This study aimed to evaluate and compare the quality, reliability, readability, and originality of information provided by two AI-generated chatbots-ChatGPT-4.0 and Google Gemini Pro-regarding primary tooth pulpotomy, a common pediatric dental procedure. Based on the current AAPD guidelines and frequently asked parental inquiries, a total of 20 questions on primary tooth pulpotomy-10 theoretical and 10 clinical-were prepared. Each question was presented to the AI-generated chatbots (ChatGPT-4.0 and Google Gemini Pro) in a new conversation session without providing any guiding prompts. The responses were evaluated using standardized assessment criteria, including DISCERN, EQIP, GQS, FRES, FKRGL, and the iThenticate similarity index. Two experienced pediatric dentists independently assessed the answers after a calibration process to standardize scoring, and inter-rater reliability was confirmed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Gemini Pro demonstrated higher reliability and quality scores (DISCERN and EQIP), while ChatGPT-4 produced responses with higher complexity, requiring university-level reading skills (FKRGL). No significant differences were observed in plagiarism or global quality scores (GQS). Gemini Pro's responses were more readable, enhancing accessibility for broader audiences. While both AI models generated informative and original content, Gemini Pro provided more reliable and accessible responses, making it a potentially valuable resource for patient and parent education. However, AI-generated information should not replace professional dental consultation. Future AI development should focus on improving source transparency, readability, and clinical relevance. AI-powered language models can be valuable resources for patient and parent education on primary tooth pulpotomy. Gemini Pro's higher reliability and readability enhance accessibility, while ChatGPT-4's responses require a higher level of education. These models have the potential to improve access to dental information.

Background: Chronic Bronchitis (CB) and its pediatric counterpart, Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis (PBB), are chronic respiratory conditions characterized by persistent cough and mucus hypersecretion. Driven by neutrophilic inflammation and often environmental exposures, these conditions pose significant long-term risks, including progression to COPD, bronchiectasis, and increased cardiovascular mortality, underscoring the need for proactive, integrated management. Aim: This article aims to outline a collaborative, interprofessional framework for managing CB and PBB, emphasizing the synergistic roles of pharmacists, laboratory services, and radiologists in improving patient outcomes from diagnosis through long-term care. Methods: The proposed model integrates structured clinical pathways. Pharmacists conduct frontline screening, optimize medication regimens (e.g., antibiotics, inhalers), and lead smoking cessation efforts. Laboratory services provide crucial microbiological data to guide antibiotic selection and monitor treatment response. Health administrators design and implement standardized protocols, registries for high-risk patients, and performance metrics to ensure care quality and coordination. Results: This collaborative approach facilitates early and accurate diagnosis, ensures guideline-concordant treatment (including the critical 2-week antibiotic course for PBB), and enhances patient education and adherence. It leads to reduced exacerbations, slower lung function decline, and more efficient resource utilization by streamlining workflows and preventing treatment delays. Conclusion: Effective management of chronic bronchitis requires a unified systems-based approach. By leveraging the distinct expertise of pharmacists, laboratory professionals, and administrators within a coordinated model, healthcare systems can transform the management of these conditions from reactive to proactive, ultimately improving long-term respiratory health and reducing mortality.

An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Primary Care and Administrative Medicine.

A Survey of Practical Tools in Clinical Practice-A Survey of What Is in Use or Soon to be at Use in Clinical Practice.

Chatbots based on large language models have been rapidly incorporated into many aspects of medicine in a short time despite an incomplete understanding of their capabilities. This review focuses on ways these chatbots have been utilized in urogynecology. Publications regarding chatbots in urogynecology have centered on patient education, scientific literature review, clinical decision-making, documentation, and research. Several authors have evaluated the ability of chatbots to generate accurate and complete information about prolapse and urinary incontinence. While chatbots can generate accurate information about pelvic floor disorders most of the time, the studies we review indicate that incomplete, misleading, or incorrect information is generated up to 33% of the time. Newer chatbots that are trained for medical applications may help to limit some of these problems. Using chatbots to assist with scientific literature review and research is currently hampered by unpredictable 'hallucinations', where the chatbot may generate information or references that sound plausible but are factually incorrect. While chatbots are being rapidly integrated into many aspects of medicine, the research evaluating these tools in urogynecology is limited. Publicly available chatbots should only be used for patient education, clinical decision-making, and research with caution.

Extended reality in the changing landscape of cranial neurosurgery: Role of image fusions and connectomics in precision and safety.

BackgroundA key component of shared decision-making (SDM) is education that is specific to and easily understood by a patient. Delivering complex information through a visual medium such as video is a natural progression.MethodsThis study aims to assess the impact of adding customized video education to traditional surgical consent procedures on patient preparation for breast cancer surgery. A web-based tool, https://www.vidoceo.com/, was developed to create and deliver video education. Video education is customized to address indications, procedures, and risks for patients and their surgery. After the initial surgical consultation, each patient received an educational video in English or Spanish electronically. The CollaboRATE score evaluated shared decision-making. The study supplements, but does not replace, established procedures for surgical informed consent.ResultsData from 69 breast cancer surgery patients (42 English and 27 Spanish) who received surgery-specific educational videos over 1 year were included. CollaboRATE top scores were achieved in 74% and 78% of English and Spanish speakers, respectively (P = 0.9). Spanish speakers found the videos less easy to understand (P = 0.04). Overall, 94% believed video education aided decision-making, and 98% expressed wanting video education in future surgical preparation.DiscussionVideo education as a supplementary surgical consent tool is promising in enhancing shared decision-making and patient preparation for surgery. The positive feedback on video education reinforces the value of multimedia approaches in patient education. These results encourage further exploration of innovative strategies to improve the informed consent process.

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is an advanced immunotherapy designed for the effective treatment of patients with refractory or relapsed hematologic malignancies. In recent years, CAR-T therapy has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic efficacy in applications on diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The treatment approach involves collecting a patient's own T cells and genetically engineering them to express a CAR structure, enabling specific recognition of tumor-associated antigens. Reinfused into the patient, these modified T cells undergo robust expansion, secrete cytokines, and directly induce apoptosis in tumor cells. CAR-T cells typically comprise three domains, namely antigen-recognition, signaling, and co-stimulatory, each of which influences the activity and toxicity profile of these cells. The CAR-T cell therapy process includes patient evaluation, leukapheresis, gene transduction and cell expansion, lymphodepleting chemotherapy, and CAR-T infusion, all of which require multidisciplinary collaboration. The common adverse effects of CAR-T therapy, including cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, must be closely monitored for and graded by nursing staff for early intervention. In addition, delayed toxicities such as pancytopenia or hypogammaglobulinemia may occur, necessitating long-term follow-up and supportive care. Nurses play a pivotal role throughout the CAR-T treatment process in terms of providing clinical monitoring, patient education, and psychological support; ensuring treatment safety; and optimizing overall patient care quality.

Hemodialysis can lead to complications that negatively impact patients' quality of life. Managing hemodialysis effectively requires patient adherence to complex regimens. This randomized controlled experimental study aimed to assess the impact of nurse-led telephone-based patient education and counseling on disease management, quality of life, and self-care behaviors in hemodialysis patients. Conducted between September 2022 and June 2023 at State Hospital's Hemodialysis Unit, the study included an intervention and a control group. Data were collected using tools such as the Scale for Dietary Knowledge in Hemodialysis Patients (SDKHP), Attitude Scale for the Dietary Therapy of Hemodialysis Patients (ASDTHP), Dialysis Symptom Index (DSI), Fluid Control in Hemodialysis Patients Scale (FCHPS), the Scale for the Assessment of Self-Care Behaviors with Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF), and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 (KDQOL-36). Pre- and posttest comparisons showed significant improvements in the intervention group's mean scores for SDKHP, ASDTHP, and FCHPS, with the control group experiencing declines. DSI scores indicated reduced symptoms in the intervention group and an increase in the control group. The AVF Self-Care Scale results demonstrated increased self-care behaviors in the intervention group, while a decrease was observed in the control group. KDQOL-36 subscales, including physical and mental functioning, disease burden, and symptom management, also improved in the intervention group, while scores declined in the control group. These findings confirm the effectiveness of telephone-based patient education and counseling on multiple outcome measures. Nurse-led, telephone-based patient education and counseling improved dietary adherence and disease management. Telephone-based patient interventions enhanced patients' self-care skills regarding AVF maintenance. Quality of life improved across multiple dimensions in the intervention group. Telephone counseling ensured continued monitoring and individual support, even after discharge. Nurses should integrate telephone-based counseling into routine care, especially for chronic disease management.

COVID-19 misinformation and healthcare workers: A scoping review.

Pediatric Peripheral Nerve Catheters: Evolving Practice Beyond the Operating Room (OR).

Visual art and representation in cardiology: Past, present, and future.

Therapeutic Patient Education in the Digital Era: Opportunities and Challenges in Diabetes Care

Reliability of a student patient education assessment rubric for continuous glucose monitor initiation.

082 Artificial intelligence for dermatology patient education: a systematic review of clinical note interpretation tools

Using learner verification and transcreation to develop multicultural patient education materials for acute respiratory tract infections to decrease inappropriate antibiotic prescribing.

Individuals with splenectomy may be at risk for long-term healthcare costs. This case study describes one situation in which a life care planner was asked to complete a “future care cost analysis,” for an individual with splenectomy due to trauma. The individual’s current status was compared with research to identify future risks and needs. Findings, based upon application of life care planning principles, demonstrate certain needs, with risks diminished by patient education and prompt medical attention

To estimate the proportion of female patients from Mayo Clinic Family Medicine and Community Internal Medicine clinics who are aware of alcohol use as a breast cancer (BC) risk factor. One thousand women aged 21 to 70 completed a survey collecting information on demographics, medical/family history, frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption, and other health behaviors. Participants were also asked to grade how likely certain factors were to increase lifetime BC risk. Most participants (844/990 [85.3%]) identified a family history of BC as a BC risk factor. In contrast, 48.4% (475/982) identified alcohol use as a BC risk factor. The remaining 51.6% (507/982) reported either they were not sure about alcohol consumption as a risk factor (341/982 [34.7%]), believed that there was no association (143/982 [14.6%]), or believed that alcohol consumption decreases the risk of BC (23/982 [2.3%]). In multivariable analyses, factors associated with awareness of alcohol consumption and BC risk included having never been pregnant (P = 0.048), more education (P < 0.001), and higher frequency of alcohol consumption in the past 12months (P = 0.005). Further education of patients and the public is needed to promote awareness of alcohol as a risk factor for BC.

Cardiorenal metabolic disease (CRMD) encompasses a cluster of interrelated conditions-including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-that share common pathophysiologic pathways and amplify morbidity and mortality risks. Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, has demonstrated robust evidence across randomized controlled trials and real-world studies in improving glycemic control (mean glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] reduction of 1.0-1.5%), inducing sustained weight loss (average 10-15%), and reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (by 26% in SUSTAIN-6 and 20% in SELECT). Its potential renal and hepatic benefits, including slower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and reduction in liver fat content, highlight its suitability for integrated CRMD management. This consensus report was developed through a structured, multiphase Delphi process involving endocrinologists, cardiologists, nephrologists, hepatologists, and public health experts from across Saudi Arabia. A comprehensive literature search (PubMed, Scopus, and Saudi Digital Library [2016-2024]) prioritized high-quality evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and regional data. The panel reached consensus on key recommendations: (1) early identification and holistic management are critical for effective CRMD control; (2) adults at risk should undergo systematic screening for metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, and cognitive complications; and (3) semaglutide should be positioned as a cornerstone therapy given its multiorgan benefits and favorable safety profile. Implementation strategies emphasize the careful selection of patients, individualized dosing, patient education, and integration into national pathways. In alignment with Saudi Vision 2030, incorporating semaglutide into CRMD management, supported by provider training, multidisciplinary care models, and cost-effectiveness analyses, can significantly reduce the national burden of metabolic disease and CVD.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) account for 85% of all cardiovascular diseases and put a substantial burden on healthcare systems. General practitioners play an important role in managing ASCVD. The management of ASCVD could be improved by audit and feedback (A&F) based on quality indicators (QIs) derived from the electronic health record (EHR) of the general practitioner. This study aimed to define a set of validated and EHR extractable QIs for ASCVD to support A&F in primary care. A RAND-modified Delphi method was employed to define QIs. Recommendations were selected based on the SMART principle from international guidelines, selected following the AGREE II evaluation. After assessment by a multidisciplinary expert panel, the recommendations were analyzed using the median Likert Scale score, prioritization, and degree of agreement. They were preliminary classified as having high, uncertain or low potential to measure the quality of ASCVD care. These recommendations were further discussed in a consensus meeting. Upon final validation, high-potential recommendations were converted into QIs. A questionnaire composed of 92 recommendations, selected from 12 international guidelines, were presented to the panel, resulting in a set of 50 high-potential recommendations. These were merged and modified into 41 recommendations after the consensus meeting. This resulted in a final set of 41 QIs classified into four categories: follow-up (N = 4), pharmacological treatment (N = 22), patient education (N = 10), and referral (N = 5). This study defines a set of 41 EHR extractable QIs for ASCVD in primary care, supporting A&F in primary care.