiology factory and illuminates subsequent breakthroughs that established behaviourism as an approach to biological research and understanding. Todes contrasts Pavlov's roles as laboratory manager, experimentalist, entrepreneur, and scientific visionary. He discusses changes wrought by government and commercial interests in science and sheds light on pathways of scientific development in Russia - making clear Pavlov's personal achievements while suggesting limits of his hierarchical approach to scientific inquiry. The work thus addresses issues of importance to historians of science and scientists today: big versus small science, most effective means of support, and development of research cultures.

Extraversion, neuroticism and the four temperaments of antiquity: an investigation of physiological reactivity

Abstract The present study adopted an historical perspective, which highlighted the place of Pavlov's work on the four classical temperaments in current theory and research on personality. Drawing on the work of Pavlov and the later contribution of [Robinson (1996). Brain, mind, and behavior: a new perspective on human nature. Westport, C.T.: Praeger Publishers] it was hypothesised that differences in cerebral reactivity contrast the sanguine (low reactivity) and melancholic (high reactivity) temperaments. The EPQ was used to identify four extreme groups of female subjects corresponding to the classical temperaments: ES/sanguine (n=16), EN/choleric (n=16), IS phlegmatic (n=8) and IN/melancholic (n=16). Reactivity indices included P1N1 and N1P2 response components of the vertex evoked potential to three different tone intensities and three different light flash intensities. Using extraversion and neuroticism as between subject factors and intensity as a repeated measures factor, separate analyses of variance for each dependent variable revealed no significant personality related effects. In comparison, planned contrasts between the ES and IN groups revealed a number of significant differences in the auditory modality but no significant differences in the visual modality. In accord with prediction, the IN group exhibited significantly steeper auditory P1N1 and N1P2 amplitude intensity functions than the ES group. Also in accord with prediction, the IN group exhibited higher overall auditory P1N1 and N1P2 amplitudes, however, only the P1N1 difference was significant. It was argued that auditory evoked potential amplitude provides a more appropriate index of cerebral reactivity than visual evoked potential amplitude.

Pavlov's position toward Konorski and Miller's distinction between Pavlovian and motor conditioning paradigms.

Two Warsaw medical students, Jerzy Konorski and Stefan Miller, having read I.P. Pavlov's works on conditional reflexes, informed him in a 1928 letter that they had discovered a new type of conditioning. A previously neutral stimulus preceded the passive lifting of a dog's paw which then was followed by feeding; this stimulus then evoked the spontaneous raising of that paw. Pavlov responded informing them that their conditioning of motor responses expanded his theory of higher nervous activity, but that their conditioning paradigm-that they named CRII-did not differ fundamentally from the Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. The replication of the Warsaw experiment in Pavlov's laboratory failed to provide unequivocal results. From 1931 to 1933, Konorski, working in Pavlov's Leningrad laboratory, further explored the parameters of CRII. Pavlov insisted that the conditioning of motor movements differs from the conditioning of other sensory analyzers only in that, on the neural level, the motor analyzer is both afferent, that is, perceptive, and efferent, that is, responsive. Konorski was not convinced, and he subsequently maintained that the two conditioning paradigms were fundamentally different.

CNS peptides and regulation of gastric acid secretion.

The influence of the central nervous (eNS) on gastric secretory and motor function has been recognized for one and a half centuries, ever since William Beaumont's studies of his fistulous subject. In 1833 he reported that fear, anger, whatever depresses or disturbs the nervous system was accom­ panied by suppression of gastric secretion and by a marked delay in gastric digestion and emptying (4). A landmark in the establishment of a physiolog­ ical role for the brain in the regulation of gastric secretion was Pavlov's work at the beginning of this century. He discovered that sham feeding, anticipation of eating, and the sight or smell of food were powerful stimulants of hoth gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the dog (78). These studies were extended to humans in 1907 (40) and since then have been amply confinued (17). Brain pathways influencing gastric secretion were subsequently investigated via electrical stimulation or lesions of specific nuclei in various experimental animals (5, 25). More recently, advances in neurophysiological techniques, the development of sensitive anterograde and retrograde transport techniques and the discovery of a large number of peptides and their receptors in brain structures influencing gastric function have provided new tools and impetus to the investigation of the anatomical and chemical substrates mediating brain­ gut interactions.

Physiology of higher nervous activity: prospects of its development.

The physiology of higher nervous activity in a new branch of physiology which studies the higher regions of the central nervous system. In other words, the physiology of higher nervous activity is a separate branch of neurophysiology, which is itself part of the wider discipline of neurobiology. The rapid growth of this science in the last 20 years, expressed as the genesis of the cycle of the neurosciences, owes much to the work of Pavlov and his pupils. It is Pavlov's work which has made possible that acceleration of scientific progress which characterizes modern neurobiology in general and the physiology of higher nervous activ

Interpolation, strongly nonspanning powers and Macintyre exponents

Recent work of Pavlov suggests the following definition: positive integers p1< p2<…form an interpolation sequence if a certain kind of interpolation problem on the sequence always has a solution in a class of entire functions of restricted growth, corresponding to order one, convergence type. We call a set of powers { z pn } strongly nonspanning if the approximation, by linear combinations, to positive integral powers not in the sequence is uniformly bad for all curves extending from one circle about the origin to another; there is a related notion of strongly free sets. It is shown that for an interpolation sequence, the corresponding powers are strongly free and strongly nonspanning. As one corollary (implicit in Pavlov's work), an interpolation sequence { p n } is a Macintyre sequence: a non-constant entire function Σa nz pn can not be bounded on a curve going to infinity. Our interpolation sequences include the sequences of exponents which Kövari and Pavlov have identified as Macintyre sequences.

Interpolation, strongly nonspanning powers and Macintyre exponents

Recent work of Pavlov suggests the following definition: positive integers p1 < p2 < … form an interpolation sequence if a certain kind of interpolation problem on the sequence always has a solution in a class of entire functions of restricted growth, corresponding to order one, convergence type. We call a set of powers strongly nonspanning if the approximation, by linear combinations, to positive integral powers not in the sequence is uniformly bad for all curves extending from one circle about the origin to another; there is a related notion of strongly free sets. It is shown that for an interpolation sequence, the corresponding powers are strongly free and strongly nonspanning. As one corollary (implicit in Pavlov's work), an interpolation sequence { p n } is a Macintyre sequence: a non-constant entire function Σ a n Z D n can not be bounded on a curve going to infinity. Our interpolation sequences include the sequences of exponents which Kövari and Pavlov have identified as Macintyre sequences.

Pavlov's Works

Pavlov's Works

Pavlov's Works

Pavlov's Works

Pavlov's Works

Pavlov's Works

Pavlov's Works

Pavlov's Works