This study aimed to identify high-performing yeast strains suitable for the fermentation of Passiflora ligularis wine (PLW). A total of thirty indigenous yeast isolates were obtained from spontaneous fermentation samples of P. ligularis fruit. Strain selection was conducted through systematic evaluation of key oenological traits, including CO₂ evolution rate, ethanol yield, ester synthesis capacity, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) production, and antagonistic activity against common spoilage microorganisms. Based on these criteria, several strains with excellent fermentation performance have been selected. Molecular identification confirmed that one isolate belonged to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (designated FSQ-1), while the remaining seven were non-Saccharomyces yeasts, six strains of Pichia kluyveri and one strain of Hanseniaspora uvarum. Comprehensive stress tolerance profiling revealed that all eight strains exhibited robust growth under challenging enological conditions: temperature range 4-40°C, pH 2.5, high osmolarity (400g/L sucrose), elevated ethanol concentration (12% v/v), and high SO₂ levels (400mg/L). Furthermore, all strains efficiently assimilated standard carbon sources and nitrogen sources. Collectively, S. cerevisiae FSQ-1 demonstrated the most favorable combination of fermentation efficiency, metabolic stability, and stress resilience, positioning it as the leading candidate starter culture for PLW production. This work contributes to the development of regionally adapted, functionally characterized yeast resources for PLW manufacturing.

ABSTRACT The valorization of fruit processing by‐products as functional food ingredients requires rational design strategies that optimize their techno‐functional and bioactive properties prior to food application. In this study, residues (peels, pulps, and seeds) from Amazonian fruits, noni ( Morinda citrifolia ), camu‐camu ( Myrciaria dubia ), and granadilla ( Passiflora ligularis ) were transformed into functional flours and systematically combined using a three‐factor simplex‐lattice mixture design. The effects of flour composition on water‐holding capacity (WHC), oil‐holding capacity (OHC), color parameters, and total polyphenol content (TPC) were modeled and optimized. Granadilla‐rich formulations exhibited superior WHC, while camu‐camu significantly increased TPC. Model fitting showed high predictive capacity, enabling the identification of an optimal blend (20% camu‐camu, 80% granadilla) with balanced functional and chromatic properties. As a proof of concept in a bakery matrix, the optimized flour was applied to a cookie formulation, resulting in a product with enhanced dietary fiber and antioxidant capacity compared to wheat‐based controls. Sensory evaluation within this specific application revealed differentiated consumer acceptance associated with food neophobia, highlighting the importance of niche‐targeted application and market segmentation. Principal component analysis (PCA) of sensory CATA descriptors (explaining 63% of the variance) effectively discriminated the formulations, showing that the optimized cookie was primarily characterized by “sour,” “fruity,” and “hard” attributes, driven by the high fiber and ascorbic acid content. Overall, this work demonstrates a modeling‐based framework for designing functional ingredients from Amazonian fruit by‐products, supporting circular economy strategies and providing a basis for their potential use in specific bakery applications.

This study evaluated the cosmetic potential of passion fruit seed oil (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) by analyzing its composition and stability. The study population consisted of passion fruit seeds collected from orchards in the community of Ñahuimpuquio, Huanta province, Ayacucho region (Peru). 30 independent seed samples were used, each weighing 100 g. Oil extraction was performed using the organic solvent method (N-hexane). The average extraction yield was 3.80 ± 0.3430 mL per 100 g of dry seeds, equivalent to an approximate oil content of 3.8%. Fatty acid profile analysis revealed a high proportion of linoleic acid (67.0%), oleic acid (16.6%), and palmitic acid (14.5%), compounds with moisturizing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of cosmetic interest. The physicochemical evaluation indicated an acid value of 3.45 mg KOH/g, a peroxide value of 15.37 meq O₂/kg, and a relative density of 0.92 g/mL, values that are within the recommended ranges for cosmetic oils. However, moisture and volatile compounds exceeded the recommended limits, which could impact its long-term stability. Even so, the oil exhibited low oxidation and good thermal stability, confirming its viability as a natural ingredient for the cosmetics and personal care industries.

Passiflora ligularis (granadilla), widely cultivated in Colombia, contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, and pectins. Owing to their strong water-retention capacity, pectins are promising candidates for moisturizing cosmetic formulations. This study optimized pectin extraction from fruit peel and mesocarp using aqueous reflux at 90 °C and acid extraction with citric or hydrochloric acid (0.25 N and 0.125 N) at 40–60 °C. The effects of solvent, method (reflux or microwave-assisted), time (15–25 min), and temperature (50–60 °C) were investigated. Extracted pectins were dried, lyophilized, and incorporated into eight gel-type cosmetic formulations subjected to seven-day preliminary stability testing (physicochemical and organoleptic evaluation). Optimal extraction was achieved with citric acid under microwave irradiation at 60 °C for 15 min, yielding 45.23%. The pectin exhibited low moisture (0.13%), acidity (0.42%), methoxyl content (9.05%), and degree of esterification (57.6%), along with high swelling capacity (12.46 mL/g) and water-retention capacity (12.26%). The resulting gel formulation was homogeneous and stable. In vitro assays confirmed significant moisturizing activity. These findings highlight P. ligularis pectins as sustainable biopolymers with potential as natural gelling and moisturizing agents in cosmetic products.

In South America, diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens such as Fusarium are a major limiting factor for subtropical crops such as passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis Juss). This study evaluated the response to the use of rootstocks from Passifloraceae species related to passion fruit. A survival analysis was conducted to assess the resistance of this fruit crop to wilt under field conditions in an inter-Andean region of northern Ecuador. P. ligularis plants grafted onto rootstocks of four genotypes were evaluated, including P. edulis f. edulis (gulupa), P. edulis f. flavicarpa (yellow passion fruit), P. quadrangularis (badea), P. alata (sweet passion fruit), and P. ligularis as control (ungrafted). The highest yields were observed in plants grafted onto P. edulis f. edulis and P. edulis f. flavicarpa with 23.27 kg plant-1 and 20.52 kg plant-1, respectively, over a 6-month harvest period. These rootstocks also had the highest plant survival rates (95.60% and 92.00%, respectively). Consequently, gulupa and yellow passion fruit genotypes could be used as rootstocks to prevent the effects of wilting in granadilla crops.

Granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) is a fruit species native to the Ecuadorian Andes. This study identifies agromorphological variables of interest that allow the selection of elite individuals from native populations in the provinces of Carchi, Imbabura, Pichincha, Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, Chimborazo, and Loja, these being the provinces where P. ligularis crops are grown. Fruits from 50 genotypes (10 fruits of each phenotype were characterized) collected from different farms were analyzed, evaluating 19 variables between fruit and seed. Fruit weight (55.5–112.5 g), polar and equatorial fruit diameter (5.60–7.52 cm, 5.61–7.18 cm), fleshy ring weight (4.9–12.3 g), seeded pulp weight (26.9–56.6 g), total seed weight (4.9–10.6 g), the number of seeds per fruit (93–307), seedless pulp weight (20.2–50.9 g), seed perimeter (1.84–2.08 cm), pH (4.28–5.28), and °Brix (10.25–16.10) differentiated the genotypes of P. ligularis. Spearman’s correlation analysis (p ≤ 0.05) among quantitative morphoagronomic variables showed that there were positive correlations among the distance of the polar diameter of the fruit (PD), the total seed weight (TSW) (r = 0.82), and the weight of the peel or epicarp (SHW) (r = 0.70). The weight of the fleshy ring (FRW) correlated with the weight of the fruit (W) (r = 0.80) and the weight of the pulp with seeds (WPWS) (r = 0.80). The weight of the pulp with seeds (WPWS) correlated with the weight of the fruit (W) (r = 0.94) and the weight of the seedless pulp (PW) (r = 0.96). The cluster analysis of the quantitative variables of the fruit classified the genotypes into four groups, without taking into account the collection area. The descriptors W, PD, ED, WPW, PW, TSW, NS, SP, pH, and °Brix allow differentiation of P. ligularis genotypes. Therefore, the superior phenotypic traits (size and weight) observed in the CAR14 and LY001 genotypes should be used as breeding options for crop improvement.

Background: Passiflora ligularis (granadilla) is known for its health benefits, including its potential in managing obesity. inflammation, and diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an extract from P. ligularis fruit (PAS) o neuroinflammation, n cognitive function, and oxidative stress in a zebrafish model of scopolamine (SCO)-induced neurodegeneration. Methods: Flavonoid profile was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV-MS). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) received oral PAS at dose of 4, 6, and 8 µg/ml or donepezil used as positive control (0.65 mg/kg) for 19 days, followed by SCO administration (100 µg/ml) one hour before behavioral tests. These included the novel tank diving test (NTT), Y-maze test, and novel object recognition test (NOR). Post-experiment biochemical brain parameters were analyzed. Results: HPLC-UV-MS identified 11 phenolic compounds previously reported for their neuroprotective potential. PAS treatment significantly improved acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress markers, and neurocognitive impairments, demonstrating effects comparable to the donepezil group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Passiflora ligularis extract may be a promising phytotherapeutic approach for alleviating memory impairment and symptoms associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Novelty of the study: This study investigates the effect of Passiflora ligularis extract on neurodegenerative disease in zebrafish model, revealing its potential to alleviate neurocognitive impairments mitigate neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species and acetylcholinesterase. Keyword: Passiflora ligularis; Alzheimer´s disease; neurodegenerative disease; oxidative stress

Antioxidants are compounds that can absorb or neutralize free radicals so that they can ward pff disease. Free radicals are foreign compounds that enter the body and damage the body’s immune system. Konyal passion fruit seeds (Passiflora ligularis Juss) have been widely used as passion fruit juice. Konyal passion fruit skin is a waste that can be used as a natural medicine. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of methanol extract and passion fruit skin fraction (Passiflora ligularis Juss) with the DPPH method using UV-VIS spectrophotometry at a maximum absorption wavelength of 517 nm with vitamin C as a comparator. The antioxidant activity test obtained IC50 Vitamin C : 3,054 µg/mL, IC50 methanol extract : 222,5 µg/mL, IC50 n-hexane fraction : 93,71 µg/mL, IC50 ethyl acetate fraction : 205,29 µg/mL and IC50 water fraction 124,76 µg/mL. Based on the IC50 value, it can be concluded that the antioxidant activity of the methanol extract is in the weak category, the n-heksan fraction is in te strong category, the ethyl acetate fraction is in the weak category and the water fraction is in the medium category.

Background/Objectives: Previous studies have shown that unformulated extracts of Passiflora ligularis leaves exhibit promising antidiabetic activity. This research aimed to demonstrate that formulating the extract into a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (PLE-SEDDS) enhanced its antidiabetic activity in a high-fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. Methods: Blood glucose levels (BGLs) of diabetic mice were monitored during 21 days of oral administration of P. ligularis extract (PLE) and PLE-SEDDS. Control groups included metformin (positive control), vehicle, and SEDDS vehicle (negative controls). The animals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation quantified by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the kidney, liver, and pancreas, complemented with histopathological analysis. Additionally, plasma lipid profile parameters were evaluated. Results: The PLE-SEDDS formulation demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the PLE extract in improving antidiabetic outcomes. Animals treated with PLE-SEDDS exhibited a minimal increase in blood glucose levels (11.5%) during the OGTT, compared to 27.4% with PLE and over 77% in the vehicle groups. PLE-SEDDS also showed greater enhancement of SOD and CAT activity, along with a more pronounced reduction in MDA levels, indicating stronger protection against oxidative stress. Histological analysis revealed significant preservation of pancreatic islets, and lipid profile analysis showed greater reductions in triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL-C, alongside increased HDL-C levels. Conclusions: Altogether, these findings suggest that PLE-SEDDS exhibits superior antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects compared to the unformulated extract, making this novel formulation a promising option for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Passiflora ligularis (P. ligularis) is a species of the genus Passiflora distributed from Mexico to Bolivia, particularly along the Andes, found at altitudes between 1500 and 2500 m above sea level. This plant is of significant economic importance due to the commercialization of its fruits as food, and it has also been widely used in folk medicine. This systematic review was conducted, using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. The search focused on experimental research articles examining the pharmacological properties of P. ligularis. Studies were included if they investigated the biological activities or composition of P. ligularis, excluding reviews, meta-analyses, and non-experimental articles. A total of 1992 articles were identified, with 14 meeting the inclusion criteria. These studies explored the antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, and neuroprotective activities of P. ligularis. In vitro studies confirmed its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while in vivo studies demonstrated its efficacy in reducing blood glucose levels, managing lipid metabolism, and providing neuroprotection. Additionally, pharmaceutical technologies, such as gold nanoparticles and self-emulsifying systems, were developed to enhance the therapeutic effects of P. ligularis extracts. The evaluation of P. ligularis highlights its broad-spectrum pharmacological activities and potential as a natural therapeutic agent. The integration of advanced pharmaceutical technologies further enhances its clinical applicability, offering a promising alternative to conventional treatments.

This study investigates the interplay between volatile and non-volatile flavor metabolites and endophytic microbial communities during three developmental stages of Passiflora ligularis fruit juice. Using bioinformatics and metabolomics, we characterize microbial diversity and metabolic variations to understand flavor development. A total of 1490 bacterial and 1158 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. Young fruits had higher microbial diversity, dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (bacteria) and Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (fungi). As the fruit matured, Proteobacteria increased while Firmicutes decreased, indicating that microbial succession is tied to development. Metabolomic profiling identified 87 volatile and 1002 non-volatile metabolites, with distinct chemical classes varying across stages. Saturated hydrocarbons and fatty alcohols were the main volatile metabolites, while organic acids and lipids among non-volatile metabolites showed stage-dependent changes, influencing flavor complexity. Correlation analysis showed microbial-flavor interactions: Proteobacteria negatively correlated with metabolites, while Firmicutes positively correlated with metabolites. Ascomycota positively correlated with volatile metabolites, whereas Basidiomycota showed an inverse relationship, highlighting their differential contributions to flavor biosynthesis. This study enhances understanding of microbial and metabolic factors shaping P. ligularis fruit flavor, highlighting the importance of microbial influence on fruit metabolomics. The findings suggest the potential for microbiome engineering to improve flavor quality, aiding postharvest management and industrial processing in the food and beverage industry.

Research has been conducted on the determination of iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) mineral levels in konyal passion fruit seeds (Passiflora ligularis Juss) using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Iron (Fe) and Calcium (Ca) in konyal passion fruit seeds. This study consisted of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative tests for iron (Fe) were carried out by color reaction tests using ammonium thiocyanate and potassium hexacyanoferrate solutions, for calcium (Ca) using ammonium oxalate solution and flame tests, positive results were obtained indicating the presence of iron (Fe) and Calcium (Ca) levels in the sample. Quantitative analysis was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method using Fe cathode lamp at a wavelength of 248.3 nm, and Ca with a wavelength of 422.7 nm, carried out with 3 repetitions so that the average iron (Fe) content was obtained at 0.0899 ± 0.000383 mg/g and calcium (Ca) at 3.2009 ± 0.033252 mg/g.

This study comprehensively evaluated and compared the nutrient contents, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and anti-nutritional factors of three passion fruit species, namely purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis), yellow passion fruit (<i>Passiflora edulis</i> var. flavicarpa), and sweet granadilla fruit (<i>Passiflora ligularis</i>). The passion fruit samples were collected from various gardens throughout the Lam Dong plateau - Vietnam. The analyses were performed as per standard test methods. <i>Passiflora edulis</i> f. edulis had high contents of carbohydrates, fat, vitamin K1, potassium, phosphorus, and iodine whereas <i>Passiflora edulis</i> var. flavicarpa was rich in carbohydrates and vitamins group B including B3, B6, and B9. <i>Passiflora ligularis</i>, on the contrary, primarily provided essential nutrients of protein, vitamins A, and C, and minerals including sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. All three studied passion fruit species generally possessed moderate values of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants; the same pattern was also observed with antinutrients as all three studied passion fruit species were found to contain low concentrations of phytate, tannin, and oxalate. These findings scientifically contribute to the food database system and can be exploited for diet planning.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health concern, prompting the ongoing search for new treatment options. Medicinal plants have emerged as one such alternative. Our objective was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of an extract from the leaves of Passiflora ligularis (P. ligularis). For this purpose, T2DM was first induced in mice using a high-fat diet and low doses of streptozotocin. Subsequently, an aqueous extract or an ethanolic extract of P. ligularis leaves was administered for 21 days. The following relevant results were found: fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by up to 41%, and by 29% after an oral glucose overload. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was reduced by 59%. Histopathologically, better preservation of pancreatic tissue was observed. Regarding oxidative stress parameters, there was an increase of up to 48% in superoxide dismutase (SOD), an increase in catalase (CAT) activity by 35% to 80%, and a decrease in lipid peroxidation (MDA) by 35% to 80% in the liver, kidney, or pancreas. Lastly, regarding the lipid profile, triglycerides (TG) were reduced by up to 30%, total cholesterol (TC) by 35%, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by up to 32%, while treatments increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL) by up to 35%. With all the above, we can conclude that P. ligularis leaves showed antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, making this species promising for the treatment of T2DM.

The identification of phytoparasitic nematodes, which is essential for the implementation of management strategies, is required for further study. The objective of this work was to identify, at the genus level, the phytoparasites and free-living nematodes associated with the cultivation of sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss.) in the valley of Sandia, region Puno, Peru. For the study, 165 soil samples were evaluated, coming from eight communities from the district of Sandia, during the agricultural season 2018–2019. The samples were processed by the method of centrifugal fluctuation in sucrose solution, later identified on the basis of morphological characteristics. The results showed the presence of seven genera of phytoparasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema, Xiphinema, Tylenchus, and Hemicycliophora, and two genera of free-living nematodes, Aphelenchus and Dorylaimus. The most harmful genera were Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus because they cause damage to other crops. In the nematode community, there was variability in the density and frequency of phytoparasitic and free-living nematodes in the evaluated localities.

Street food is an integral part of India's culinary culture, offering patrons a wide range of affordable options. However, concerns about the public's health risks associated with street food consumption persist due to inadequate infrastructure and the transient nature of street vendors. Contaminated street food can lead to foodborne illnesses such as gastroenteritis, typhoid fever, pneumonia, food poisoning, and hepatitis A. Probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria, are potentially effective by targeting specific infections. Probiotic-enriched fruit drinks present an innovative approach to improving population nutrition and probiotic provision. Lactobacillus gasseri is a gram-positive bacterium that has been demonstrated to be a promising strain of probiotic due to its resistance to acidity and beneficial effects on gut health. Alginate encapsulation improves the stability and release of probiotic strain. Probiotic fruit juices can be made from fruits that are rich in antioxidants and nutrients, such as Passiflora ligularis, Fragaria ananassa, and Phyllanthus emblica. The aim of this study was to use molecular methods to discover Klebsiella aerogenes (PP335235) isolated from street foods. The study also sought to determine the isolate's pattern of antibiotic sensitivity and explore the potential of fortifying fruit juice with Lactobacillus gasseri as a probiotic nutraceutical therapeutic strategy.

Herbs have been a cornerstone of traditional medicine for centuries, prized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, which are increasingly recognized in contemporary healthcare. This article delves into the medicinal attributes of specific plants, notably Plantago lanceolata L., P. major L., Melissa officinalis L., Chelidonium majus L., Passiflora ligularis Juss., and Salvia officinalis L. Its focus lies in detailing these plants' medicinal properties, phytochemical compositions, and therapeutic applications across various ailments, with a particular emphasis on their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing potentials, crucial for addressing chronic wounds. These plants boast extensive historical use in traditional medicine and are readily accessible, thereby ingrained in the global tradition of natural medicine.Modern scientific research corroborates the efficacy of medicinal plants, especially concerning their antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory attributes. The article highlights the growing interest in natural remedies, given their potentially lower side effects compared to synthetic drugs. For instance, Melissa officinalis L., valued both in culinary and medicinal realms, exhibits diverse biological activities, including anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. However, caution is warranted; Chelidonium majus L., despite its medicinal virtues, has seen restrictions in some countries due to reported cases of hepatotoxicity associated with oral consumption.Passiflora ligularis Juss., commonly known as sweet granadilla, showcases antidiabetic and antioxidant properties, offering potential benefits in glycemic control. Similarly, Salvia officinalis L. boasts a wide spectrum of benefits, ranging from anti-cancer and antibacterial to anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Studies suggest promising applications of plant extracts in treating wounds and skin infections, particularly in the management of chronic wounds, which pose significant challenges to modern medicine.

SummaryFruit seeds often have interesting nutritional characteristics as well as antinutrients, which may be inactivated by thermal processes. The aim of this work was to study the characteristics of flours obtained from raw, roasted or autoclaved (121 °C, 10 min) seeds of Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita ficifolia, Passiflora ligularis, Annona cherimola and Annona muricata by analysing their chemical composition, protein in vitro digestibility, content of antinutrients (tannins, phytates and oxalates) and functional properties. All the flours presented high protein (15.3–36.7 g/100 g) and fat (22.7–41.8 g/100 g) contents. Roasting and autoclaving increased in vitro protein digestibility (from 45.6% to 57.8% and 72.1%, respectively) and decreased antinutrient content (from 100.3 to 75.6 and 82.0 mg tannins/100 g; from 158.1 to 137.8 and 104.0 mg phytates/100 g; from 19.6 to 12.8 and 13.3 mg oxalates/100 g, respectively). Water and oil absorption capacities increased, while emulsion and foaming capacities as well as bulk density decreased during thermal processing. The flours from autoclaved seeds showed improved nutritional and functional characteristics and could be considered as functional food ingredients for direct human consumption and/or in food mixtures. Future studies should be performed to evaluate the presence of allergens and other possible risk factors.

Controlled infection systems constitute a valuable tool in the study of pathosystems, as they enable the observation and measurement of specific characteristics with greater precision and ease compared to natural conditions. Additionally, they are useful for exploring and identifying sources of resistance in host populations. However, the plant's response to infection can vary depending on the inoculation method; invasive methods can damage plant parts, thus facilitating pathogen entry even in the presence of certain resistance mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of an artificial infection protocol and an assessment scale for primary symptoms at the stem base/root collar, as well as secondary symptoms in leaves and roots of two Passiflora species. We evaluated the effects of inoculating planting substrates of sweet granadilla and purple passion fruit plants with three concentrations of F. solani f. sp. passiflorae (0.5 × 106, 1 × 106, and 2 × 106 conidia gram-1 of substrate), using non-inoculated plants as controls under controlled conditions. These treatments were tested in two separate experiments performed in 2017 and 2020. The study included symptom development readings integrated in a disease severity index (SI) for collar rot. Both experiments showed severity indices greater that 56%, indicating a high level of efficacy of the inoculation system for replicating disease symptoms in greenhouse settings. Our inoculation method reflects the conditions of natural infection of F. solani in sweet granadilla and purple passion fruit plants; it could be suitable for epidemiological and disease control studies, as well as for routine germplasm screening to identify sources of resistance.

Plant-mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of Passiflora ligularis, optimization, characterizations, and their neuroprotective effect on propionic acid-induced autism in Wistar rats