Passive Operations Research Articles

Assessment of the formation of liabilities and their management in a credit institution

The article presents the results of the author's research in the field of formation and management of the bank's liabilities. The concepts of bank liabilities and passive operations were formulated by author. The main principles and factors influencing the management of passive operations of banks were identified, which made it possible to identify the need for regular analysis of the bank's activities in the field of formation and management of liabilities. As part of the analysis of existing approaches and methods for assessing the bank's liabilities, the key requirements that an effective methodology should meet were formulated. The author of the research has formed a general methodology that allows for the most qualitative analysis of the bank's resource base. Based on this methodology, an analysis of the liabilities of Alfa-Bank JSC was carried out, which made it possible to identify problematic issues in this area and form recommendations for their elimination.

The ejection of large non-oscillating droplets from a hydrophobic wedge in microgravity

When confined within containers or conduits, drops and bubbles migrate to regions of minimum energy by the combined effects of surface tension, surface wetting, system geometry, and initial conditions. Such capillary phenomena are exploited for passive phase separation operations in micro-fluidic devices on earth and macro-fluidic devices aboard spacecraft. Our study focuses on the migration and ejection of large inertial-capillary drops confined between tilted planar hydrophobic substrates (a.k.a., wedges). In our experiments, the brief nearly weightless environment of a 2.1 s drop tower allows for the study of such capillary dominated behavior for up to 10 mL water drops with migration velocities up to 12 cm/s. We control ejection velocities as a function of drop volume, substrate tilt angle, initial confinement, and fluid properties. We then demonstrate how such geometries may be employed as passive no-moving-parts droplet generators for very large drop dynamics investigations. The method is ideal for hand-held non-oscillatory ‘droplet’ generation in low-gravity environments.

Забезпечення ефективності пасивних операцій в банківських установах України

Abstract. Introduction. The goal of any Bank is making a profit, but to increase their own income, credit institutions not only provide all kinds of services to citizens and businesses, but also constantly conducting operations to raise funds, which otherwise is called passive. The accumulation of funds in Bank accounts is carried out by carrying out passive operations. They are designed to provide credit organizations of the resources necessary to Finance its activities and to be active on the market of banking services. Therefore, at the present time, banks still not enough to properly and efficiently manage their resources. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical aspects and the current state of passive operations of JSC CB "PrivatBank", their dynamics and structure, as well as to suggest promising areas of their management. Results. This article derived its own definition of "banking resources" on the basis of the analyzed opinions of domestic scientists on this complex issue. Also analyze the composition, dynamics and structure of liabilities and equity on the example of JSC CB "PrivatBank". In the structure of liabilities the largest share belongs to customer deposits which occupy the main role in the formation of resources of JSC CB "PrivatBank" for carrying out of active operations. The equity capital for 2018-2019 is made possible thanks to the profitable operations of the Bank. The value of own resources of JSC CB "PrivatBank", first of all, is to maintain its sustainability. At the initial stage of establishment of the Bank has own funds that cover the main costs (land, buildings, equipment, salary), without which the Bank cannot start their activities. Thanks to its own resources, banks create the necessary reserves, and they are the main source of investment in long-term assets. Based on the coefficient of the analysis most of the parameters did not meet regulatory value, therefore, it is necessary to improve the management of passive operations of the Bank. Due to the raised from the public deposits and obtaining loans from other entities loan funds increase. They are used for active operations, and, primarily, of the credit. Therefore, the main goal of passive operations is to achieve optimal ratio between own and borrowed resources and borrowings at the lowest possible price, and eliminate the deficit of money in the banking institution. Conclusions. Due to the analysis ratio, the weaknesses and strengths of JSC CB "PrivatBank" are studied, which need constant review and help the management decisions in order to support the status, which is extremely important for our country.

Photonic-lattice-like guiding microstructures in Nd:YVO4 waveguides: Fabrication, 3D splitting, and lasing

We report femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) of three-dimensional (3D) photonic-lattice-like microstructures in Nd:YVO4 crystal. These structures are capable of simultaneously realizing optical waveguiding and beam splitting under both passive and active operations. Integrated further with the Ag nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in SiO2 crystal as saturable absorber (SA), these photonic-lattice-like microstructures have been used for generation of Q-switched mode-locked lasers with tailored optical modes. This work indicates the promising application of FsLDW in constructing complex 3D structures in functional dielectric crystals and their excellent performance as well as small footprints for on-chip integration in compact and robust packages.

Функционирование системы быстрых платежей в России

Digital transformation is the main direction of development of the national financial industry. Traditional banking services are being transferred to online services, especially in the context of the rapid growth of e-commerce. The introduction of new information channels of remote interaction allows credit institutions to reduce their costs, improve the quality and speed of customer service, balance active and passive operations, expand the «line» of banking products and financial services, stabilize and expand the customer base. The development of the banking business based on the introduction of a fast payment system is becoming a necessity for all categories of retail and corporate clients. The creation and development of the infrastructure of the fast payment system is a priority project of the Bank of Russia for the development and expansion of non-cash payments. This project is aimed at developing the availability of financial services in remote regions of Russia and reduces the costs of market participants.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ СРЕДЫ И БИЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕССОВ БАНКОВСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ

Digital transformation of business processes is main direction of development of all sectors of national economy. The introduction of digital technologies in banking sector contributes to a fundamental change in business processes, strategy of behavior of commercial banks in financial market and development of internal ecosystem. The digital transformation of banking system's business processes aims to introduce modern ways of providing financial services and banking products to public and businesses. Traditional banking services are being transferred to online services, especially when managing accounts, plastic cards, issuing loans, opening deposits, etc. The introduction of new banking technologies allows credit institutions to reduce their operating costs, improve quality and speed of customer service, balance active and passive operations, expand the line of banking products and financial services, stabilize and expand customer base. The development of banking system based on digitalization of business processes is main factor in growth of competitiveness of Russian financial market.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ КОММЕРЧЕСКОГО БАНКА: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

In our country, the development of an intensive and actively developing banking arm increases the significance of the current problems of managing the effectiveness of any commercial bank for the banking system as a whole. As a result, the issue of evaluating the effectiveness of a commercial bank and taking measures to increase it requires detailed research and the formation of a scientific concept. The relevance of the issue of the topic under study is that without a competent review of the results of financial banking activities and the detection of factors that affect this activity, it is impossible to increase the amount of acquired profit and profitability. The analysis of the effectiveness of banking activity begins with the consideration of income and expense indicators, and ends with the study of profit. The analysis of the bank's income and expenses provides the potential to investigate the consequences of the bank's activities, consequently, and assess its effectiveness as a commercial enterprise. The analysis of the bank's financial affairs is carried out at the same time as the analysis of the bank's balance sheet liquidity, and conclusions on the reliability of the bank as a whole are made based on the initial provisions of the acquired results. The purpose of the analysis of banking activities is to identify reserves for increasing the bank's profitability and, on this basis, to formulate assignments for the bank's management to conduct an appropriate policy in the field of passive and active operations.

Reduction of Rotational Vibration Using Coriolis Force Generated by Electromagnetic Oscillatory Actuator Moving in Radial Direction

This article presents a new hybrid dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) using the Coriolis effect to reduce a rotational vibration observed in various kinds of rotating machinery. The Coriolis force is generated by a linear oscillatory actuator (LOA), which reciprocates in the radial direction. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid DVA is confirmed through a MATLAB/Simulink simulation under passive and hybrid operations of the LOA. Moreover, an active torque ripple control is also presented for the purpose of applying this DVA to a switched reluctance motor (SRM). A numerical simulation shows that the proposed hybrid DVA is able to reduce the torque ripple of the SRM by a nonsinusoidal position control of the LOA.

ТИЖОРАТ БАНКЛАРИДА АКТИВ ВА ПАССИВ ОПЕРАЦИЯЛАРНИ ЗАМОНАВИЙ ҲОЛАТИНИНГ ТАҲЛИЛИ

The article analyzes statistical data on the management of active and passive operations in commercial banks, forms the theoretical views of foreign and domestic economists.Scientific novelty of the research:1. One of the main expected results of the transformation of commercial banks with the support of international financial institutions is based on the reduction of the state's share in a number of commercial banks, the introduction of international experience in attracting strategic investors with sufficient experience, knowledge and reputation;2. When managing the assets and liabilities of the bank, first of all, it is necessary to analyze the factors of attracting the bank's resources, the stability of the resources of commercial banks has proven that it allows risk-free management of active operations

An innovative approach to managing the interest margin: economic and statistical analysis of the resource base of a commercial bank

The dynamics of interest income, that is, the difference between the average rates on active and passive operations of the bank, has been analyzed. It was found that the increase in the share of term deposits in the total amount of the bank's mobilized resources is positive, despite a temporary decrease in net income from bank interest. It has been substantiated that the deposits of legal entities are a stable part of the attracted resources. Long-term deposits allow lending for long periods and at high interest rates. The purpose of the article is to improve an innovative approach to managing the interest margin based on the economic and statistical analysis of the bank's resource base. Literature processing shows that banks pay insufficient attention to the methodology for assessing interest income. The relevance of the article is determined by the value of interest income as one of the main factors that determine the profitability of the bank's lending operations. The methods of comparison, grouping, detailing of final indicators, calculation of relative and average values are used. The scheme of the bank interest margin management process is proposed. Calculated the average size of credit investments, the total amount of assets. The average price of credit resources was calculated based on the price of a particular type of resource and its share in the total amount of funds mobilized by the bank. The average level of interest on active and passive operations of the bank was determined based on the received interest income. The size of interest income, trends and factors of its change have been determined. The indicator of the minimum interest income was calculated on the basis of which the bank covers expenses, but does not ensure profit. The level of profitability of bank loan operations has been determined. It has been established that a change in interest income can be caused by an increase or decrease in rates on active operations of the bank, interest on attracted resources and the share of the latter in the total volume of credit investments. The average real price of demand deposits and time deposits attracted by the bank was determined on the basis of the market price of these resources and adjustments for the rate of the required reserve deposited with the NBU. A mechanism for the formation of bank interest income is proposed. The expected size of the minimum profit margin and the level of profitability of the bank's lending operations are presented. The approximate minimum price of credit investments was determined based on the level of costs and the pledged amount of profitability of the bank's lending operations for the coming period. The possibility of reducing the spread of rates of attraction and rates of placement of resources in the bank through the use of the proposed funding mechanism has been scientifically substantiated.

HIGH-PERFORMANCE MULTI-BATCH FUEL MANAGEMENTS FOR THE ADVANCED SOLUBLE-BORON-FREE ATOM CORE

The autonomous transportable on-demand reactor module (ATOM), a 450 MWth PWR-type small modular reactor (SMR), is under development at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). The ATOM core is designed for soluble-boron-free and passive autonomous load-following operations by utilizing successfully an advanced reactivity control technology, centrally-shielded burnable absorber (CSBA). To enhance the ATOM core safety, CrAl-coated Zircaloy-4 is adopted as an accident-tolerant-fuel cladding. For a long operational cycle, the reference ATOM core has primarily accomplished with a single-batch fuel management (FM). In this paper, for more flexible operation and enhanced fuel utilization, various multi-batch FMs are investigated while the core performance is maintained in terms of both neutronic and safety aspects. These aspects are refueling pattern, cycle length, burnup reactivity swing, discharge burnup, axial and radial power peaking factor (PPF), total PPF, and temperature coefficients. Several refueling types are examined: In-out (low leakage), out-in (flattened power), and randomly scattered schemes. In addition, new heavy reflector designs, ZrO2 and PbO, are introduced instead of stainless steel reflector for an improved core performance. Moreover, a new CSBA loading pattern is also proposed for an effective reactivity control of multi-batch FM strategy. Numerical results show that with a two-batch FM the cycle length can achieve above 2 years with an average discharge burnup of 40 GWd/tU, while the burnup reactivity swing remains less than 1,200 pcm. On top of that, the coolant and fuel temperature coefficients are highly negative at the beginning of cycle and power profile is comparable to that with the single-batch FM. All calculations in these multi-physics assessments of the ATOM core are performed using a Monte Carlo-diffusion hybrid code system based on Monte Carlo Serpent 2 and nodal diffusion COREDAX codes.

ЕКОНОМІКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ВПЛИВУ COVID-19 НА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ АВТОТРАНСПОРТНОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article covers the trends of COVID-19 influence on the economic situation of the motor transport enterprise in Ukraine. As a result of the pandemic, Ukraine has seen a reduction in production, reduction of corporate incomes, an increase of unemployment, and impoverishment. The paper investigates the consequences of the pandemic the motor transport. In the example of a small trucking company, profits and profitability decrease of the company during a pandemic is considered. An economic-mathematical model based on net present value and internal profitability is created. By changing the key parameters of the model, the sensitivity analysis is performed, which consists of substituting various hypothetical values of critical parameters into the financial model of the project with their subsequent calculation. Calculated indicators of variation. The coefficient of variation used to estimate the risk per unit of return is calculated. Recommendations on the work of the enterprise after the pandemic are given. Possibilities of basic expenses optimization are analyzed. As a result of the spread of the coronavirus, the expected reduction in employment in passenger traffic is 21%. During a pandemic, bank loans and deposits are important. However, given the economic and political instability in the country, banks face significant difficulties in formulating and implementing effective interest rate policies. Interest rates on active and passive operations of the NBU have currently risen to 7.5%. Because any loans need to be given, the internal rate of return, or internal rate of return (IRR), is analyzed. The internal rate of return is calculated using the IRR function MS Excel. For the case considered in the work, it will be impossible to give loans. Substantial assistance during a pandemic should be state support. The situation in which enterprises found themselves during the pandemic proved the need to develop new methods for the management and planning of medium and large transport enterprises. Currently, all models are based on outdated and inaccurate methods, which leads to significant differences between the desired and achieved results.

Financial Resources Management in Commercial Banks: Evidence From Latvia

Financial resources management issues are relevant for each commercial bank. Those banks that operate with an excess of free financial resources lose profitability, but the liquidity of such banks is quite high. Other banks that conduct aggressive policy aiming to place all the available resources with maximum efficiency, are forced to seek solutions to the problem of locating additional liquid funds, in order to ensure timely fulfilment of liabilities. In this article, the authors analyze the state of the resource base of Latvian commercial banks, identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of banks and propose a methodology for optimizing the attraction and placement of resources in commercial banks. Since bank resources management involves two interrelated issues – equity capital management and management of liabilities (attracted and borrowed funds), the authors successively consider two sides of this process. Besides, the process of equity capital and liabilities management is inseparably linked with active transactions, i.e. with the use of resources, therefore the research also focuses on the interrelation between passive and active transactions of the bank and on the development of a methodology for optimizing the attraction and allocation of bank resources. The purpose of the research is to analyse passive operations in Latvian banks, to assess the formation of their resource base and its management, as well as to work out some recommendations on how to update the management of the combined (aggregate) resource base in Latvian commercial banks. The authors have put forward a following hypothesis: the decline in financial resources leads to an increase in the bank's efficiency, and vice versa, the increase in financial resources leads to an inefficient redistribution of funds in the banking activity. During the study, this hypothesis was justified. The theoretical and methodological basis for the research includes scientific works by Latvian and foreign authors, special economic literature, Latvian legislation, regulations of the Bank of Latvia and of the Financial and Capital Market Commission, recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, EU Directives. The authors used such research methods as economic analysis, method of comparison, economic grouping, statistical methods, etc. The application of the proposed methodology for optimizing the attraction and placement of resources is considered on the example of Latvian commercial banks.

Maximum entanglement of formation for a two-mode Gaussian state over passive operations

We quantify the maximum amount of entanglement of formation (EoF) that can be achieved by continuous-variable states under passive operations, which we refer to as EoF-potential. Focusing, in particular, on two-mode Gaussian states we derive analytical expressions for the EoF-potential for specific classes of states. For more general states, we demonstrate that this quantity can be upper-bounded by the minimum amount of squeezing needed to synthesize the Gaussian modes, a quantity called squeezing of formation. Our work, thus, provides a new link between non-classicality of quantum states and the non-classicality of correlations.

Decoupling cross-quadrature correlations using passive operations

Quadrature correlations between subsystems of a Gaussian quantum state are fully characterised by its covariance matrix. For example, the covariance matrix determines the amount of entanglement or decoherence of the state. Here, we establish when it is possible to remove correlations between conjugate quadratures using only passive operations. Such correlations are usually undesired and arise due to experimental cross-quadrature contamination. Using the Autonne--Takagi factorisation, we present necessary and sufficient conditions to determine when such removal is possible. Our proof is constructive, and whenever it is possible we obtain an explicit expression for the required passive operation.

Verkhneudinsky Branch of the Russian-Asian Bank in Credit and Financial Market of Western Transbaikalia in 1911-1914

The analysis of the activities of the Verkhneudinsky branch of the Russian-Asian Bank (until 1910 - Russian-Chinese) on the credit and financial market of Western Transbaikalia in 1911-1914 is presented, its influence on the development of trade and industry of the region is determined. Based on the reporting and office records stored in the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia and the Russian State Historical Archive, the dynamics of the active and passive operations of the banking branch in the context of the all-Russian industrial expansion in 1909-1913 was analyzed. It was established that the Verkhneudinsky branch of the bank espouse cautious financial policy, issuing loans to its customers at inflated interest rates. It is proved that, despite the favorable situation in the country's economy during the indicated period, the credit and financial institution in Verkhneudinsk has largely lost its dominant position in the banking services market of Western Transbaikalia. According to the authors, this circumstance was the result of a sharp increase in competition in connection with the emergence in the fairly small financial and credit market of the region of two new banking institutions - the Verkhneudinsky and Kyakhtinsky mutual credit societies.

Accessible precisions for estimating two conjugate parameters using Gaussian probes

We analyse the precision limits for simultaneous estimation of a pair of conjugate parameters in a displacement channel using Gaussian probes. Having a set of squeezed states as an initial resource, we compute the Holevo Cram\'er-Rao bound to investigate the best achievable estimation precisions if only passive linear operations are allowed to be performed on the resource prior to probing the channel. The analysis reveals the optimal measurement scheme and allows us to quantify the best precision for one parameter when the precision of the second conjugate parameter is fixed. To estimate the conjugate parameter pair with equal precision, our analysis shows that the optimal probe is obtained by combining two squeezed states with orthogonal squeezing quadratures on a 50:50 beam splitter. If different importance are attached to each parameter, then the optimal mixing ratio is no longer 50:50. Instead it follows a simple function of the available squeezing and the relative importance between the two parameters.

Assessment of water content in martian subsurface along the traverse of the Curiosity rover based on passive measurements of the DAN instrument

This paper presents the method of estimating water-equivalent hydrogen (WEH) content from neutron sensing data that were measured by the Dynamic Albedo of Neutron (DAN) instrument onboard the Curiosity rover. Analyzed data are derived from the DAN passive operations, when the instrument measures the flux of neutron albedo from the surface, which is produced by bombardment by Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and irradiation from Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG) installed onboard the rover. The suggested Method of Referencing by Active Data (MRAD) for the analysis of DAN passive data is compared with the previously suggested Method of Numerical Simulation (MNS, see Tate et al. 2015, 2018 and 2019) for the analysis of DAN passive data: the qualitative agreement between them is shown with some systematic increase of WEH for the second one. The possible reason for that is explained in Section 6. Results for the DAN passive data analysis by MRAD are presented obtained for almost 20 km of the rover's traverse (until November 2, 2018 or sol 2218). The range of WEH average concentration of (2.6 ± 0.7) wt% is found for this part of the traverse, which is consistent with a method of active neutron sensing (Mitrofanov et al., 2014, 2016; Lisov et al., 2018).

Страхування як спосіб гарантування безпеки банківського кредитування

A very urgent problem for banking institutions is the search for methods to minimize credit risks that would be relatively universal, flexible and could be applied to various credit operations. Current practice of minimizing the negative impact of credit risks mainly comes down to the creation of special reserves and setting limits for certain categories of borrowers, which does not always allow achieving the desired result. The paper considers the possibility of using insurance to ensure the safety of bank lending as an alternative tool to minimize bank credit risks. With this approach, credit risk insurance is considered as a complex of services of an insurance company to protect the property interests of the lender with respect to the existing risk of default or partial repayment of the loan due to the insolvency of the borrower. Credit risk insurance includes loan non-repayment insurance, borrower liability insurance for non-repayment of loan and insurance of collateral. The advantages of using credit risk insurance for a bank are the ability to use this tool for any categories of borrowers, taking into account the peculiarities of the loan agreement, the solvency of the borrower, the conditions for repaying the loan, as well as the relatively small insurance costs. Under the condition of insurance of credit risks, banks no longer need to form additional reserves for certain loan agreements and immobilize part of the financial resources, which helps to ensure the stability of the current work on customer service for both active and passive operations of the bank. Besides, while insuring credit risks, the insurance company acts as an additional guarantor of the stability of the bank, its ability to pay with its creditors in time.

Sheet-Based Gripper Featuring Passive Pull-In Functionality for Bin Picking and for Picking Up Thin Flexible Objects

This letter presents a novel versatile parallel gripper equipped with a sheet-embedded belt that enables passive pull-in operations. The belt is wrapped around each fingertip of the gripper, and it passively moves with the opening and closing motions of the gripper. The fingertip is made of plastic, and it is deflected when a grasping force is applied to the fingertip. This deflection enables the belt to roll up with the closing motion of the gripper, thereby passively pulling the grasped workpiece towards the gripper. This pull-in mechanism is effective in performing bin-picking tasks as well as in picking up thin, flexible objects one at a time. The softness of the sheet-embedded belt surface provides high adaptability to the shape of the object; therefore, many kinds of workpieces can be picked up. The effectiveness of the proposed gripper is experimentally demonstrated in this study.