Passive Experience Research Articles

Designing for Engagement: The Role of Interactive Elements in Public Art Sculptures in Shanghai

Public art in urban landscapes are significant as they play a cultural role for both beautifying and reflecting cultural identity. Traditional public sculptures, catch our eye but quickly fade from cognitive due to passive experience. However, currently, pubic art are integrated with interactive elements such as touch, visuals, sound etc. to enhance perception. Thus, this study aims to i) To explore how public art sculptures can be designed to foster interaction and engagement with the public. ii) To investigates the role of interactive elements in sculptures, such as movement, touch, and multimedia components, and their effectiveness in creating meaningful public experiences. This study adopted a mixed method involving survey of 100 partcipants through online platform and four case studies. Following analysis, it was found that the physical, visual, auditory, and digital interactions contribute uniquely to the engagement of public. Though the study was limited due to its participant selection, it laid a foundation for understanding the designing elements of public art.

Stability of cross-sensory input to primary somatosensory cortex across experience.

Merging information from across sensory modalities is key to forming robust, disambiguated percepts of the world, yet how the brain achieves this feat remains unclear. Recent observations of cross-modal influences in primary sensory cortical areas have suggested that multisensory integration may occur in the earliest stages of cortical processing, but the role of these responses is still poorly understood. We address these questions by testing several hypotheses about the possible functions served by auditory influences on the barrel field of mouse primary somatosensory cortex (S1) using in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging. We observed sound-evoked spiking activity in a small fraction of cells overall, and moreover that this sparse activity was insufficient to encode auditory stimulus identity; few cells responded preferentially to one sound or another, and a linear classifier trained to decode auditory stimuli from population activity performed barely above chance. Moreover S1 did not encode information about specific audio-tactile feature conjunctions that we tested. Our ability to decode auditory audio-tactile stimuli from neural activity remained unchanged after both passive experience and reinforcement. Collectively, these results suggest that while a primary sensory cortex is highly plastic with regard to its own modality, the influence of other modalities are remarkably stable and play a largely stimulus-non-specific role.

APPLICATION OF THEMATIC ROLES IN URDU SENTENCE STRUCTURE

This research aims at exploring theta roles- theoretical entities in the Urdu language that are very crucial in enabling one to Account for relations between verbs and their associated arguments. This is explained by the elaborate framework of theta roles that are commonly used, and consist of the Agent, Theme, Goal, Source, Experiencer, Patient and Instrument. For instance, in the case of “He is reading the book,” while the Agent role refers to the performer of an action, the Experiencer role refers to the passive experience as it is illustrated in “I am hungry.” This paper provides a way of differentiating and studying the intricate relationship between various features of the Urdu language. However, in order to investigate this issue more vigorously, the research also applies Chomsky’s minimalist agenda. Analyzing the studied theories in the given program, this investigation provides a more detailed interpretation of the structural and semantic characteristics of Urdu, greatly increasing the awareness of the language’s sophistication.

Preventing users from going down rabbit holes of extreme video content: A study of the role played by different modes of autoplay

The autoplay feature of video platforms is often blamed for users going down rabbit holes of binge-watching extreme content. However, autoplay is not necessarily a passive experience, because users can toggle the feature off if they want. While the automation aspect is passive, the toggle option signals interactivity, making it “interpassive,” which lies between completely passive autoplay and manual initiation of each video. We empirically compare these three modes of video viewing in a user study (N = 394), which exposed participants to either extreme or non-extreme content under conditions of manual play, interpassive autoplay, or completely passive autoplay. Results show that interpassive autoplay is favored over the other two. It triggers the control heuristic compared to passive autoplay, but leads to higher inattentiveness compared to manual play. Both the invoked control heuristic and inattentiveness result in higher rabbit hole perception. These findings have implications for socially responsible design of the autoplay feature.

Globalisation Occurred in Loch Craignish in 1720

The arrival of a pirate ship in Loch Craignish in 1720 was an episodic occurrence, which introduced a local community in Argyllshire to the process of globalisation, a process marked by the transoceanic movements of people, goods and ideas. For literate Scots, the wider horizons of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were opened up by novels, travel literature and newsprint. While reading material stimulated the mind and promoted discussion about matters of global interest, actual commodities from overseas variously engaged all the senses. Globalisation became an active rather than a passive experience. Sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste affected all, from the social, commercial and intellectual elites to the woman in the field and the man in the street in early modern Scotland. Nevertheless, public knowledge of where colonial commodities came from became distanced by time. A global awareness of place was retained in families and communities overtly engaged in mercantile and military adventuring, especially when accompanied by death whether through natural causes, misadventure or mortal combat. Illicit activities had a no less profound impact. Indeed, covert people trafficking, enslavement, smuggling, shipwrecking and piracy had a more local immediacy.

Doing Migration in Adulthood

Among the well-documented challenges faced by newcomers to Canada is the possession of Canadian experience (CE) as a prerequisite for successful entry into the labour market. Building on discussions that highlight the exclusionary functions of the CE discourse, this paper employs Dewey’s concept of active and passive experience and applies a doing migration framework in order to study how individuals interact with this discourse. Empirically, this paper draws on narrative interviews conducted with individuals with tertiary education who moved to Canada in adulthood. Using the documentary method, I identified three modes of engagement with CE discourse as replay and readjust, reset and move forward, and research and pro-act. Results illuminate the various forms of engagement, highlighting active, passive, and relational dimensions of doing migration. Concluding, I argue that such relational perspective has implications for adult education and the approaches taken to support individuals as they settle into life in Canada, as well as for theoretical perspectives on learning.

Exploring adults' passive experience of playing children in cities: Case study of an urban public space with open and integrated settings in Copenhagen, Denmark

While many public life studies focus on the influence of the physical environment, people's influence on other people's public life is less studied, of which children's influence is rarely studied. People's passive aspect of public life is a major part of their public life in urban public spaces. Thus, this article explores the influence of playing children on adults' passive experience.To unfold the relevant knowledge on how people's public life takes place, this article considers multiple influencing factors and integrated multisensory stimuli to reasonably explain adults' varying degrees of sensory attention to playing children at the micro-scale of an urban public space with open and integrated settings in Copenhagen, Denmark.An on-site questionnaire-based survey (N = 584) was conducted to answer the research question: What factors influence adults' degree of sensory attention to playing children in an urban public space that encompasses different zones with diverse spatial characteristics? Statistical analysis and descriptive study of the collected data resulted in identifying four influencing factors: spatial characteristics, public life pattern, public life state, and public life usage.This article provides insights for urban designers, planners, and city authorities, preparing knowledge for urban design practices with a comprehensive approach.

Vita passibilis, imperturbatio (apatheia), vita passiva: Die pathische Bedingtheit des Menschen im theologischen Denken von Maximus dem Bekenner

Maximus the Confessor distinguishes three stages in the spiritual becoming of man: vita passibilis i.e. the way of life in that man is living under the reign of the bodily passions, apatheia as state of liberation from the reign of the lower passions, and vita passiva as modus vivendi in which the human makes the personal experience of the revelation and the presence of God. Thereby being man means according to Maximus suffering under the rule of someone - divine or demonic - or something. The human condition is especially passive. Even contemplation (theōria) becomes in this approach a kind of passion: the passive experience of the presence of God. Although there is an old tradition in the classical Greek culture concerning the equivalency mathein-pathein (from Aeschylus to Aristotle and until Neo-Platonist thinkers like Proclus) which is received in the Christian tradition first of all by Denys the Areopagite, Maximus the Confessor is one of the first Christian theologians who tries to reconstruct the classical conception concerning the typology of the human ways of life (vita activa-vita contemplativa) as being based on passion: passion of lower impulses, passion of the demonic temptations and sins, but also passion of the overwhelming divine presence. Man can only lead a passionate life as slave of the lower passions (pathēmata) and as such of the devil or as slave of God in the Holy Spirit.

Repeated passive visual experience modulates spontaneous and non-familiar stimuli-evoked neural activity

Familiarity creates subjective memory of repeated innocuous experiences, reduces neural and behavioral responsiveness to those experiences, and enhances novelty detection. The neural correlates of the internal model of familiarity and the cellular mechanisms of enhanced novelty detection following multi-day repeated passive experience remain elusive. Using the mouse visual cortex as a model system, we test how the repeated passive experience of a 45° orientation-grating stimulus for multiple days alters spontaneous and non-familiar stimuli evoked neural activity in neurons tuned to familiar or non-familiar stimuli. We found that familiarity elicits stimulus competition such that stimulus selectivity reduces in neurons tuned to the familiar 45° stimulus; it increases in those tuned to the 90° stimulus but does not affect neurons tuned to the orthogonal 135° stimulus. Furthermore, neurons tuned to orientations 45° apart from the familiar stimulus dominate local functional connectivity. Interestingly, responsiveness to natural images, which consists of familiar and non-familiar orientations, increases subtly in neurons that exhibit stimulus competition. We also show the similarity between familiar grating stimulus-evoked and spontaneous activity increases, indicative of an internal model of altered experience.

Pedagogies of Negation

This essay discusses a course I taught in 2021 at the University of Texas at Austin. The course, titled “The Politics of Refusal,” was prompted by my interest in exploring how pain, debility, and suffering, usually understood as limited and passive experiences, might also be generative and disruptive. The essay reflects on the trajectory of the class as the semester progressed. In particular, I pay attention to the dynamics of discussion as they relate to students’ relationship to theory and to disability and care. I consider what worked, what needed rethinking, and what possibilities were opened up for imagining new and creative ways to approach teaching theory during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Interfacing between blended case teaching and international case competitions as undergraduate student inquiry and literacy in Marketing programmes

This practice example explores the inquiry-based relationship for students between case teaching and international competitions in Marketing. This work is based on the premise that undergraduate Marketing students in a College of Business should experience learning through and about inquiry and enhance their research literacy as a result. Although for many students research-oriented ways of engaging them with inquiry are fairly passive experiences, we believe student engagement in case study competitions offer a primarily active and exciting learning opportunity. In a broader sense, the framework offered by Healey & Jenkins (2009) which is explored in this example, is based on the argument that research-informed inquiry is a powerful way to reinvent or reinvigorate the undergraduate curriculum because the focus is on the student as a learner - in particular that the student can be viewed as a potential producer of knowledge - and by challenging what research and inquiry are in practice, provide interesting perspectives for the Marketing discipline to consider for future programme provision.

Full attention

Dr Cath Arnold reviews How Toddlers Learn the Secret Language of Movies by Cary Bazalgette and discovers why movie-watching is much more than a passive experience

Exploring adults' passive experience of children playing in cities: Case study of five urban public open spaces in Copenhagen, Denmark

People's passive experience constitutes a major part of their public life in urban public open spaces. While many public life studies examine the influence of the physical environment, others show people influence other people's public life. How children influence others' public life is rarely studied.This article studies sensory experience – examining whether adults' passive experience of children playing is pleasant or unpleasant, and sensory attention – descriptively studying various factors influencing adults' attention to children playing.The study was conducted through an on-site questionnaire-based survey (N = 1810) at five study sites in Copenhagen, Denmark. The sites were selected through a systematic analysis of the spatial characteristics of the physical environment, which describes different spatial and visual relationships between playgrounds and their adjacent public open spaces providing for the varying spatial potential for adults' passive experience of children playing.The study reveals that children playing overwhelmingly creates pleasant experiences for adults at the study sites. Besides the different spatial characteristics from the spatial analysis, the sites' shape, the playground's spatial proportion within the sites, and adults' site familiarity may also influence sensory attention to children playing. While the article does not present precise design guidelines, it provides valuable insights into urban design practices.

Optimal Sequencing in Single-Player Games

An important problem in single-player video game design is how to sequence game elements within a level (or “chunk”) of the game. Each element has two critical features: a reward (e.g., earning an item or being able to watch a cinematic) and a degree of difficulty (e.g., how much energy or focus is needed to interact with the game element). The latter property is a distinctive feature in video games. Unlike passive services (like a trip to the spa) or passive entertainment (like watching sports or movies), video games often require concerted effort to consume. We study how to sequence game elements to maximize overall experienced utility subject to the dynamics of adaptation to rewards and difficulty and memory decay. We find that the optimal design depends on the relationship between rewards and difficulty, leading to qualitatively different designs. For example, when the proportion of reward-to-difficulty is high, the optimal design mimics that of more passive experiences. By contrast, the optimal design of games with low reward-to-difficulty ratios resembles work-out routines with “warm-ups” and “cool-downs.” Intermediate cases may follow the classical “mini-boss, end-boss” design where difficulty has two peaks. Numerical results reveal optimal designs with “waves” of reward and difficulty with multiple peaks. Level designs with multiple peaks of difficulty are ubiquitous in video games. In summary, this paper provides practical guidance to game designers on how to match the design of single-player games to the relationship between reward and difficulty inherent in their game’s mechanics. Our model also has implications for other interactive services that share similarities with games, such as summer camps for children. This paper was accepted by Jeannette Song, operations management. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Project 72201210] and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [Grant RGPIN-2020-06488]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4665 .

Does Insomnia Cause Revenge Seeking Behavior? Using a Puzzle-Based Sleep Lab Educational Escape Room to Teach Circadian Rhythms in a Large Introductory Neuroscience Course.

Traditional large lecture classes can be passive experiences for students. Instead, imagine that several of those learners work at a sleep laboratory and admit four new patients. Within hours, the entire facility is on lockdown, and a mysterious voice on the intercom proclaims that all researchers will lose their ability to sleep within the next hour. This story is the plot of an interactive educational escape room (EER) where students work together and apply concepts related to the history of sleep research, circadian rhythms, and neurological concepts of sleep to solve puzzles. Conventionally, escape rooms are an entertainment experience that requires participants to escape a room in a limited timeframe. We have created a neuroscience EER designed to educate students about the neural basis of sleep, while providing small groups of students with an immersive and interactive experience. Students follow a specially designed digital escape room framework to review sleep pathways, researchers, and brain regions involved with sleep. Unlike conventional escape rooms that can accommodate a limited number of participants, this sleep lab EER is scalable to hundreds of students without the need for a specialized room. Puzzles are enhanced by digital technology that allows instructors to track the progress of every team and note how the entire classroom is doing. Students and teaching assistants had very positive experiences with this EER activity, reporting that the EER solidified course concepts while using creativity, collaboration, and critical thinking skills. We find that EERs are an easy, useful tool to increase engagement and boost inclusivity within large classroom settings, with potential to also be used as an assessment tool.

Creating a future while waiting for a residence permit: temporary and irregular migrants in informal social infrastructures

ABSTRACT In this article, we analyse how temporary and irregular migrants resist bureaucratically induced waiting for decisions on their residence permit applications in the unknown future [l’avénir] by engaging with the present. We argue that through their engagement with the present, they seek to create a future [un avenir] for themselves. Our approach challenges approaches to waiting as a passive experience. Drawing on ethnographic and qualitative research in Finland and Norway, we analyse how migrants draw on informal relationships or what we term informal social infrastructure to secure access to services and to transgress laws and policies which exclude them. We argue for an approach that considers waiting not as a pre-defined condition but as an induced temporal context within which migrants are oriented towards an unknown future. This creates spaces for action in the present through which migrants can transform the unknown future into a projected and desired future.

Visual numerosity perception shows no advantage in real-world scenes compared to artificial displays

While the human visual system is sensitive to numerosity, the mechanisms that allow perception to extract and represent the number of objects in a scene remains unknown. Prominent theoretical approaches posit that numerosity perception emerges from passive experience with visual scenes throughout development, and that unsupervised deep neural network models mirror all characteristic behavioral features observed in participants. Here, we derive and test a novel prediction: if the visual number sense emerges from exposure to real-world scenes, then the closer a stimulus aligns with the natural statistics of the real world, the better number perception should be. But – in contrast to this prediction - we observe no such advantage (and sometimes even a notable impairment) in number perception for natural scenes compared to artificial dot displays in college-aged adults. These findings are not accounted for by the difficulty in object identification, visual clutter, the parsability of objects from the rest of the scene, or increased occlusion. This pattern of results represents a fundamental challenge to recent models of numerosity perception based in experiential learning of statistical regularities, and instead suggests that the visual number sense is attuned to abstract number of objects, independent of their underlying correlation with non-numeric features. We discuss our results in the context of recent proposals that suggest that object complexity and entropy may play a role in number perception.

What are ambulance crews' experiences of using a mechanical chest compression device for out-of-hospital resuscitation? A constructivist qualitative study utilising online focus groups.

Mechanical chest compression devices (MCCDs) provide chest compressions mechanically to a person in cardiac arrest. Those chest compressions would usually be provided manually. Previous studies into the use of MCCDs have focused on the quantitative outcomes, with little emphasis on the qualitative experiences of those using MCCDs. To collect and report ambulance crews' experiences of using MCCDs for out-of-hospital resuscitation attempts. The philosophical approach was constructivist, the methodology qualitative and the data collection method online focus groups. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants who met the inclusion criteria, which broadly were to have experience of using MCCDs for out-of-hospital resuscitation. There have been two types of MCCD used locally. Participants were included regardless of which type of device they had experience of. Similarly, participants were included whether they had active or passive experience of the devices. The focus groups were recorded, fully transcribed and then analysed using constant comparison. Four selective codes emerged. These were factors directly affecting ambulance crew members; practicalities of a resuscitation attempt; ambulance crew members' perceptions, experiences and thoughts; negatives of MCCDs. The main perceptions arising from the participants' discussion in this work were that MCCD use could potentially provide psychological protection to ambulance crew members when reflecting on resuscitation attempts, and participants felt there is an overall reduction of cognitive load for ambulance crew members when using MCCDs for resuscitation attempts. There were particularly timely benefits expressed of MCCDs easing the physical fatigue of a resuscitation attempt when responding wearing personal protective equipment, as has been required during the COVID-19 pandemic. MCCDs were felt to be of benefit when transporting a patient in cardiac arrest but differences were expressed as to whether the LUCAS-2 in particular helps or hinders extrication of a patient.

Violences conjugales, analyse du lien violent à l’épreuve du confinement

AimThe aim of this article is to present the preliminary results of a multidisciplinary research project, which focuses on the potential effects of lock-down on intra-family and domestic violence. More specifically, it is a question of considering the effects of confinement on the precipitation of the violent marital bond, in order to consider the difficulties and levers identified by the perpetrators as well as the victims to get out of the violent circularity. MethodQuestionnaires were widely distributed on social networks. Some are intended for perpetrators, others for victims. All question the evolution of the marital bond in the test of lock-down and the way in which the subject positions himself in the couple relationship. Interview grids have also been developed. Perpetrators and victims of domestic violence were therefore able to be met in the context of semi-structured interviews aimed at evaluating the impact of confinement on the dynamics of the violent bond between the two partners. ResultsThe first trends indicate a magnifying effect on the effects of influence in the couple, increasing the expression of violence, whether pre-existing to the lock-down, or revealed by them. The hold in the relationship and the attempt to master the other are, it would seem, to be read from the angle of a counterbalancing of the experience of passivity linked to the fact of feeling “locked in”, subject to constraints. imposed spaces. The resources to get out of this violent circle and the process of constraint, do not seem to be able to be mobilized, as if lock-down removed any possibility of seizing the levers likely to stop the violent process.

Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity

Wrapped in Pride: Ghanaian Kente and African American Identity