Air Passenger Transport Research Articles

Reflection of Crew Resource Management (CRM) Trainings to Real-Life Field Practice in Air Passenger Transportation: A Qualitative Research

In the air transportation sector, flight safety stands as one of the foremost values. To ensure safety, airlines rely on Crew Resource Management (CRM) training. These training programs aim to foster coordination, communication, and awareness among all personnel involved in flight operations, encouraging rational responses to potential issues as a unified team. Naturally, as is the case with any training process, the practical applicability of CRM training alongside its theoretical structure is of paramount importance. Hence, this study, conducted within the framework of qualitative research, delves into the perspectives of cabin crew members regarding CRM training by evaluating its content, benefits, and real-life field applications. Employing interview-based methodology, qualitative data were gathered from 19 cabin crew participants through purposive sampling. The collected data underwent descriptive analysis, leading to certain conclusions. The findings illustrate that CRM training has a positive impact on emotional and knowledge management, communication skills, team collaboration, and a proactive approach in matters of safety. It underscores that CRM training significantly permeates into the realm of real-world applications—namely, flight operations. However, participants highlighted certain issues and emphasized the need for more practical, interactive, and participant-centered training methods for the enhancement of CRM training, aiming to address those concerns.

Flight Schedule Optimization Considering Fine-Grained Configuration of Slot Coordination Parameters

In response to the rapid growth of air passenger and cargo transportation services and the sharp increase in congestion at various airports, it is necessary to optimize the allocation of flight schedules. On the basis of reducing the total airport delay time and ensuring the total deviation of flight schedules applied by airlines, it is necessary to consider finely configuring flight schedules with slot coordination parameters, introducing a 5 min slot coordination parameter, and optimizing airport flight schedules in different time periods. This article considers factors such as flight schedule uniqueness, corridor flow restrictions, and time adjustment range limitations to establish a three-objective flight-schedule refinement configuration model, which is solved using the NSGA-II algorithm based on the entropy weight method. Taking Beijing Capital International Airport as an example, the optimized results show that the total flight delay was reduced from 4130 min to 1142 min, and the original delay of 389 flights was reduced to 283 flights. Therefore, flight schedule optimization considering the fine-grained configuration of slot coordination parameters can effectively reduce airport delays, fully utilize time resources, and reduce waste of time slot resources.

Factors Affecting The Number Of Domestic Flights In Indonesia During Covid-19 Pandemic Using SARIMAX Method

Indonesia, which consists of thousands of large and small islands, relies heavily on-air transportation to support mobility between regions. As many as 80% of Indonesia's total air transportation passengers are domestic flight passengers. This shows how vital domestic flights are in Indonesia's air transportation system. However, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact that resulted in a decrease in the number of domestic flights in Indonesia. Therefore, an analysis is needed to determine the factors that affect the number of domestic flights in Indonesia. This study uses the SARIMAX method, a time series regression with the addition of seasonal factors and other variables or exogenous factors that significantly affect the model to improve the model's accuracy. Several exogenous variables are considered, including the number of operating civil aviation airports, positive daily cases of COVID-19, calendar effects during Eid al-Fitr and New Year's Day, and social restriction policies. The results showed that the number of operating airports one week before Eid al-Fitr, one week during Eid al-Fitr, one week before New Year, and Emergency PPKM significantly influenced the number of domestic flights. These variables offer pivotal insights into the influence of external factors on domestic flight patterns, exerting significant impacts on passenger travel behavior and subsequently influencing domestic flight volume. The integration of these variables in the SARIMAX model allows for a comprehensive analysis of the complex dynamics influencing domestic air travel in Indonesia. The best SARIMAX model obtained is SARIMAX (1,1,1)(4,1,1)7 with a MAPE value of 5.35% and a coefficient of determination is 97%.

Exploring Cargo Potential of an Airport: Pre-Feasibility Study and Policy Recommendations for Hasan Polatkan Airport

Although air passenger transportation has grown steadily since liberalization movements, it has experienced a sharp decline with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, air cargo transportation has been relatively less affected by this crisis due to the increasing volume of e-commerce and the critical importance of supply chains. Air cargo positively affects the regional economy through the logistics and trade channels it provides. This study aims to investigate Eskişehir Hasan Polatkan Airport's cargo transportation potential and make its pre-feasibility as an air cargo hub. In this context, as a case study, interviews were conducted with stakeholders regarding the cargo potential of Hasan Polatkan Airport, and qualitative data were obtained. The authors qualitatively analyzed the data, and the findings were compiled under two headings: findings on demand and findings on technical/operational requirements. Considering these findings, alternative business models are discussed, and different policy recommendations are provided.

Methodological approaches to the functioning of the passenger transportation market: Airline, road and railway segments

Passenger transportation plays a critical role in ensuring efficient functioning of the economy, as it provides labour mobility, access to markets, cultural, and social services, and promotes the development of international tourism and social integration. Thus, the purpose of the research was to analyse methodological foundations of the functioning of the passenger transportation market and to assess the war impact on the condition and development of air, bus, and rail passenger transportation. With the help of the bibliographic method, key scientific papers have been analysed in the article to study the theoretical foundation and identify problematic issues, calling for improvement and development. Using the generalisation method, leading organisations, ensuring the functioning of the passenger transportation market, have been identified and summarised, and the general principles of its functioning have been formulated. Using comparative and grouping methods, methodological approaches to air, bus, and rail passenger transportation in the context of economic, regulatory, technological, ecological, and social foundations have been proposed. The necessary prerequisites for the effective functioning of the passenger transportation market have been determined by grouping the most significant aspects, such as liberalisation and competition, state regulation and standardisation, investments and innovations, as well as effective cooperation between stakeholders in the field of passenger transportation. Using tabular and graphical methods, the war impact on air, bus, and rail passenger transportation has been considered through the lens of the caused damage, the amount of destruction, and the necessary restoration and reduction of passenger traffic. The peculiarities of enterprise operation in wartime have been identified with the emphasis on strategically important features of functioning and development, and patterns in passenger transportation have been revealed with the help of the content analysis method. The results of the research can be useful for specialists in the field of passenger transportation and tourism when analysing the passenger transportation market, forming strategies, and considering development trends

Impacts of mode shift on well-to-wheel emissions from inter-capital transport in Australia – Part II: Sea and air transport

Achieving a mode shift in the transport sector will be important in helping Australia to meet its target for net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. However, robust data for Australian transport have previously been unavailable or limited. This paper extends a recent analysis of mode shift impacts for land surface transport (Part I) to include sea transport (freight only) and air transport (passengers and freight) and demonstrates recently developed assessment tools. The analysis considers the potential of inter-mode shifts to reduce well-to-wheel/wake (WTW) emissions (as CO2-equivalents, CO2-e) in 2019, 2030, and 2050, specifically for the transport of either passengers or freight between Brisbane and Melbourne as a case study. The analysis provides emission intensities in grams per passenger-km (g/pkm) and grams per tonne-km (g/tkm), as well as annualized values, and considers the variability and uncertainty in the estimates using a probabilistic approach. For sea freight transport, the average emission intensities are 9 – 16 g CO2-e/tkm for container ships and 4 – 8 g CO2-e/tkm for bulk carriers, depending on the year. For air passenger transport, excluding non-CO2 climate effects, the emission intensity decreases from 166 g CO2-e/pkm in 2019 – 89 g CO2-e/pkm in 2050. Air transport performs particularly poorly for freight; the emission intensity was 1,345 g CO2-e/tkm in 2019, decreasing to 719 g CO2-e/tkm in 2050. The analysis shows that a transfer of passengers from air or road to electric rail, and a transfer of freight from road to sea or electric rail, have the potential to significantly reduce WTW emissions. For example, for passenger transport between Brisbane and Melbourne, the complete transfer of travel from air to electric rail would reduce annual emissions (including non-CO2 effects) by around 95% in both 2030 and 2050. A complete transfer of freight from road to sea would reduce emissions by around 60 – 80%. In 2050, the complete transfer of freight to electric rail from road, diesel rail, and air transport would reduce WTW emissions between the cities by 83%, 81%, and 99.6%, respectively. The study provides valuable new information on mode shift and GHG emissions across all modes. As such, it helps researchers, policy-makers, transport/land-use planners, and network operators to quantify, design, and implement mode shift measures to reduce emissions.

Regular domestic air passenger market dynamics: The Brazilian case

Brazil occupies a prominent position as one of the largest domestic air passenger markets globally. In May 2019, OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited (OAG), a renowned global travel data provider, ranked Brazil as the world’s 6th largest domestic market. This study identifies and meticulously analyses statistical trends in how service levels affect passenger demand on domestic air routes in Brazil. To that end, it employs a panel-data gravity model incorporating service as an instrumental variable. The findings confirm the influence of traditional gravity explanatory variables, while also contributing novel insights into the impact of service levels on domestic routes. The analysis reveals that, while factors such as income and distance play a fundamental role in shaping domestic demand, level of service emerges as a crucial determinant on regional connections. Overall, the statistics suggest growing divergences between Brazilian airlines and regional air transport. Accordingly, substantial changes are necessary in both government policies and the services offered by the airline industry in order to harness the full potential of Brazil’s domestic air transport passenger market and foster regional development.

Modelling the impact of introducing first-generation narrowbody hydrogen aircraft on the passenger air transportation network in Europe

The global aviation industry faces a pronounced challenge to mitigate its contribution to anthropogenic climate change, which is caused by burning fossil fuels. One potential pathway is the transition towards using green hydrogen as zero-carbon fuel. Next to technological, infrastructural, and economical challenges, this would introduce a wide range of operational and infrastructural changes to a system centred around safety and reliability. This study employs a holistic approach and examines these changes from a flight network perspective, focusing on passenger transport in Europe. It utilizes network modelling and linear optimization techniques to determine network changes imposed by the introduction of first-generation narrowbody hydrogen aircraft. The findings are threefold: First, the study shows that the air transportation network can be adequately re-created using demand and direct operating cost optimization only, without considering revenue and airline-specific factors. Second, the introduction of hydrogen aircraft will have substantial impact on network structure, incl. flight frequency, capacity, and stopover routes, depending on seat capacity and range of the hydrogen aircraft design. Lastly, it also shows that airports that have a favourable green hydrogen supply will benefit from the introduction of hydrogen aviation.

Artificial intelligence as a driver of efficiency in air passenger transport: A systematic literature review and future research avenues

Despite the claim that artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to increase efficiency in and for airlines, current literature is limited concerning models and frameworks to assess AI applications and their implications for airline efficiency. In response, we a) conceptualize and propose an AI-Airline-Efficiency-Model (AAEM) that allows for a more structured management approach for a systematic review and analysis of existing literature, and b) present a framework explicating the identified areas of AI application for airline efficiency based on a the AAEM model. In particular, using the four AI elements Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Reinforcement Learning and Natural Language Processing and their applications within six identified airline departments, we systematically review and analyze key attributes and characteristics of both AI and airline efficiencies to critically assess current research efforts. We found that AI applications are built around four overarching improvement areas predictive analytics, resource optimization, safety & autonomous processes and passenger experience, but lack a cross-department and inter-organizational focus and are often theoretical in nature. This study provides insight into most prevalent AI applications and the less popular applications applied in and for passenger transport, thereby presenting the dominating AI techniques that are covered by existing literature as well as highlighting a wide range of emerging AI techniques with the potential to become more influential for future studies. We discuss theoretical and managerial implications and offer avenues for future research.

Evaluation of the effect of airplanes on the environment on the example of Boeing 747 and Boeing 757

The object of research is the impact of airplanes on the environment. Aviation is an area of our life that has been developing faster and faster every year for more than a century. Accordingly, aircraft have a negative impact on the surrounding natural environment, and therefore the assessment of their impact on nature and people is an important and integral component of research in the field of ecology and sustainable development. In particular, the airplanes produced by Boeing are among those that are most widely used in both passenger and cargo air transportation, so a study was conducted on their example. In the study, calculation methods were used to estimate the load on the surrounding natural environment from the operation of Boeing 747 and Boeing 757 aircraft, based on the declared characteristics of emissions from the engines of these aircraft. The study shows that every aircraft has a certain negative impact on the environment due to the emission of pollutants during all phases of flight. However, there are opportunities to minimize this impact by implementing more complete fuel combustion, replacing standard fuels such as aviation kerosene with more modern fuels, reducing the weight of the aircraft, which will lead to lower fuel consumption and, accordingly, lower emissions into the atmosphere. Also effective is the introduction of technologies to reduce the noise load from the operation of aircraft, such as the introduction of noise-protective coverings of runways, new materials for the production of aircraft engines, as well as changing the design of engines and the use of double-circuit scheme. The work assessed the impact of aircraft on the environment and the effectiveness of environmental protection measures using the example of the operation of Boeing 747 and Boeing 757 aircraft, and developed proposals for the implementation of environmental protection and technical measures to reduce this impact.

Theoretical aspects of strategic development subjects of the air transport industry

The methodological principles of studying systemic, strategic interactions of subjects in the air transport industry in conditions of global challenges are not just considered but emphasized for their crucial role in understanding and navigating the complexities of the industry. Peculiarities of the interaction between airlines and airports are determined, which is related to the specifics of the organizational and management support of this process, which include instability and dynamism of the air transportation market, significant degree of differentiation of air transport services by macro-regions; high level of competition between air carriers and significant market fluctuations; low competition among airports; multivariate combination and comprehensive use of the potential and competences of airlines and airports in the performance of passenger and cargo air transportation. The article substantiates the peculiarities of the interaction of the air transport industry entities related to the specifics of organizational and managerial support of this process. The functions, works, and services performed by the enterprises of the air transport industry in the interaction process and the functional division of the main activities by the responsibility of the performers - airlines and airports - are systematized. A methodical approach to the study of strategic interaction of air transport industry entities in the context of global challenges is proposed, consisting of a logical sequence of the following stages: analysis and evaluation of functional characteristics and competencies of airlines and airports; analysis of environmental factors; assessment of problems and advantages of strategic interaction of airlines and airports; substantiation of strategic principles of interaction between airlines and airports; study of strategic alternatives and decision-making. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it considers the specific features of organizational and managerial support for the interaction of industry players. The most acute problems of the strategic development of the air transport industry of Ukraine and promising areas of interaction between air carriers and airports in the context of global challenges are not just identified but highlighted to keep the audience informed and aware of the current state of the industry. Keywords: air transport industry, air carriers, airports, airlines, strategy, a system of interaction, systemic, strategic interaction, strategic development, global challenges.

ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE IN WARTIME CONDITIONS

The subject of the study is the impact of the full-scale military invasion and aggression of the Russian Federation on passenger air transportation in Ukraine. Passenger air transportation in Ukraine has been seriously challenged by the full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, accompanied by changes in infrastructure and passenger demand. The research’s relevance lies in determining strategic ways of solving problems caused by the state of war. The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine led to significant disturbances in the field of passenger air transportation. The destruction of infrastructure, changes in passenger demand, and challenges for the aviation industry create a need for a systemic analysis and determination of ways out of this complex situation. The research aims to deeply analyse modern problems and determine the prospects for developing passenger air transportation in wartime conditions and post-war reconstruction. The authors aim to develop practical recommendations for optimising the sector and maintaining its sustainability. Objectives of the study include examining the consequences of military aggression on aviation infrastructure and analysing changes in the structure of demand; identifying the challenges that arise for air carriers and other industry participants in martial law; exploring adaptation strategies for passenger aviation and determining ways out of the crisis; assessing the necessity and effectiveness of measures to restore and support passenger air transport. To achieve the goal, the authors used a comprehensive approach that includes assessing the state of the infrastructure and applying quantitative research methods. As a result, the authors determined the impact of military aggression on aviation infrastructure, analysed changes in passenger demand, and identified challenges for the aviation industry. The study reveals the possibilities of adaptation and strategies for exiting the crisis. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude the need for urgent measures to restore and support passenger air transportation within the framework of post-war reconstruction. Recommendations include strategies for infrastructure modernisation, financial support for airlines, and the creation of conditions for international cooperation. The active role of the state in solving these issues is also vital to achieving sustainable development of the aviation sector. Keywords: aviation sector, passenger air transportation, martial law, aviation infrastructure modernisation strategies.

How to build a more sustainable passenger air transport system: multimodal experience

A fully integrated passenger multimodal system is a new concept in the transport industry, and consequently, data on system interoperability is lacking. In this paper, a qualitative research method is applied, to get the transport experts’ opinions and information on how the multimodal system should be designed. Although they are aware that the collaboration should result in an increase in the volume of passengers, the most challenging task is to convince transport operators to share the data with each other, due to legal issues. To determine the passengers’ perspective on making multimodal choices in their journeys, the travel demand model is developed, based on online survey data. The proposed (Binary Logistic Regression) model reveals the importance for policymakers and transport operators serving the airport to address access time reliability by carefully considering the passengers’ preferences in terms of their needs and age.

Monitoring of aviation personnel potential according to the competence approach

The object of the study is the personnel potential of aviation. The paper considers the problem of the effectiveness of monitoring the quality of airline personnel. According to the results of the study, it was stated that the stable growth in the volume of international cargo and passenger air transportation requires full-fledged provision of aviation with highly qualified specialists, a shortage of which has been observed in airlines in most countries of the world for several years. It is emphasized that a shortage of highly qualified specialists can be avoided only with the introduction of monitoring of the qualitative composition of the aviation personnel potential according to the competence approach. An algorithm has been developed for monitoring the qualitative composition of human resources based on the audit of compliance of professional competencies of civil aviation personnel with international standards of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), EASA (European Union Aviation Safety Agency), IATA (International Air Transport Association) using triangulation of mixed methods. The expediency of using the monitoring results as a fundamental basis for building a centralized information platform with open access to information resources on the qualitative composition of the personnel potential of airlines and the industry is justified. It is reasonable that the implementation in practice of the algorithm for monitoring human resources according to the competence approach will allow stakeholders to have a clear understanding of the level of professional competence of personnel and the need to improve it in the short term, which will accelerate the elimination of the existing shortage of highly qualified specialists by timely taking measures to amend state programs for training civil aviation specialists, improving their qualifications and certification. It is emphasized that the application of this algorithm is possible in the presence of a sectoral qualifications framework

Dispersion patterns of SARS-CoV-2 variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu in Latin America and the Caribbean

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions were an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Through the COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Regional Network (COVIGEN), LAC countries produced an important number of genomic sequencing data that made possible an enhanced SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance capacity in the Americas, paving the way for characterization of emerging variants and helping to guide the public health response. In this study we analyzed approximately 300,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences generated between February 2020 and March 2022 by multiple genomic surveillance efforts in LAC and reconstructed the diffusion patterns of the main variants of concern (VOCs) and of interest (VOIs) possibly originated in the Region. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spread of variants Gamma, Lambda and Mu reflects human mobility patterns due to variations of international air passenger transportation and gradual lifting of social distance measures previously implemented in countries. Our results highlight the potential of genetic data to reconstruct viral spread and unveil preferential routes of viral migrations that are shaped by human mobility patterns.

Building a baseline to better integrate air passenger and air freight transport into a global Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model

The Covid-19 pandemic has had opposite effects on demand for air passenger and air cargo transport and on the way these two sectors interact with other sectors of the economy. However, macroeconomic models generally represent aviation as a single sector, limiting the ability to assess those interactions. In this study, we split the air transport sector into two sectors (passenger and freight) in GTAP’s Multiregional Input–Output table. We assess the sectors’ response to a carbon tax by performing a sensitivity analysis. Our results highlight the environmental benefits from the Covid-19 pandemic will only be transitory unless policies and consumer demand rein in traffic growth in the aviation industry. Particular attention should be paid on leisure travel, due to its large share in the aviation industry and the potential steep rise in demand (87%) in the EU27 projected between 2015 and 2030.

Comparative Study of Transaction Costs between Us and Brazilian Airlines

This article deals with the transaction costs in the passenger and cargo air transport sector for United States and Brazilian airlines. After discussing transaction costs and their importance, a comparative study is conducted on their relevance for companies in these two countries. The study concludes that transaction costs for Brazilian airlines are proportionally about five times higher than those for US airlines. Finally, simulations are performed for the economic operating results of airlines from both countries if their transaction costs were zero.

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES FOR FORECASTING NON-SCHEDULED PASSENGER AIR TRANSPORTATION

Forecasting non-scheduled passenger air transportation demand is essential for effective operational planning and decision-making. In this abstract, we explore the use of Gaussian Support Vector Machines (SVM) methods in forecasting nonscheduled passenger air transportation processes. SVM is a type of supervised machine learning algorithm that can be applied to various domains, including nonscheduled passenger air transportation. In classification and regression tasks, SVMs are considered especially useful. SVMs can be used to forecast passenger demand for specific routes or flights. By analysing historical data, including factors such as time of day, day of the week, etc., SVMs can help airlines estimate future passenger demand. This method is crucial for optimising ticket pricing and managing seat inventory. This research proposes the implementation of different Gaussian SVM methods for the forecasting of non-scheduled passenger air transportation.

АНАЛІЗ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ АВІАТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ

The development of the air transportation industry of Ukraine is studied. The main trends of international and domestic air transportation, differences in the dynamics of cargo and passenger air transportation and changes that occurred under the influence of economic and political factors, as well as those caused by the pandemic and military events are identified. The competitive position of Ukrainian and foreign airlines in the international air transportation market is analyzed. The main reasons for the weak development of domestic air transportation are identified. The structure and main models of Ukrainian airports are analyzed. The regression models of passenger and cargo traffic of air transport are built, determined by the influence of the main macroeconomic indicators, which can be used for strategic forecasting of the development of the air transport industry in the post-war period. The article describes the perspective models of development of airlines and airports in Ukraine. Tough competition will lead to the fact that Ukrainian airlines, if they continue to exist, are likely to move to the model of small “hybrid airlines” or become ACMI operators. Due to the lack of access to cheap financial resources, Ukrainian airlines will gradually be pushed out of the market by foreign competitors. By lowering barriers to entry, new small Ukrainian regional airlines will emerge in the regions, operating on secondary routes that are not of interest to foreign carriers. The air transportation industry will move from the Hub-and-Spoke network model to the Point-to-Point model. Airports will have low profitability due to significant price pressure from low-cost airlines, and significantly lower revenues from aviation and non-aviation activities. Such airports will need government support to ensure their operation. After the opening of the airspace, considerable efforts will have to be made to stimulate and stabilize the development of air transportation, in particular in the areas of regulatory and legal regulation, organizational and managerial support, fiscal and monetary incentives, investment and innovation, and workforce.

Глобальні економічні тренди авіаційних пасажирських перевезень

The relevance of the chosen issue is due to the fact that the rapid development of large-scale processes of transport globalization has led, on the one hand, to another restructuring of the aviation sector of national economies, but on the other hand, to the emergence of significant global risks (COVID-19, terrorism, territorial seizures, increased competition among major aviation companies, unprecedented consequences of air pollution, etc.). These and some other preconditions (including the rise in fuel prices) have contributed to the bankruptcy of individual airlines, both among large companies and those with only 3-4 aircraft at their disposal. In today's conditions, the positioning of the world's leading airlines within the three dominant aviation alliances, Sky Team, Star Alliance, and One World, has become increasingly important. The author has demonstrated that they have divided the global aviation space into three unequal parts and have taken dominant positions in world. The article substantiates the phenomenon of the rapid development of aviation transport leaders, particularly passenger airlines: American Airlines (USA), Delta Airlines (USA), Ryanair Group (Ireland), United Airlines (USA), Southwest Airlines (USA), Lufthansa Group (Germany). The article examines the systemic nature and features of the development of budget airlines (low-cost carriers), as well as leading Chinese and Arab airlines. The leading role and development prospects of aviation infrastructure (including global airports) in improving the quality, safety, reliability, and efficiency of passenger air transport are substantiated. The central role of airlines in organizing the tourism business and forming on this basis new forms of economic activity is determined. A graphic model of the development of air passenger transport for the period 2020–2040 has been developed. The important role of global and national institutions in regulating air transport (harmonization of the regulatory framework, networking of aviation space, global hybridization of transportation, etc.) is emphasized.