Path-Goal Theory Of Leadership Research Articles

Effects of Teachers’ Technology Leadership on Postgraduate Preservice Teachers’ Application of TPACK: Perspective of Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

A tremendous amount of technology (e.g., online learning platforms, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and robots) has been utilized to create rich interactive activities to upgrade preservice teachers’ knowledge and skills. However, there is a challenge to transform teacher preparation programs into a fully realized technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) application environment. Teachers’ technology leadership (TTL) should be considered to empower preservice teachers to apply TPACK. Since there was no empirical evidence concerning the impact of technology leadership on student outcomes, this study investigated the relationship between TTL and postgraduate preservice teachers’ application of TPACK by collecting quantitative data in Chinese normal university. Factor analyses were first conducted; and results indicated that the questionnaire combined the ISTE-E standards and TPACK framework was a reliable and valid survey instrument. The descriptive statistics results showed that TTL (professional growth and leadership, digital citizenship, technology collaboration, and technology-empowered learning) was highly perceived, and postgraduate preservice teachers’ TPACK components were at medium levels. Structural equation modeling test results revealed that TTL positively and significantly influenced all dimensions of postgraduate preservice teachers’ TPACK. Finally, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are provided along with theoretical and practical implications.

Influence of Boards of Management Practices on Teachers Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case of Manga Sub-County Nyamira County, Kenya

The purpose of the Basic Education Act No. 14 of 2013 is to increase professionalism in the administration of public elementary schools by establishing Boards of Management. The purpose of this research is to analyse the effect that Boards of Management policies have on student achievement in public primary schools in the Manga sub-county of Kisii County, Kenya. The study set out to answer several questions about the impact of various factors on students' academic success, including the availability of instructional resources, the quality of the school's physical environment, the quality of the teaching staff, and the effectiveness of the school's management's efforts to motivate its employees. The research was based on the open systems theory and the Path Goal Leadership Theory. The study used a variety of research strategies. Concurrent triangulation, a research strategy that blends quantitative and qualitative data, was used for this investigation. Principals, BOM members, and the Sub County Director of Education made up the study population. Sampling was performed using a stratified random sampling technique. Strata were designated as learning environments. Questionnaires and interview scripts were used to compile the data. The researcher piloted the surveys with two elementary schools in Manga Sub County that have certain demographic and social characteristics with the study area. Pearson's Product Coefficient was used to verify reliability. Co-efficient. If the dependability co-efficient was lower than 0.7, then the instruments would need to be improved. The instruments' validity and reliability were established by having them crafted under the watchful eyes of the supervisors and by consulting with subject-matter experts. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyse the data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the quantitative approaches. Descriptive statistics included measurements of central tendency and dispersion, such as means and standard deviations. Chi-square tests and spearman rank order correlations were used for inferential statistics. Analysing qualitative data required making sense of the responses and contrasting them with prior research. Frequency tables, percentages, and other numerical were used. Ethical considerations were taken into account during the investigation. The vast majority of respondents agreed that their schools' ability to provide necessary teaching and learning resources was facilitated by adhering to a schedule of events. The majority of respondents said that BOM members are capable of accurately forecasting and budgeting for physical infrastructure on their own. All respondents said that those working in BOM were trustworthy because of their moral rectitude and upright character. The research concluded that the Ministry of Education should institute safeguards to guarantee that only qualified individuals serve on public elementary school governing boards. It is imperative that steps be taken to guarantee the exchequer allocates sufficient funds for the purchase of physical infrastructure for public elementary schools

LEADERSHIP STYLES AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN SELECTED PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS: A CASE OF SELECTED SCHOOLS IN JINJA, UGANDA

In a bid to address poor academic performance among students in Jinja City primary schools, this study looked into how students' academic performance was affected by school leadership styles within the theoretical framework of the Path-Goal theory of leadership. The goals of the study were to: 1) comprehend how the laissez-faire leadership style affects academic performance; 2) examine the authoritarian leadership style; and 3) ascertain how the democratic leadership style affects students' academic performance. Data collection and analysis were done using a cross-sectional survey design that combined quantitative and qualitative research methods. Using simple random and purposeful sampling techniques, 100 participants were chosen from a target population of 300. Through the use of questionnaires and interview guides, data was gathered. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the quantitative data, and descriptive analysis was used to find patterns and trends in the qualitative data. The findings revealed that the laissez-faire leadership style significantly affected students' academic performance by 83%. The authoritarian leadership style accounted for 66.7% of the variation in academic performance, while the democratic leadership style contributed 74.1%. The research emphasized the importance of upholding existing school rules, regulations, and goals to enhance students' academic performance. Recommendations include adopting flexible leadership approaches by school heads, emphasizing school rules and regulations, and recognizing the significance of authority in leadership to boost and sustain academic performance. The research also highlighted the value of open communication, guidance, equitable treatment, and equal opportunities for all stakeholders involved in promoting desired academic outcomes in primary schools. The theoretical implication of this study lies in the demonstration that adaption of different leadership styles can be applicable to educational settings to achieve desired goals.Keywords: Leadership Styles; Academic Performance; Path-Goal theory; Educational Outcomes; School Management; Students

Influence of Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Styles and the Moderating Role of Task Structure in Leadership on Teachers’ Satisfaction, Motivation, and Performance

This study investigated the influence of path-goal theory of leadership styles and the moderating role of task structure in leadership on teachers' satisfaction, motivation, and performance in the Division of San Pablo City public secondary schools. The research design adopted for this study was a descriptive-correlational study involving survey questionnaires administered to 579 junior high school teachers across 13 public secondary schools. Data analysis utilized mean, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Findings indicate that teachers perceived their school heads as demonstrating directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership styles. Task structure in leadership was generally perceived favorably. Teachers exhibited moderate job satisfaction, positive work motivation, and very satisfactory performance across various domains. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between path-goal theory of leadership styles, work motivation, and teachers' performance. However, no significant relationship was found between leadership styles, task structure in leadership, and job satisfaction. Task structure in leadership showed a weak negative correlation with job satisfaction and a moderate negative correlation with aspects of work motivation but no significant relationship with teachers' performance. Regression analysis demonstrated that path-goal theory of leadership styles directly influenced work motivation and teachers' performance, while job satisfaction had a strong baseline level independent of leadership styles. Task structure in leadership moderated the relationship between leadership styles, job satisfaction, and teachers' performance but did not moderate work motivation. This study contributes to understanding leadership practices that positively influence teachers' motivation and performance, offering implications for enhancing school leadership and improving educational quality.

Participative Leadership Style and Performance of Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi County, Kenya

The study sought to determine the influence of participative leadership style on organizational performance of manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. Anchored on Path Goal Leadership Theory, the study used positivism research philosophy and descriptive correlational research design. The target population consisted of managers/owners from 425 SMEs listed members of the Kenya Association of Manufacturers Nairobi Region. A sample of 369 managers/owners was drawn from the total population using stratified random sampling technique and data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The descriptive statistics covered were mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis while inferential statistics used for data analysis included: pearson’s correlation, chi-square and binary logistic regression. Binary logistic regression (Cox and Snell R squared) revealed that 6.9 % of the probability of organizational performance was explained by participative leadership style. Parameter estimates results indicated that participative leadership style positively and significantly predicted organizational performance, β= 2.901, p = .000, p < 0.05. Consequently, the null hypothesis that “participative leadership style does not influence organizational performance in manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi” was rejected. The study concluded that participative leadership style significantly influenced organizational performance in manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County. These study findings are significant to the owners/managers of SMEs, Policy makers/Industry regulators and Academic Researchers as they provide a new dimension on the effect of participative leadership on organizational performance. Since the study was limited to SMEs within Nairobi, further studies could be carried out on participative leadership and the influence it has on the organizational performance of manufacturing SMEs in Kenya at large. The inclusion of demographic variable, the application of a longitudinal research design and other data analysis methods could offer new insights in the SME sector.

Influence of Supportive Leadership Style on Performance of Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi, Kenya

This paper is based on a study that was conducted to examine the influence of supportive leadership style on organizational performance of manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County, Kenya. Guided by the path goal leadership theory, the study employed use of a positivism research philosophy and descriptive correlational research design to determine the relationship between the two variables. The study targeted listed SME members of the Kenya Association of Manufacturers comprising 425 managers/owners of the organizations in Nairobi region. A sample size of 369 managers/owners was obtained from the population through stratified random sampling of the manufacturing SMEs. Data collection was done using self-administered questionnaires with a follow up analysis using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics included mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis while inferential statistics included Pearson’s correlation, chi-square and binary logistic regression. Binary logistic regression (Cox and Snell R squared) showed a 12 % probability of organizational performance being explained by adoption of supportive leadership style. The study indicated a significantly positive relationship between supportive leadership style and organizational performance (β= 4.114, p = .000, p < 0.05) rejecting the null hypothesis “Supportive leadership style does not influence organizational performance in manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi.” The study therefore concludes that supportive leadership style significantly influenced performance of manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County. These findings provide a new understanding to the owners/managers of manufacturing SMEs on how supportive leadership impacts on organizational performance. Nonetheless, the study recommends further research in a wider context of SMEs in Kenya taking note of demographic features and the use of a longitudinal approach in conducting the study.

Peran Kepemimpinan dalam Keberhasilan Pengembangan Paguyuban Petani Al Barokah di Desa Ketapang Kecamatan Susukan Kabupaten Semarang Jawa Tengah

Leadership is a behavior in the process of social control that can affect the lives of other people and power in influencing the behavior of others to direct the achievement of specific goals (Mustapa & Maryadi, 2017). The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of leadership and leadership style in the development of the Al Barokah Farmers Association. The study was conducted from February to July 2022 in the Al Barokah Farmers Association, located in Ketapang Village, Susukan District, Semarang Regency, Central Java. The research showed using qualitative methods with descriptive data. The unit of analysis in this study is the executive board of the Al Barokah Farmers Association. Meanwhile, the team of observation in this study includes the leadership role of the chief executive of the Al Barokah Farmers Association based on Henry Mintzberg's theory and leadership style based on the Path-Goal leadership theory. Data collection techniques by observation, documentation, and interviews. Data analysis techniques include 1) data reduction, 2) data presentation, and 3) drawing conclusions and verification. The results of the study show that the leadership role carried out by the chief executive is seen from attending a meeting or formal event as a representative of the community, the direction from the chief executive to make programs based on the needs of members, playing a role in determining even dominant in recommending appropriate relationships with Al Barokah's vision and mission, holding an RAT (Annual Membership Meeting) led by the executive chairman, together with the association to resolve hoax issues that occurred, from an agreement of the executive chairman as a representative of the association with the director of BNI and the Ministry of Cooperatives regarding the cooperation of KUR with BNI and the launch digital cooperative in Al Barokah, the establishment of an agreement on the buying and selling process between the chief executive and the buyer from the Netherlands, the control of organic farming activities of farmer members through the ICS (Internal Control System) under the auspices of the chief executive, from the direction of the chief executive to allocate human resources for the children of farmers to assist in the digitization of agriculture in Al Barokah, and how to select the assistance that enters the community by holding a meeting chaired by the chief executive. Meanwhile, the leadership style that occurs in the Al Barokah Farmers Association is supportive and participatory.

Strategic Leadership Practices and Sustainable Performance of Private Primary Schools in Turbo Sub County, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya

Purpose: This study sought to establish the influence of strategic leadership practices on sustainable performance of private primary schools in Turbo Sub County, Kenya. The study specifically aimed at establishing the influence of Strategic direction practices, human capital development practices, ethical leadership practices and Strategic communication practices on sustainable performance private primary schools in Turbo Sub County. The study was guided by the following theories; System Theory, Human Capital Theory, Path Goal Leadership Theory and Communication Theory.
 Methodology: This study used descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised of 93 private primary schools in Turbo Sub County, Uasin Gishu County. The unit of observation was both head teachers and senior teachers. All head teachers and one senior teacher from each primary school were targeted in the study making a total of 186 respondents. Research instruments used in this study was questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Descriptive statistics included percentages, frequencies, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics comprising of correlations and regression were applied in assessing the relationship between the study variables.
 Findings: The study established that Strategic direction practices, Human Capital Development Practices, Ethical Leadership Practices and Strategic Communication bears a positive and significant influence on sustainable performance of private primary schools in Turbo Sub County, Kenya. This is shown by respective beta values of 0.296, 0.534, 0.628 and 0.335 and respective significant values of 0.003, 0, 0 and 0.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The findings led to conclusions that Strategic direction practices, Human Capital Development Practices, Ethical Leadership Practices and Strategic Communication influences sustainable performance of private primary schools in Turbo Sub County to positive and significant level. The study recommended the management of private primary schools in the Sub County to enhance practices surrounding Strategic direction, Human Capital Development, Ethical Leadership and Communication since the practices results into improved sustainable performances.

Project leadership in the oil and gas industry: The case for path-goal leadership theory

Project leadership is still an active research topic. In the oil and gas industry, mega projects cost millions of dollars to execute, and project delays can lead to avoidable losses when exemplary leadership behaviour is adopted. The challenges impacting project performance can be resolved through efficient and effective leadership. The cost of project financing increases with delays in project completion, reducing project cost-benefit value, and escalating exposure of the environment to more damages from project activities. Eighty-two case studies in the literature were reviewed, and the salient attributes of project success were outlined. From the findings, we advocate for a leadership structure that recognizes the unique roles of project leadership with more emphasis on enhancing the team's effectiveness, hence Path-Goal Leadership. This study is premised on the oil and gas industry because it is currently the major driver of the Nigerian economy; hence effective project leadership can save the nation huge costs from project delays in this sector.

Leadership Behaviors of Women Entrepreneurs in SME Sector of Bangladesh

Women’s leadership development in entrepreneurial business is critical to improving women’s participation in management and businesses in Bangladesh. Research shows that only seven percent of all business establishments in Bangladesh are women-owned and women-headed. This limited ownership and development of women’s leadership behavior is a clear gap to be filled. Thus, the study aims to identify women’s leadership behavioral factors (WLBFs) and examine the causal relationship between WLBFs and women’s leadership behavior practices (WLBPs) in line with path–goal leadership theory. We conducted causal research, applying systematic sampling techniques in selecting participants and conducting interviews with 366 women entrepreneurs from the Bangladesh Women Chamber of Commerce and Industries database under seven administrative divisional headquarters. We analyzed data through exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques. The results show that the factors internal to women as entrepreneurs (including entrepreneurial attitude, intentions, and workplace learning culture), the factors external to women as entrepreneurs (such as training and education), and sociocultural factors are significantly related to the development of WLBPs. The external organizational behavior context was not significant. WLBPs help develop directive, supportive, participatory, and achievement-oriented leadership practices among women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh. This study suggests that policymakers, implementing managers, training service providers, and women entrepreneurs focus on entrepreneurial attitude, intention, education and skills development training, workplace learning culture, and sociocultural support among women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh.

Building Inclusive Societies Through Emotional Intelligence-Based Education Systems: Indian Perspective to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals

Social inequality and quality education are significant challenges faced by tribes in India. The study's key objective is to develop an Emotional Intelligence (EI) based conceptual framework for tribal education to achieve quality education and build inclusive societies. The developed framework integrates the Mixed Model of EI and the path-goal leadership theory. The purpose of the study was to do a literature review towards identifying the link between teachers' Emotional Intelligence Competencies (EIC) and growth mindset for effective teaching and superior performance. The article proposes four prime propositions that constitute prerequisites for further hypothesis formulation and validation studies. By adopting teaching practices embedded with growth mindset and EIC, the study has far-reaching implications in achieving sustainable development goals (SDG), such as SDG 4 – Quality Education and SDG 10 – Reduced Inequalities.

Strategic Leadership, External Environment, and Performance of Small and Growing Businesses in Nairobi County, Kenya

Small and growing businesses are considered as the primary forces for sustainable economic growth and rapid industrialization. Despite their great potential, small and growing businesses face many challenges and as a result, most of them perform dismally and are eventually edged out by competitors. Given the studies done which recognize the role of strategic leadership practices on performance, the present leaders of small and growing businesses are viewed not only to be steering their companies through the process of strategic planning, mission development, and evaluation, but also to actively handle strategic leadership practices and firm performance. The overall objective of the study was to explore the impact of strategic leadership on performance of small and growing businesses in Nairobi County. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the influence of strategic direction, core competencies, human capital development and sustaining organizational culture on the performance of small and growing businesses in Nairobi County and to further establish the moderating role of operating environment on the relationship between strategic leadership and performance of small and growing businesses in Nairobi County. This research was based on five theories namely: strategic leadership theory, path-goal leadership theory, trait theory, performance maximization theory and contingency theory. To satisfy these objectives, both descriptive and explanatory research design were adopted. The population of this study was all the 1539 small and growing businesses in Nairobi County’s Central Business District. Stratified random sampling was used as the sampling design while Yamane formula was used to compute the sample size of 318 SGBs. A self-administered questionnaire was used as the major tool for data collection. Both Google forms and hard copy questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of three sections focusing on general information about the respondent and the organization, strategic leadership and actions that are geared towards performance and finally the level of organizational performance. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for data analysis purposes. The study achieved a response rate of 66%. The study found that strategic direction, human development, and organizational culture have positive and significant effect on organizational performance with p values 0.000, 0.025 and 0.019 respectively while core competencies were found to have a positive but non-significant effect with p value being 0.053. External environment was also found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between strategic leadership and organizational performance. The study concluded that strategic leadership is an important aspect in any organization as it leads to improved organizational performance. Keywords: Strategic Leadership, External Environment, Small and Growing Businesses, Strategic Direction, Core competencies, Human Capital Development, Sustaining Organizational Culture

Unprecedented times in the emergency department: are “board rounds” and leadership the missing links to improve patient flow?

PurposeNational Health Service (NHS) Emergency Department (ED) attendances are at the second highest level ever recorded, (RCEM, 2021a) and as they soar, performance plummets, putting patient safety at risk (RCEM, 2021b). Managing patient flow in the ED is critical to reduce patient safety incidents and crowding, however, this needs effective leadership (Jensen and Crane, 2014). This paper aims to introduce an innovative form of managing patient flow in ED, which is a two hourly “Board Rounds”, providing a managed process to pull patients through the system meeting pre-determined time critical standards and preventing patient harm. Board Rounds combined with effective leadership can play a contributory role preventing crowding in the ED.Design/methodology/approachAn evaluation of two hourly ED Board Rounds was undertaken using the hospitals’ ED Board Round Standard Operating Procedure to develop a series of short questions. As leadership is the responsibility of all clinicians (Darzi, 2008; Moscrop, 2012), a separate survey was undertaken for clinicians of all grades and managers to self-assess their own leadership styles using the Path-Goal Leadership Theory (House and Mitchell, 1974; Indvik, 1985; Northhouse, 2013). Findings were reported to the team to explore ideas for improvement not only to develop more effective leadership in the ED but also to raise awareness of how to optimise leadership in Board Rounds.FindingsIn total, 27 (n = 27) clinicians and managers reported support for a 2 hourly Board Round, for a period of 15 min, in both minor and major injuries departments in ED. A multi-disciplinary Board meeting, led by the lead nurse with support from the Emergency Physician in Charge, was preferred, locating it at the nurse’s station. A validated Path-Goal Leadership survey instrument was returned (n = 24). The findings reveal that leaders and managers are using a high level of the directive leadership style, where there is more potential to use the supportive, participative and achievement approaches to leadership.Research limitations/implicationsThis was a small sample, returned from a Hospital ED located in a semi-rural location, department requiring “improvement” from the Health Regulator. This research would benefit from being undertaken in a medium/large NHS ED department to identify if the findings report on a wider leadership culture in the NHS ED. The implications for this study are that improvement interventions such as a “Board Round” can be usefully evaluated alongside a review of leadership styles and approaches to understand the wider implications for continuous improvement and change in the ED.Originality/valueNHS EDs are facing unprecedented challenges and require innovative evidence-based solutions combined with leadership at this time. The evidence base for improving patient flow is limited, however, this study provides some initial findings on the positive perception and experience of staff to Board Rounds. Board Rounds combined with leadership has the potential to contribute to the wider strategy to prevent crowding in ED. This paper is the first of its kind to evaluate perceptions of Board Rounds in the ED and to engage clinicians and managers in a self-assessment of their own leadership styles to reflect on optimum leadership styles for use in ED.

The impact of leadership styles and motivations: lessons from Open Source Software projects for educational organizations

ABSTRACT This work focuses on the Open Source Software (OSS) topic in education, using a leadership and motivational perspective. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the teachers’ motivation to contribute to OSS projects for teaching. A structural equation model (SEM) has been defined under the postulates of the Path-Goal leadership theory and Motivational Behaviour. This model has tried to explain and predict the use of OSS solutions by teachers in an educational context. The findings confirm the positive relationships between transactional and transformational leaderships with extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. Additionally, the findings show the positive relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations and the contributions to the OSS project in teaching. This research suggests several implications for both leaders and members of an OSS project in an educational context. First, the contribution of teachers and instructors to the project is greater when the motivation is fostered by the leader. Second, this study finds that motivating the participants of a project – teachers in this case – is highly recommended, in order to reach a successful adoption of OSS solutions for education.

Influence of Change Management Pratices on Performance of Hotels in Nairobi County, Kenya

The current study sought to establish how change management practices influences performance of hotel in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study specifically aimed at establishing the influence of communication, employee engagement, leadership and resource dedication on performance of the hotel in Nairobi County, Kenya. The theories that anchors the study comprised of Communication Theory, Self-Determination Theory, Path Goal Leadership Theory and Resource Based View Theory. The study employed a descriptive research design and the target population comprised of 44 hotels distributed in Nairobi County with ratings of one to five stars as formulated in Tourism Regulatory Authority Hotel Classifications 2018. A census approach was adopted in the study. Primary data was collected through questionnaires containing close ended questions while a secondary data collection sheet was used to collect secondary data. The data collected was analyzed by employing both inferential analysis and descriptive statistics using MS Excel and SPSS software V22. A pilot study was conducted on 4 randomly selected hotels to assess the validity and reliability of the data collection instrument. The study established that communication, employee engagement, leadership and resources dedication positively and significantly influence performance levels of the hotels as shown by Beta values of 0.298, 0.321, 0.387 and 0.459 respectively. This implies that increase in one unit of each of the variables results to an increase in the performance levels with the respective beta values. The study recommended that there is a need for hotels to enhance their communication practices while implementing changes, to enhance their employee engagement practices while implementing changes, to enhance their leadership practices while implementing changes and to enhance their resources dedication practices while implementing changes since the practices positively influences the performance levels.

Ihsan Achievement-Oriented Leadership: Conceptualization, Scale Development, and Validation

This study aims to intervene the concept of achievement-oriented leadership by utilizing path-goal leadership theory, with Islamic ethical values that have a transcendental meaning, namely the ihsan value. It also introduces ihsan achievement oriented leadership as a new leadership concept. This intervention is important because the concepts and empirical studies from several existing studies are still oriented to the transactional relationship between leaders and employees. As the result, the best work commitment is based on the employees' preferences of the awards received for their work. Their orientation is still limited to material values in the world rather than religious values and hereafter life. Therefore, the researchers collected data from 103 institutional leaders of madrasah aliyah (Islamic senior high school) in Central Java, Indoneisa. The data collected were tested for the validity of each item by using linear correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Cronbach's α. This study found 24 indicator items in ihsan achievement-oriented leadership. The items are accumulated in three dimensions; excellent work oriented by maintaining harmony and benefit, goodness or achievement is believed to be an investment in the future (world and hereafter), and spiritual spirit is the main motivation and goal. The findings of this study enrich the literature on human resource development, especially in the field of achievement-oriented leadership so that it becomes more holistic and comprehensive.

The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

SUPPORTIVE LEADERSHIP AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ROA WITH COMMUNITY BANKS DURING THREE ECONOMIC TIME PERIODS

ABSTRACT The purpose of the research is to determine if supportive leadership has an influence upon the financial performance of a company, in this case, Community Banks. Community Banks are generally locally owned; their stock is not traded on exchanges, and they have deposits of less than ten billion dollars. Community Banks in the southeastern United States were surveyed during three economic time periods (2003-2005, 2009-2011 and 2014-2016). Supportive Leadership, and its three components remain very important as managers and their staff hasten to identify problem assets, or potentially problem assets, by maintaining a high level of communication with the bank staff. This was found to be true in all three economics snap shots. Keywords Leadership styles, Supportive Leadership, Path-Goal Leadership theory, Situational Leadership Theory, financial performance, Return on Asset.

Contractor project manager leadership style based on path goal theory to support construction sustainability

Sustainability in construction projects has become an essential issue To implement sustainability in the construction project, trained personnel are needed. However, the temporary projects and the turnover of the project team members remained obstructions in performing these principles. Leadership is a competency that must be possessed by the contractor project manager in leading the project and making sure the construction project sustainability constructing subordinate engagement and organizational learning. Various studies on leadership styles that are suitable to be applied in the construction industry have been carried out in various countries, but in Indonesia, it has not been a concern. This study describes the leadership styles of the project manager uses Path-Goal leadership theory. From the research carried out on projects in Jakarta and Bandung, it was found that project managers in construction projects tend to lead by using achievement oriented style. Short construction project completion times and penalties if the project finish late, both are making PM oriented towards achievement, giving targets to the project team and expecting the best performance from the project team. However, project managers lack trust in subordinates to take decisions (participative). It affected the subordinate engagement at work that needed in supporting construction sustainability.

SITUATIONAL AND INTERACTIONIST LEADERSHIP THEORIES

SITUATIONAL AND INTERACTIONIST LEADERSHIP THEORIES