Efficient passenger screening is a critical component of airport security operations, directly influencing both safety standards and the overall passenger experience. As global air traffic continues to grow, optimizing the throughput of security checkpoints while maintaining regulatory compliance has become a major operational challenge. This study investigates one often overlooked factor affecting checkpoint performance – the level of passenger preparation prior to screening. The research combines experimental and simulation-based analyses to assess how improper passenger preparation contributes to the frequency of alarms at walk-through metal detectors (WTMDs). The study focuses on a security lane operating under a free passenger flow configuration equipped with a WTMD. The results demonstrate that better passenger preparation significantly improves checkpoint throughput and overall lane capacity. This microscopic analysis, which quantifies the operational impact of passenger behavior on system performance, addresses a gap not previously covered in the literature. The findings provide practical insights for airport security managers and system designers, emphasizing the importance of targeted passenger guidance and education in enhancing checkpoint efficiency.

Optimizing customized bus routes with integrated passenger guidance under stochastic travel times

Metro stations in metropolitan areas often face the issue of overcrowding, resulting in passengers enduring uncomfortable waiting experiences. Although numerous ongoing studies focus on enhancing transportation efficiency, they tend to overlook the crucial aspects of passenger comfort and experience. Many resources on metro lines can be used to improve passenger comfort, such as unused transportation capacity and platform space. To tackle this pressing concern, our research introduces an innovative multiobjective collaborative optimization model with a primary focus on comfort, efficiency, and cost. The goal is to develop a train timetable that takes skip-stop patterns into account, along with comfort-oriented passenger guidance strategies, and propose a methodology for assessing passenger comfort. We have developed an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm. By combining it with the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), we efficiently identify high-caliber solutions. The efficacy of the algorithm and model was corroborated through real-world case studies.

Disruptions occurring at an urban rail transit (URT) system can severely affect its normal operations, and an effective bus bridging service (BBS) is able to help to reduce the negative effects. Transit operators usually arrange BBS to depart from the disrupted stations to evacuate the stranded passengers. However, the overload of passengers at the disrupted stations, especially at turnover and transfer stations, may incur the secondary operation disruptions such as stampede accidents. To mitigate the negative effects of disruptions and reduce the number of passengers stranded at the disrupted stations, the strategy based on the passenger guidance and extended BBS (E-BBS) is introduced in this paper. Different from the widely applied standard BBS running within the disrupted links, E-BBS runs among the normal operating stations or between the normal operating stations and the disrupted stations. A mixed integer linear programming model is developed in this paper to guide the stranded passengers and design an optimal E-BBS solution to transport them. Considering the bi-directional running trains along the disrupted links, a dynamic decision framework is developed to manage the disruptions. Given the impacts of the high uncertainty on bus running time which could affect the performance of E-BBS, a robust model is proposed to obtain more reliable travel guidance and E-BBS schemes. Numerical experiments based on Chengdu subway system in China are conducted. The results indicate that the proposed model can obtain optimal travel guidance and E-BBS solutions in a timely manner. When the uncertainty on bus running time is ignored, the total travel cost for affected passengers is reduced 14.20 % on average with the aid of the optimal travel guidance and E-BBS solutions. Moreover, the number of passengers gathering at the disrupted stations decreases by 36.80 %. The robust model can obtain more reliable travel guidance and E-BBS schemes in consideration of uncertain bus running time. The proposed model shows great potential to effectively mitigate the negative effects of disruptions and help to enhance the capability of a URT system to respond to disruptions.

The driver–passenger guidance model proposed in this article is designed for large-scale freeway service areas that integrate various services such as shopping, leisure and catering. The model focuses on analyzing the impact of perceived travel distance and parking delay on path selection and parking space selection to optimize passenger flow efficiency. A perceived travel distance function is used to construct a pedestrian path selection model whose parameters are calibrated by a stated preference survey. An optimal parking space selection model is established based on the analytic hierarchy process-technique for order of preference based on similarity to the ideal solution method and considers parking distance, outdoor walking distance, indoor perceived travel distance after parking, and the impact of pedestrian crossings on parking delays. The model also calculates the vehicle arrival rate with parking time and the critical gap to ensure pedestrian safety. A parking delay calculation model is established based on the acceptable gap theory. The model is verified using the Yihezhuang service area of the Xiongan freeway as an example. The results show that the pedestrian path selection model improves passenger flow balance and reduces the variance in road passenger flow by 12% and per capita travel time by 9%. The proposed parking delay calculation model reduces parking delays by 30 s compared to models that do not consider pedestrian crossings, indicating its smoothness and convenience.

Bus guidance information supplied by advanced traveler information systems provide a reference for route selection by bus passengers. This study analyzes the interaction between bus passengers’ route-choice behavior and the relationship in a game. The game revenue of the passengers waiting on the bus platform is quantified by parameters such as the number of passengers waiting on the platform, the number of passengers on the bus, and the passenger capacity of the bus. Based on the characteristics of passenger-bounded rationality, an evolutionary game model of bus choice behavior under information-induced conditions is established. Through the evolutionary game model, the distribution of the proportion of passengers receiving the guidance strategy is obtained when the evolution is stable. Finally, according to the distribution results, the passenger guidance strategy is discussed to achieve a win-win situation between passengers and bus operators.

Enumeration of metro passenger volume is essential in providing effective passenger guidance and improving the usage rate of each carriage. However, existing methods cannot provide the accurate number of alighting and boarding passengers at each gate on the platform. For existing visual methods, the occlusion problem seriously affected the results caused by the angle of view. In this study, we introduce a real-time metro passenger volume enumerating algorithm that is simple, effective, and fast enough to run on edge devices mounted above the platform gate. First, we capture videos from the cameras and design an anchor-free object detection network called CircleDet to detect passengers’ heads. CircleDet predicts a circle to localize and bound the target instead of traditional bounding box. Then, we apply a simple but effective circle IoU-based method to identify and track passengers in the videos. CircleDet can achieve up to 111 frames per second (FPS) running on NVIDIA RTX 2080 and 7.8 FPS on an NVIDIA Jetson Nano device. The accuracy of enumeration is as high as 97.1% on our own metro object detection (MOD) dataset.

Dynamic Passenger Guidance in Rail Transport-Decision-Making Behaviour of Passengers

Optimizing the release of passenger flow guidance information in urban rail transit network via agent-based simulation

Exploring the effects of perceived values, free bus transfer, and penalties on intermodal metro–bus transfer users' intention

도시철도 차량 및 역사 내 혼잡도가 최고 220%를 나타내고 있다. 특히 방향별 동선의 충돌로 인해 보행자의 이동저항이 급속히 증가해 통행시간 증가, 안전사고 발생 등 도시철도 역사의 이용효율을 저해하는 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 본 논문에서 도시철도 이용객의 역사 내 이동속도 및 쾌적성 향상을 위한 혼잡관리 모형을 이용한 도시철도 이용객 동선유도시스템을 제안한다. 이를 위하여 반복혼잡/비반복혼잡을 고려할 수 있는 혼잡관리 모형을 구성하셨고, 미들웨어시스템, 제어시스템, 동선유도구동시스템으로 구성된 동선유도시스템의 기본설계를 수행하였다. 동선유도시스템은 외부데이터를 알고리즘에서 사용가능한 형태로 변경하는 미들웨어시스템 단계와 실시간 데이터 및 과거 데이터를 통해 혼잡관리 알고리즘을 수행하는 단계와, 산정된 혼잡관리 알고리즘을 기반으로 LED표시장치, 방향유도 표시기, 이동식 가이드레일 등을 제어하는 제어시스템의 단계와 제어시스템의 정보를 기반으로 LED표시장치, 방향유도 표시기, 이동식 가이드레일 등의 장치를 실제로 구동하는 동선유도 구동장치 단계와 이용자가 실제로 접하는 LED표시장치, 방향유도 표시기, 이동식 가이드레일 등의 동선유도장치로 이루어진다. 향후 본 기본설계를 기반으로 시스템의 상세설계를 통해 도시철도 역사의 구조 및 지점에 따른 다양한 동선유도장치의 시작품을 제작하고 이를 제어할 수 있는 동선유도제어 모듈을 개발할 예정이다. The congestion of railway vehicle and station shows up to 220%. Especially, transfer resistance of passenger increase rapidly by the collision of circulation. So increment of travel time, occurrence of safety accidents act as a factor that inhibits the utilization of urban railway station. In this paper, to improve traveling speed and comfort of urban rail passengers, urban transit passenger guidance system using congestion management model is proposed. The congestion management model that can mitigate a recurring/non-recurring congestion is constructed and the preliminary design of the system (middleware system, control system, guidance drive system) is carried out. Passenger Guidance System is configured by step for changing the external data into a form usable by the algorithm, step to perform the congestion management algorithm using the real-time data and historical data, step to control device based on the value that is calculated by congestion management algorithm, step to drive the device based on the information in the control system and circulation guidance devices. In the future, detail design will be performed based on the preliminary design. A prototype of the various devices according to the station structures and locations will be made. The control module of guidance device will be developed.

Abstract The study ‘Cooperative Positioning for Real-time User Assistance and Guidance at Multi-modal Public Transit Junctions’ (InKoPoMoVer) aims at a better understanding of passenger movement at multi-modal transit situations for providing improved passenger assistance and guidance. By using a novel Differential Wi-Fi (DWi-Fi) approach through intelligent Cooperative Positioning (CP), algorithms can be generated, which considerably increase the accuracy of person tracking, allowing for the derivation of movement patterns. Due to user support smoothly transit at the stations is enabled, thus the gap in current multimodal transport information systems where routing is not performed at the junction itself is closed. Addressing ethical and usability aspects will ensure user-friendly results. In this article, the concept of transit assistance is introduced followed by a comprehensive discussion of the suitable CP localization techniques and sensors as well as the implementation strategy.

Emergency is one of the main factors affecting the operation security and reliability of urban mass transit system. In order to improve the ability to copy with sudden accident, the Emergency Passenger Flow Guidance System was adopted, which can realize the effective guide of passenger flow under the emergency. On the basic of the study of passenger guidance technology and the design of the passenger guidance system, this paper takes Beijing urban rail transit network as an example to simulate the process of emergency passenger flow guidance. The result shows that the passenger guidance can ensure the security and open of the urban rail transit network to some extent through effecting passengers' travel plans.

Self-reported wayfinding ability of older drivers

Transportation terminal is the key node in transport systems. Efficient terminals can improve operation of passenger transportation networks, adjust the layout of public transportation networks, provide a passenger guidance system, and regulate the development of commercial forms, as well as optimize the assembly and distribution of modern logistic modes, among others. This study aims to clarify the relationship between the function and the structure of transportation terminals and establish the function layout design. The mapping mechanism of demand, function, and structure was analyzed, and a quantitative relationship between function and structure was obtained from a design perspective. Passenger demand and terminal structure were decomposed into several demand units and structural elements following the principle of reverse engineering. The relationship maps between these two kinds of elements were then analyzed. Function‐oriented concept layout model of transportation terminals was established using the previous method. Thus, a technique in planning and design of transportation structures was proposed. Meaningful results were obtained from the optimization of transportation terminal facilities, which guide the design of the functional layout of transportation terminals and improve the development of urban passenger transportation systems.

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Transit centers should offer well-designed guidance signs to help passengers find their way to desired destinations easily and quickly. The current design of guidance signs in large-scale transit centers in China, however, is based almost solely on interior and art design, with virtually no accounting for passengers’ wayfinding requirements. As a tentative effort to fill that need, this study presents a wayfinding-oriented design for guidance signs. The case of a large transit center in China is used to illustrate how wayfinding requirements can be incorporated into specific design. In this case, 10 passengers find problems with the existing signs from a wayfinding perspective. Three typical areas are identified, and signs in these areas are redesigned. After each redesign, an evaluation is done to quantify the effect of the optimization. On the basis of this case and previous wayfinding research, a collection of design principles and a general method are summarized. The primary goal this paper intends to achieve, therefore, is to emphasize the importance and effectiveness of considering wayfinding requirements in guidance sign design and to propose an applicable method of designing and organizing guidance signs for not just one case, but for all transit centers.

Rail Traffic Control Under Disrupted Conditions