Pathogenic Flora Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Individuals Exhibiting Oral Cavity Disorders versus those in a State of Oral Health

Oral cavity is considered as main entrance of the body and our mouth encounters a large number of microorganisms from the outer environment, some of which have the potential to cause serious illnesses. Current study was designed to evaluate different ecological and behavioral factors which can positively or negatively affect normal flora of oral cavity. Behavioral information was gathered through personal interviews from 90 study subjects, out of which 45 were included in control group without any current oral disorders and other 45 were included in experimental group with current oral diseases. High rate of sugar consumption, low brushing frequency, over-use of medications, acidic food consumption, high rate of smoking, aggressive mode of brushing and lack of awareness about dental health were some of the factors observed in a higher ratio in experimental group. These behaviours can aggravate oral problems causing imbalances in normal flora of oral cavity. It was also noted that frequency of systemic diseases was higher in experimental group, and it was due to the fact that unbalanced bacterial oral flora can gain entry into blood through bacteraemia and travel to different organs, thus, intensifying systemic issues. A comparative analysis was also made between bacterial flora of healthy controls and oral patients. A total of 34 oral samples, 17 from control group and 17 from experimental group, were collected and analyzed morphologically and biochemically. A total of 12 distinct bacterial species were isolated from these collected samples. Some of the species were conserved in both groups but were present in varying proportions. But Neisseria spp. was isolated only from healthy controls while Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Corynebacterium and Actinobacteria were isolated from samples oral patients. The most abundant species in healthy controls were Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacilli and Staphylococcus epidermidis while in oral patients were Lactococci, Actinobacteria, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus viridans group. The involvement of oral bacterial flora in systemic diseases and role of behavioral elements in aggravating oral diseases was also responsible for oral cavity disorders. Different pathogenic bacteria can alter the natural bacterial ecology of oral cavity, aggravating oral diseases. This study may provide a baseline data to develop different strategies to control pathogenic oral flora

Pregravid preparation of women with chronic endometritis in IVF cycles.

Aim: of our study was to improve the pregravid preparation of women with chronic endometritis to develop individual approaches to overcoming infertility, taking into account the state of endometrium. Materials and Methods: The study included 90 women (main group, n=90), 28 to 38 years with an anatomically normal uterus and chronic endometritis (CE). Patients were divided into 2 groups: group I - 45 women with CE who received conventional treatment; group II - 45 women with CE who received pregravid preparation by subendometrial injections of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP). Results: At the first stage of study, the ART statistical reports from 2015 to 2022 were analyzed at the Medical Center of Reproductive Health ≪Damia≫, (Ivano-Frankivsk). Analysis of the vaginal flora parameters before treatment at the first stage revealed the presence of conditionally pathogenic flora in culture from the cervical canal (Candida albicans - 2.4%, Escherihia coli - 4.8%, Staphylococcus epidermidis - 6.2% Enterococcus faecalis - 6.9%), and was evidence of a possible recurrence of inflammation during gestation. In the age category, the groups of patients were homogeneous, with no significant differences by the level of AMH and the level of CD 138. Biochemical pregnancy be present in 20 patients (44.4%) of group I and 28 (62.2%) of group II. Fertility within a year after the end of therapy was restored with the proposed method of therapy in most women (51.1%), in the comparison group this number was 11.1% lower. Pregnancy rate between the groups (I and II) did not differ significantly. The number of live births in group II - 19 births (42.2%) - was 2 times higher than I group (9 (20.0%), P<0.05). The most common complication for women in the comparison groups was early pregnancy loss. Among 18 (40.0%) clinical pregnancies of group I, 8 women (17.8%) had early miscarriage, 1 ectopic pregnancy (2.2%), while in group II clinical pregnancy be present in 23 women (51.1%). The number of terminated pregnancies was two times lower than in the first group (8.9% vs. 17.8%, P<0.05). Conclusions: Chronic endometritis is one of the main causes of pregnancy loss after in vitro fertilization. Patients of the second group were treated with the proposed method of subendometrial injections with Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), prepared from autologous blood, is an effective method of preparing the endometrium for embryo transfer and can increase the number of live births in patients with chronic endometritis.

The beneficial and pathogenic flora, environmental drivers, and community assembly mechanism of perennial poplar plantation

The beneficial and pathogenic flora, environmental drivers, and community assembly mechanism of perennial poplar plantation

The gut-lung axis in critical illness: microbiome composition as a predictor of mortality at day 28 in mechanically ventilated patients

BackgroundMicrobial communities are of critical importance in the human host. The lung and gut microbial communities represent the most essential microbiota within the human body, collectively referred to as the gut-lung axis. However, the differentiation between these communities and their influence on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients remains uncertain.MethodsAn observational cohort study was obtained in the intensive care unit (ICU) of an affiliated university hospital. Sequential samples were procured from two distinct anatomical sites, namely the respiratory and intestinal tracts, at two precisely defined time intervals: within 48 h and on day 7 following intubation. Subsequently, these samples underwent a comprehensive analysis to characterize microbial communities using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and to quantify concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The primary predictors in this investigation included lung and gut microbial diversity, along with indicator species. The primary outcome of interest was the survival status at 28 days following mechanical ventilation.ResultsSixty-two mechanically ventilated critically ill patients were included in this study. Compared to the survivors, the diversity of microorganisms was significantly lower in the deceased, with a significant contribution from the gut-originated fraction of lung microorganisms. Lower concentrations of fecal SCFAs were detected in the deceased. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that not only lung microbial diversity but also the abundance of Enterococcaceae from the gut were correlated with day 28 mortality.ConclusionCritically ill patients exhibited lung and gut microbial dysbiosis after mechanical ventilation, as evidenced by a significant decrease in lung microbial diversity and the proliferation of Enterococcaceae in the gut. Levels of fecal SCFAs in the deceased served as a marker of imbalance between commensal and pathogenic flora in the gut. These findings emphasize the clinical significance of microbial profiling in predicting the prognosis of ICU patients.

Mucoactive therapy in the treatment of sinusitis in patients with post-Covid syndrome

Rhinosinusitis, as in the pre-ovoid era, are still the most common diseases in the practice of an otorhinolaryngologist. According to the results of the analysis of medical documentation conducted at the clinic of the St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute of Ear, Throat, Nose and Speech, more and more patients associate the diseases of the nasopharyngeal space that have appeared in them and the increase in the number of exacerbations of existing chronic diseases of this area with a coronavirus infection. In this regard, we decided to consider approaches to the treatment of rhinosinusitis by summarizing the available data and considering individual clinical cases of patients with sinusitis and COVID-19. Antibiotic resistance associated with uncontrolled administration of antibacterial drugs when infected with SARS-CoV-2 has also become one of the frequent problems at present. Therefore, our article considers the most relevant method in this case, based on the use of phytotherapy. According to the literature, the most effective phytopreparations are preparations containing standardized myrtol, which reduces the viscosity of the mucus of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity, increases the frequency of beating of the cilia of the ciliated epithelium, thereby contributing to an increase in the speed of mucociliary transport. Standardized myrtol also has an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the concentration of leukotrienes and prostaglandin, neutralizing free OH radicals, inhibiting oxidation processes myrtol reduces toxic effects on the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses, and also acts on pathogenic flora as a bacteriostatic drug. Clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation from 2021 according to the treatment of acute sinusitis and the European recommendations of the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal polyps (EPOS 2020), based on the data of controlled studies presented in them, the use of phytopreparations in the treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis is confirmed both in combination with antibacterial therapy and without antibacterial drugs in combination with irrigation therapy and the use of topical decongestants.

Isolation and Identification of Shimwellia blattae from the Gut of the Hospital Cockroach Blatta orientalis in Annaba City, Algeria

The overall aim of this paper was to divulge the pathogenic and beneficial bacterial flora of cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) living in a hospital area in Annaba city, Algeria. Thirteen cockroaches were randomly apprehended in sterile conditions during March 2022 in two different hospitals in Annaba, “El Bouni” Hospital and the “Sainte-Therese” Hospital. Bacterial strains were isolated from the imprint of the insect on Petri dishes previously inoculated with different media, also from external and internal body part suspensions of the captured specimens. Biochemical identification was established using the analytical profile Index (API) System (Biomerieux, France). The identification of the enteric-screened strain was confirmed using molecular sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The results showed a high prevalence of the pathogenic strains isolated from the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis (225 strains), such as Serratia liquefaciens, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Pseudomonas luteola, Enterobacter aerogenes, Hafniaalvei and Bacillus sp. Phylogenetic analysis of the enteric bacteria confirmed the affiliation with Shimwellia blattae NCTC10965 (100%), Basonym Escherichia blattae, which is a natural cyanocobalamin producer. Results confirm at the same time the symbiotic relationship between S. blattae and Blatta orientalis, but also point out the underrepresented potential of these insects as a source of strains with biotechnological interest.

Gut microbiota changes in animal models of spinal cord injury: a preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis

Background An increasing number of studies show that the intestinal flora is closely related to spinal cord injury. Many researchers are exploring the changes in the richness, diversity, and evenness of intestinal flora in spinal cord injury animal models to identify the characteristic bacteria. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted using three databases: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. A meta-analysis was performed using R 4.3.1 to evaluate the comparison of microbiota diversity, richness, and evenness and the relative abundance of intestinal microbiota in animals with spinal cord injury and blank controls. Results Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, of which 12 involved gut microbiota distribution indicators and 11 included intestinal microflora relative abundance indicators. Meta-analysis of high-dimensional indicators describing the distribution of the gut microbiota identified a substantial decline in the evenness and richness of the intestinal flora. In addition, the Actinobacteria phylum and Erysipelotrichales and Clostridiales orders were significantly different between the spinal cord injury and sham groups; therefore, they may be the characteristic bacteria in spinal cord injury models. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggested that the gut microbiota in the spinal cord injury animal model group was altered compared with that in the control group, with varying degrees of changes in richness and evenness and potentially pathogenic characteristic flora. More rigorous methodological studies are needed because of the high heterogeneity and limited sample size. Further research is needed to clinically apply intestinal microbiota and potentially guide fecal microbiota transplantation therapy.

The results of a laboratory and clinical study evaluating the disinfecting properties multifunctional solution “OKVision GOLD” in relation to gas-permeable lenses

Introduction. The modern realities of the Russian market of contact lens care products dictate the search for a universal solution for one-stage cleaning, which has high disinfecting and cleansing properties for all types of contact lens materials.Purpose: investigation of the disinfecting properties of the multifunctional solution “OKVision GOLD” in relation to scleral gas-permeable lenses.Materials and methods. 20 patients (40 eyes) with keratoconus of various stages (average age 32.6 ± 2.3 years) were examined before and after wearing scleral lenses in the daytime. A clinical ophthalmological study was conducted, including a biomicroscopic assessment of the lens surfaces, as well as the anterior segment of the eye with the use of vital dyes before and after lens cleaning. In addition, smears were collected for further bacteriological examination. Evaluated: a) initial smear from the conjunctiva of the patient before putting on the contact lens; b) a smear from two surfaces of the lens after wearing it for 12 hours; c) a smear from two surfaces of the lens after 6 hours of treatment in solution. The place of analysis: G.N. Gabrichevsky research institute for epidemiology and microbiology.Results. Sowing smears from the conjunctiva before using contact correction revealed the presence of opportunistic flora. Sowing after 12 hours of wearing lenses determined the attachment of pathogenic flora. Examination of smears from lens surfaces after their 6-hour exposure in solution revealed complete inactivation of previously detected pathogenic and insignificant presence of conditionally pathogenic flora. During biomicroscopy, the condition of the eye surface remained unchanged, no deposits on the lenses were recorded. The survey of patients also revealed no negative reactions.Conclusion. The results of clinical and bacteriological studies indicate high disinfecting activity against conditionally pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora in the treatment of scleral lenses. This solution can be recommended for the care of all types of contact lenses, including gas-permeable ones.

Modern possibilities of correcting violations of the vaginal biotope in pregnant women at risk in wartime conditions

Research objective: to determine the effectiveness of a complex local preparation with antiseptic action based on octenidine and repair agent dexpanthenol (Prodexyn) in the syndrome of abnormal vaginal discharge (AVD) in pregnant women with obstetric pathology during the gestation and in the sanitation of the birth canal on the eve of childbirth.&#x0D; Materials and methods. 49 pregnant women were examined and divided into 2 groups: group I – 21 women (including 6 pregnant women with the status of internally displaced persons (IDPs)) with AVD in the period of 14–36 weeks of pregnancy; group II – 28 pregnant women (15 of them IDPs) on the eve of childbirth, who needed sanitation of the birth canal in the period of 37-41 weeks. The selection of patients was based on complaints, objective examination in mirrors and determination of vaginal pH. A bacterioscopic and bacteriological study was carried out if the pH deviates from the norm in order to identify pathogens and control the treatment effectiveness. Prodexyn was prescribed to all women in the vaginal suppositories at night for 10 days from the II trimester of pregnancy.&#x0D; Results. Most of women had a complicated obstetric and gynecological history, chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, and viral infections. 87.7% of women had obstetric complications during current pregnancy.&#x0D; In the group I the primary average value of vaginal pH was 4.94 ± 0.02, and was the highest in IDPs (5.0-5.3). In the group II the pH before delivery at the initial screening was 5.1 ± 0.03, and in IDPs it was 5.7. Bacterioscopic examination in both groups showed a large number of leukocytes, cocci and fungal flora. Bacteriological examination in both groups showed a total of 11 pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens in various 2–3 component microbial and microbial-fungal associations against the background of a significant decrease in the number of lactobacilli. Single cases of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae (in group I) and Streptococcus viridans (in group II) were found.&#x0D; After sanitation the state of the vaginal biotope significantly improved in the majority of pregnant women of both groups. pH in group I was 4.51 ± 0.013, in group II was 4.55 ± 0.03. According to bacterioscopy, the number of leukocytes, coccal, bacillus and fungal flora significantly decreased in both groups. Bacteriological examination showed positive dynamics of the microflora concentration and the amount of its species spectrum. The lactobacilli concentration increased in both groups. Worse indicators of the vaginal biotope restoration were observed in IDPs, especially in the I group in the II–III trimesters, which required an extension of the treatment course for another 5–10 days.&#x0D; Conclusions. The complex local preparation with antiseptic action Prodexyn for AVD in pregnant women with obstetric pathology has shown its effectiveness and safety. As a result of the treatment, the number of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora decreased significantly, with a simultaneous increase in the saprophytic flora and lacISSN 2309-4117tobacilli concentration.

Concomitant infections in children with allergic pathology in the Kaliningrad region

The aim of our work was to study the structure and prevalence of the infectious syndrome in children from Kaliningrad Region with moderate-to-severe allergic pathology, with a complex manifestations of allergic reactions, both on skin and on the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tract.&#x0D; Ninety children from 0 to 18 years old with various symptoms of allergic pathology were examined and included in the study group using standard clinical, objective and laboratory criteria. The severity of clinical course was associated with the severe and long-lasting symptoms, as well as with frequent bacterial and bacterial-fungal complications, with impaired quality of life and night sleep. The children were consulted by the specialists in otorhinolaryngology, hematology, pulmonology, surgery, ophthalmology, infectology, endocrinology, cardiology. Diagnoses according to nosological forms were made in accordance with the current clinical recommendations of Russian Ministry of Health. Our article presents data on concomitant infectious diseases and their impact on general condition and severity of hypersensitive responses. The average age of allergic manifestations in the group of children was 3.12±2.72 years. The average duration of the disease in the observed group was 7.5±0.88 years. The number of boys in our group prevailed (n = 56) by 1.6 times. Complicated heredity factors were reported by 15% of the patients’ parents. However, with careful collection of medical history taking, upon dynamic observation, the aggravated heredity on the mother’s side was detected in 45.56% (n = 41), and on the father’s side, in 31.1% of cases (n = 28). In eight families, both parents suffered from allergic pathology, in siblings, 21.1% (n = 19) of the examined children had allergies. In the families, including grandparents, allergic pathology was reported in 56 cases (62.2%).&#x0D; Almost all patients had problems with nasal breathing, 77 (85.6%) children with adenoid hypertrophy had a habit of breathing through the mouth. Postnasal drip syndrome was found in 78 cases. Allergic rhinitis with adenoid hypertrophy is, generally, accompanied by postnasal leakage, which can provoke aspiration bronchitis and pneumonia, especially if pathogenic or opportunistic flora is transferred to the nasal cavity and/or to the pharynx.&#x0D; Conclusions: 1. Identification and rehabilitation of chronic foci of infection, bacterial, fungal, should be a necessary component of the personalized therapy of allergic pathology in children. 2. In cases of recurrent sowing or finding of pathogenic flora (iodophilic flora, fungi, coccal flora) in the coprogram, one should exclude not only transient lactase deficiency, but also congenital lactase deficiency, thus preventing development of enterocolitis in the future like as worsening of skin status and respiratory manifestations. 3. In case of severe respiratory viral infections in children during the period of adaptation for pre-school institutions, one should exclude sensitization to allergens of house dust mites and epidermal allergens of domestic animals. 4. A comprehensive and personalized approach to the diagnosis of allergic disorders and comorbid conditions enables us to create conditions for stable remission, making it possible to conduct allergen-specific immunotherapy, which may provide a disease-modifying effect upon the hyperreactive states in our patients.

Soybean Antigen Protein-Induced Intestinal Barrier Damage by Trigging Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disordering Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. Soybean antigenic proteins (β-conglycinin and soy glycinin) induce hypersensitivity reactions and intestinal barrier damage. However, whether this damage is associated with ER stress, autophagy, and the gut microbiome is largely unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with soy glycinin (11S glycinin) and β-conglycinin (7S glycinin) on intestinal ER stress, autophagy, and flora in weaned piglets. Thirty healthy 21-day-old weaned "Duroc × Long White × Yorkshire" piglets were randomly divided into three groups and fed a basic, 7S-supplemented, or 11S-supplemented diet for one week. The results indicated that 7S/11S glycinin disrupted growth performance, damaged intestinal barrier integrity, and impaired goblet cell function in piglets (p < 0.05). Moreover, 7S/11S glycinin induced ER stress and blocked autophagic flux in the jejunum (p < 0.05) and increased the relative abundance of pathogenic flora (p < 0.01) and decreased that of beneficial flora (p < 0.05). In conclusion, 7S/11S glycinin induces intestinal ER stress, autophagic flux blockage, microbiota imbalance, and intestinal barrier damage in piglets.

Analysis of changes in bacterial diversity in healthy and bacterial wilt mulberry samples using metagenomic sequencing and culture-dependent approaches.

Mulberry bacterial wilt is a serious destructive soil-borne disease caused by a complex and diverse group of pathogenic bacteria. Given that the bacterial wilt has been reported to cause a serious damage to the yield and quality of mulberry, therefore, elucidation of its main pathogenic groups is essential in improving our understanding of this disease and for the development of its potential control measures. In this study, combined metagenomic sequencing and culture-dependent approaches were used to investigate the microbiome of healthy and bacterial wilt mulberry samples. The results showed that the healthy samples had higher bacterial diversity compared to the diseased samples. Meanwhile, the proportion of opportunistic pathogenic and drug-resistant bacterial flora represented by Acinetobacter in the diseased samples was increased, while the proportion of beneficial bacterial flora represented by Proteobacteria was decreased. Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC), Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC), Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. quasipneumoniae, K. michiganensis, K. oxytoca, and P. ananatis emerged as the main pathogens of the mulberry bacterial wilt. In conclusion, this study provides a valuable reference for further focused research on the bacterial wilt of mulberry and other plants.

Respiratory form of infectious rhinotracheitis: Analysis of immunomorphological reactions

The concentration of cattle in limited areas, nutritional disorders, and imbalance of micro- and macroelements contribute to suppression of natural resistance of the organism, insufficient live weight gain, leading to the growth of infectious diseases of young animals with high rates of forced slaughter and cattle mortality. The source of the causative agent of rhinotracheitis infection – Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 hinders the development of the livestock industry, thus, it is necessary to search for possible approaches to prevent and control this infection. The purpose of the research is to determine the immunomorphological changes in the lymphoid tissue of the trachea and bronchial system, in the regional lymph nodes of the lungs and in the spleen in calves naturally affected by infectious rhinotracheitis. The experimental studies were based on the research of immunomorphological reactions in lymphoid tissue during infection of young cattle with Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, using polymerase chain reaction, histological and immunohistochemical methods. According to the results, it was established that hyperplasia of tracheaassociated lymphoid tissue was observed in the trachea, and hyperplasia of bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue was observed in the lungs; the affected areas of the trachea and lungs were infiltrated with lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. The immunomorphological reactions of regional lymph nodes demonstrate hyperplasia of B- and T-dependent zones, and in the spleen – hyperplasia of T-dependent zones of the white pulp. Thus, immunocompetent cells of lymphoid tissue associated with B- and T-dependent areas of the trachea, bronchial system of the lungs and regional lymph nodes of the lungs, and with T-dependent areas of the spleen, are directly involved in the pathogenesis of infectious rhinotracheitis of respiratory type calves. Antibacterial therapy with antibiotics destroys pathogenic and normal flora in the intestine, but they are not effective enough on viral infection, therefore, production trials of effective means of specific prophylaxis and vaccination are the primary task of veterinary medicine

Исследование антибактериальной, антиадгезивной и антибиопленкообразующей активности растительных комплексов в отношении пародонтопатогенных бактерий in vitro

Periodontitis is a problem urgent in Russia and throughout the world in general. Because of the dynamically changing flora causing this diseases, the treatment methods designed against it should be adapted on a regular basis. The classic approach to arresting development of the acute process relies on 0.2–0.12% chlorhexidine, a chemical antiseptic, but after 3 weeks of use, its efficacy drops drastically because pathogenic flora adjusts thereto. In the recent years, plantbased complexes with antiseptic properties have shown their capacity to challenge the classic approach. Obviously, efficacy of active ingredients depends on the form of the final product. The marker of periodontitis in the oral cavity is Staphylococcus aureus. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii have virulence markers that are copathogens for periodontitis. This study aimed to find plant-based preparations capable of eliminating the said microbes and Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Enterococcus faecalis. We compared antibacterial, adhesion and biofilm formation preventing properties of Phytodent plant-based products in various forms: water solution, water-alcohol solution, oil solution, gel. Long exposure form — gel — proved to be the most effective in terms of the properties tested. Products with synthetic and plant-based antiseptics, as well as those with plant-based antiseptics in maximum concentration (elixir), had comparable efficacy. Water and oil solutions are less effective because of the lower active ingredient concentration and relatively brief exposure. Our results support the results of clinical studies dedicated to the use of Phytodent products as oral care products in the context of periodontitis prevention and treatment. We recommend conducting further studies comparing compositions, cross- and comparative studies investigating the effect of frequency of application and time of exposure, such studies registering titers of active ingredient concentrations, and with subjects thereof including mixed biofilms.

Characteristics of the microbiome in patients with symptomatic uncomplicated colonic diverticular disease in the central region of Ukraine

The aim of the study was to analyze the age structure, correlation with body mass index in patients with symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD) in the central region of Ukraine. To reveal the prevalence of left-sided, right-sided or total diverticular lesions of the large intestine, to evaluate the microbiota composition, to identify peculiarities of the enterotype. Materials and methods. The study included 125 patients with SUDD aged 18 to 90 years who were at a Gastroenterology Hospital in the period from 2019 to 2022. All the patients were residents of the central region of Ukraine. Body mass index was calculated for all patients, total colonoscopy was performed, and fecal analysis was done using culturing and qRT-PCR methods. Results. The incidence of SUDD among patients in the central region of Ukraine increases with age and reaches its peak in the 71–80 age group. Almost all age groups are dominated by women. Left-sided localization of diverticula occurs in 84.8 % of patients, right-sided in 8.0 %, total in 7.2 %. The majority of patients with diverticular disease (87.2 %) are overweight or with varying degrees of obesity. Patients with SUDD are characterized by a decrease in the main representatives of obligate microflora, namely, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli. In 46.4 % of patients, representatives of opportunistic flora are detected, in 24.0 % – an increase in fungi from the genus Candida. Also, changes in enterotypes are detected, namely an increase in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, with a decrease in Bacteroides. The number of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii tends to decrease, while the Akkermansia muciniphila count is unchanged. Conclusions. The incidence of SUDD increases with age among the population of the central region of Ukraine. Among patients with SUDD, women predominate in almost all age groups. 87.2 % of patients with SUDD are overweight or with various degrees of obesity. The left-sided localization of diverticula prevails among patients with SUDD in the central region of Ukraine – 84.8 %. Patients with SUDD in the central region of Ukraine are characterized by the decrease in the main representatives of obligate microflora, namely: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli. In 46.4 % of patients with SUDD, representatives of conditionally pathogenic flora are found, in 24.0 % – the increase in fungi from the genus Candida. Changes in enterotypes are detected, namely the increase in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, with the decrease in Bacteroides. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii tends to decrease, while Akkermansia muciniphila are unchanged.

Regulation of gut microbiota: a novel pretreatment for complications in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation.

Kidney transplantation is an effective method to improve the condition of patients with end-stage renal disease. The gut microbiota significantly affects the immune system and can be used as an influencing factor to change the prognoses of patients who have undergone kidney transplantation. Recipients after kidney transplantation showed a lower abundance of Firmicutes and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and a higher proportion of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. After using prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation to regulate the microbial community, the prognoses of patients who underwent kidney transplantation evidently improved. We aimed to determine the relationship between gut microbiota and various postoperative complications inpatients who have undergone kidney transplantation in recent years and to explore how gut microecology affects post-transplant complications. An in-depth understanding of the specific functions of gut microbiota and identification of the actual pathogenic flora during complications in patients undergoing kidney transplantation can help physicians develop strategies to restore the normal intestinal microbiome of transplant patients to maximize their survival and improve their quality of life.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ МИКРОФЛОРЫ ПОЛОСТИ РТА И РАЗВИТИЕ ОРАЛЬНОГО МУКОЗИТА ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ СИСТЕМНОЙ ПРОТИВООПУХОЛЕВОЙ ТЕРАПИИ У БОЛЬНЫХ СО ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫМИ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯМИ

This paper is devoted to the problem of the relationship between the oral microflora and oral mucositis (OM) induced by systemic anti-tumour therapy in patients with malignant neoplasms (MN). The paper covers current views on the composition of the normal oral microbiota and its changes during chemotherapeutic treatment. It is shown that normal oral microbiota includes representatives of such genera as Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Veillonella and others. It is emphasized that even despite the existence of modern molecular genetic techniques and the formation of a database of oral microbiota, it is still difficult to determine the role of individual taxonomic units in oral homeostasis. Existing studies of changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of oral microflora against the background of anticancer therapy have demonstrated that treatment is associated with significant changes in the oral microbiological landscape, namely increasing the number of Gram-negative anaerobic opportunistic pathogenic flora and decreasing representation of protective commensal flora. It is demonstrated that bacterial cell components can modulate local macroorganism reaction through the system of Toll-like receptors, thus acting multidirectionally. A number of unresolved fundamental questions relating to the place of the oral microbiota in the pathogenesis of OM have also been highlighted.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МЕРОПЕНЕМА И ИМИЦЕНЕМА НА МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗ И МОРФОЛОГИЮ ТОНКОГО КИШЕЧНИКА КРЫС

Background. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the human body, antimicrobial drugs intake being one of the main factors affecting microbiota composition. Antibiotics suppress normal intestinal microflora allowing for the growth and development of pathogenic flora. Objective. To study the effect of meropenem and imicenem on the microbiocenosis and morphology of the small intestine in rats. Material and methods. In an experiment on rats, we analysed the microbiocenosis of the large intestine after intraperitoneal administration of meropenem, imicinem and 0.9% NaCl, as well as examined samples of the small intestine. Results. In a comparative analysis of the control group with the meropenem and imicinem groups, there has been noted a decrease in the number of anaerobes in the meropenem group (8.6±0.14, p&lt;0.05) as compared with the control group (9.4±0.22, p&lt;0 .05) and the imicinem group (9.4±0.40, p&lt;0.05); the number of bifidobacteria decreased in the meropenem group (8.1±0.16, p&lt;0.05) in contrast to the control group (9.2±0.25, p&lt;0.05) and the imicinem group (9.2±0.41, p&lt;0.05). When compared with meropenem (3.8±0.44, p&lt;0.05), imicinem (4.9±0.20, p&lt;0.05) led to a greater growth of spore-forming anaerobes. In animals of the imicinem group, the histostructure of the jejunal mucosa was similar to the control group, while in the meropenem group, inflammatory changes in the stroma of the villi of the jejunal mucosa were observed. Conclusions. In a comparative analysis of carbapenem activity, it has been determined that these antibiotics both have a significant effect on the microbiocenosis of the large intestine and affect the mucous wall of the small intestine. These should be taken into account by clinicians in order to improve the effectiveness and safety of antibiotic therapy.

Modern approaches to the treatment of trophic ulcers of venous etiology: photodynamic therapy

Chronic venous insufficiency, being the outcome and complication of most diseases of the veins of the lower extremities, is the fundamental cause of the formation of trophic ulcers. Over the past decade, in solving the problem of treating venous trophic ulcers, certain successes have been achieved, both in theoretical and practical terms. The modern concept of curation of patients with trophic ulcers of venous origin involves a reasonable combination of the following methods of treatment: local, including compression, as well as medical, surgical, minimally invasive and additional methods (physiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, etc.). The main goal of the treatment is to eliminate the ulcer, after which measures are taken to correct the underlying cause (chronic venous insufficiency) and prevent relapse. However, the tactics of the most successful treatment of patients with trophic ulcers of venous etiology is still not defined and requires further improvement. In particular, the method of photodynamic therapy, which includes the usage of special drugs - photosensitizers, also deserves to be studied and expanded for clinical use. The mechanism of photodynamic action is based on the ability of photosensitizers to accumulate in microbial and pathological cells. Under local light exposure, the photosensitizer enters an excited state and charges oxygen, which is associated with erythrocyte hemoglobin. Thus, in cells under the influence, a photochemical reaction is triggered, which ensures the formation of singlet oxygen and its free radicals. Reactive oxygen species, in turn, have a damaging effect on pathogenic flora and necrotic tissues. The main advantages of the method are relative simplicity, no risk of developing antibiotic resistance, acceleration of reparative and regenerative processes, and prevention of secondary infection. Thus, photodynamic therapy allows non-invasive, safe and effective optimization of local treatment and preoperative preparation of patients with venous trophic ulcers.

Accurate quantification on the change of some live pathogenic microbial flora in fermented feed

SummaryReal‐time monitoring of harmful bacteria in the process of feed fermentation is an important step to control and optimise feed quality. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can effectively determine the total amount of pathogenic bacteria but does not distinguish between active and inactive bacteria. In this work, propidium monoazide dyes (PMA) were combined with qPCR technology to explore the changes of microflora during the fermentation of artificially contaminated feed. The results indicated that the Cycle Threshold (Ct) values of sample detected by PMA‐qPCR were all higher than the results of qPCR. PMA could effectively nullify the influence of dead bacteria in the detection of viable bacteria. It was found that the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella flexneri, and Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited during the fermentation process of soybean meal feed with the mortality rates were 99.89, 95.07 and 97.73%, respectively. However, the growth of beneficial bacteria were not affected by the presence of harmful bacteria after 60 days of storage. These results suggest that anaerobically fermented feed is a promising substitute for antibiotics in animal feed and using PMA‐qPCR for real‐time monitoring of harmful bacteria in fermented feed will further improve the safety risk assessment of fermented feed.