Parts Of Chinese Cabbage Research Articles

Metabolite Profiling and Comparative Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in Chinese Cabbage, Radish, and Hybrid xBrassicoraphanus.

We profiled and quantified primary and secondary metabolites in the leaves and roots of xBrassicoraphanus (Baemuchae), Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis (Chinese cabbage), and Raphanus sativus (radish). We obtained 72 metabolites from leaves and 68 metabolites from both leaves and roots of xBrassicoraphanus, Chinese cabbage, and radish. The metabolic profiles in this study revealed intermediate-level production of most metabolites from different parts of Baemuchae compared with that from different parts of Chinese cabbage and radishes. This was supported by the results of principal component analyses for the detected metabolites, which indicated that the Baemuchae group was located between the Chinese cabbage and radish groups. In particular, several amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine) played the main role in phenylpropanoid and glucosinolate biosynthesis and were positively correlated with phenolic compounds, indolic glucosinolates, and aliphatic glucosinolates, respectively, in different parts. Furthermore, analysis of different species revealed the presence of 10 different glucosinolates, 10 phenolics, and 7 carotenoids, and their levels varied in the roots and leaves of the studied species. Among the leaves of the three species, Chinese cabbage had the highest total glucosinolate level, which was 3.14 times higher than the lowest level observed in radish. Baemuchae had the highest total phenolic compound level, which was 2.87 times higher than the lowest level found in Chinese cabbage, and radish had the highest carotenoid level, which was 12.41 times higher than the lowest one observed in Chinese cabbage. In the roots of Baemuchae, Chinese cabbage, and radish, glucosinolate levels did not vary significantly. Chinese cabbage contained the highest total phenolic compound level, which was 2.38 times higher than the lowest level found in radish, and the highest total carotenoid level, which was 2.49 times higher than the lowest level observed in Baemuchae. This metabolomic study provided chemical composition information that can be applied to future breeding strategies and comprehensively described the relationship among metabolites detected in the three plant species.

Nonstereoselective foliar absorption and translocation of cycloxaprid, a novel chiral neonicotinoid, in Chinese cabbage

Exploring traditional neonicotinoid pesticides substitutes has become one of the global scientific attentions because of their hazardous environmental impacts. Cycloxaprid (CYC) is considered to be a promising candidate alternative. But the environmental behaviors and fate of CYC in different planting system remain poorly understood. The accumulation of 14C-labeled CYC stereoisomers within different parts of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.) was investigated, with a particular focus on the foliar absorption, translocation and stereoselectivity of CYC, during a laboratory trial. In general, the stereoisomers 14C-5R,8S-CYC and 14C-5S,8R-CYC, their metabolites, as well as the breakdown and reaction products can be transferred in both acropetal and basipetal directions. Most of the two stereoisomers absorbed by plants remained in the treated leaves, whereas a small amount was distributed to the roots. The amount of 14C in the stalks varied among the experimental time points. At 192 h after treatment (HAT), the detected radioactivity of both 14C-5R,8S-CYC and 14C-5S,8R-CYC in the leaves above the treated leaf (LATL) was higher than that in the leaves below the treated leaf (LBTL). However, the stereoisomers of CYC underwent nonstereoselective absorption and translocation in this trial. This information implies that racemic CYC and its metabolites should be a main research focus. Thus, the obtained results provide implications for a more accurate prediction about the risk assessment of CYC, which will be helpful for guiding its rational use as well as securing the ecological environment safety and human health.

Kinetic study of mass transfer in different parts of Chinese cabbage during brining

AbstractIn Korea, Chinese cabbage, baechu, is the principal ingredient in kimchi. Salt concentrations in different cabbage leaf parts within the kimchi are typically not uniform, which leads to different degrees of acceptance. Thus, sodium chloride diffusion and texture profiles were determined for the different parts of cabbage leaves (inner, mid, and outer), which were soaked in a 15% salt solution at 25 °C for various times (0–12 hr). Based on Fick's equation, the effective diffusion coefficients of sodium chloride in the inner, mid, and outer leaves were 1.44 × 10−11, 1.38 × 10−11, and 1.33 × 10−11 m2/s, respectively. The texture profiles of the three leaf parts significantly changed as soaking time increased. The inner leaves of baechu showed higher hardness values after brining than the mid or outer leaves. Consequently, the inner leaves are more suitable for brining due to higher effective diffusion values and good textural properties.Practical applicationsKimchi is a Korean fermented vegetable food that are salted, blended with various ingredients. It has been reported salting is a critical step that influences product quality during kimchi processing. While the salt concentration after brining in different cabbage parts usually is not uniform. Thus, in our study, the cabbages were divided into three different parts (inner, mid, and outer), and the sodium chloride diffusion and texture profiles were investigated during brining. The results showed that the inner leaves of cabbage have the highest effective diffusion values and good textural properties. The data from this study would be reveal a practical application worthy of further study in food industries and provide valuable information for improving the quality of kimchi.

Improving prediction of metal uptake by Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) based on a soil-plant stepwise analysis

It is crucial to develop predictive soil-plant transfer (SPT) models to derive the threshold values of toxic metals in contaminated arable soils. The present study was designed to examine the heavy metal uptake pattern and to improve the prediction of metal uptake by Chinese cabbage grown in agricultural soils with multiple contamination by Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Pot experiments were performed with 25 historically contaminated soils to determine metal accumulation in different parts of Chinese cabbage. Different soil bioavailable metal fractions were determined using different extractants (0.43M HNO3, 0.01M CaCl2, 0.005M DTPA, and 0.01M LWMOAs), soil moisture samplers, and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), and the fractions were compared with shoot metal uptake using both direct and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The stepwise approach significantly improved the prediction of metal uptake by cabbage over the direct approach. Strongly pH dependent or nonlinear relationships were found for the adsorption of root surfaces and in root-shoot uptake processes. Metals were linearly translocated from the root surface to the root. Therefore, the nonlinearity of uptake pattern is an important explanation for the inadequacy of the direct approach in some cases. The stepwise approach offers an alternative and robust method to study the pattern of metal uptake by Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.).

High Cd and Pb in Chinese cabbage: how to safely eat vegetables from metal-contaminated agricultural soil

Trace-element contamination poses a serious threat to China's ecology, environment, food safety, and human health. Human exposure to potentially toxic trace elements is predominantly attributed to the consumption of vegetables, especially leafy vegetables, grown on metal-contaminated soil. In the present study, the concentrations of Cd in Chinese cabbage were found to decrease at an exponential rate from the outermost layer to the inner core, while there was a small change in Pb content from the 1st to the 16th layer of the plant, suddenly decreasing at the 17th layer. Although there was a little difference between the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and the mean Cd content in the plant, from the 1st layer to the 10th layer in the edible part of Chinese cabbage, Cd concentrations were 1.1–2.5 times higher than the MPC. The Pb concentration in the whole plant was 1.9 times higher than the MPC, while the 17th layer to the 25th layer of Chinese cabbage was safe for consumption. Health risk assessment indicated that the surface layer of Chinese cabbage might cause harm to human health, especially to children, in view of cancer risk and non-cancer risk.

Impacts of Nitrogen (Urea) Fertilization on Cadmium Accumulation Nitrate Contents and Nutritive Values in Chinese Cabbage

Pot-mode cultivation experiments were carried out to study the impacts of nitrogen（urea）fertilization in different level on Cadmium (Cd) accumulation, nitrate contents and nutritive values in Chinese cabbage, The results showed that: at different level of Cd artificial enriched soil, with applied urea increased, the accumulation of Cd in edible part of Chinese cabbage gradually decreased. Nitrate Contents in edible part have a positive correlation with the concentration of Cd in soil and the nitrogen fertilizer applied. In the natural soil (with contaminated Cd in concentration of 0.18 mg/kg), when the urea was fertilized by 255 kg/hm2 to 330 kg/hm2, Cd and nitrate contents of edible parts of cabbage were within the national food security limits, which could guarantee the food security of Chinese cabbage. Increasing nitrogen fertilization in the form of urea has a certain effect on amino acids contents but little effect on soluble sugar contents in Chinese cabbage, when the concentration of urea was 320 kg/hm2, amino acids contents of cabbage reached the highest level of 355 mg/kg1. Increasing nitrogen fertilization could lower down the contents of water-soluble Cd and the available Cd in soil, thereby reduce the absorption of Cd by Chinese cabbage. To a certain extent, increasing nitrogen fertilization could increase the food security of Chinese cabbage.

ハクサイ黄化病罹病根及び植物体各部における Verticillum dahliae の微小菌核形成

ハクサイ黄化病罹病根及び植物体各部における Verticillum dahliae の微小菌核形成

Uptake from soil and distribution of 95Zr in Chinese cabbage

In order to quantify the radiation hazard to humans through food, both migration and distribution of 95Zr in Chinese cabbage/soil system were examined by using the radioisotope tracer technique. When 95Zr was administered with simulated irrigation or simulated rainfall, 95Zr was detected in every part of Chinese cabbage, which indicated that 95Zr could be translocated to above-ground parts. Although concentrations of 95Zr in different parts of Chinese cabbage were different in the two treatments used in the present study, the patterns of 95Zr distribution in different parts of the plant were similar. Concentration of 95Zr in each part of Chinese cabbage followed the order of root>leaf>lower part of petiole>upper part of petiole>bud in the case of simulated irrigation. Moreover, the 95Zr could be accumulated in leaves after being taken up by roots. In the simulated irrigation treatment, 95Zr concentrations were 1·7 and 2·9 times higher in the leaf than in the petiole and bud, respectively. In the case of simulated rainfall, a portion of applied 95Zr precipitated on the above-ground parts of Chinese cabbage, which led to a higher concentration here than in the case of simulated irrigation. The results of the present study clearly indicate that there is a distinct possibility that foodstuffs produced in the 95Zr-contaminated area are radioactively contaminated. More than 90% of total 95Zr in soil was retained in the upper layer (0–8 cm), which indicated 95Zr could not easily move downwards because of strong adsorption to soil.

Abscisic Acid and ACC Content of Chinese Cabbage during Low-oxygen Storage

Abstract The abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in Chinese cabbage increased during storage at O°C in air. This increase was reduced in a low-O2 (1%) atmosphere. The suppressing effect of low O2 on ABA levels was detected in outer laminae, outer midribs, inner laminae, and inner midribs, but was particularly conspicuous in outer laminae. At the end of 12 weeks of storage, ABA content in outer laminae from 1% O2 storage was less than half of that from air storage. Low-oxygen storage also delayed the yellowing of outer laminae and maintained a higher chlorophyll content. The levels of ACC in all parts of Chinese cabbage were low and increased only in outer midribs after 2 months of storage, corresponding to the appearance of tissue browning in the outer midribs. Low-O2 storage delayed both the rise in ACC and the occurrence of tissue browning. Chemical name used 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

Postharvest Responses of Chinese Cabbage to High CO2 Treatment or Low O2 Storage1

Abstract The outer leaf laminae of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L Pekinensis group) contain higher amounts of ascorbic acid than the outer midribs, inner leaf laminae, or inner midribs. However, the outer leaf laminae lost ascorbic acid at a faster rate than other parts of the Chinese cabbage during storage at 0°C. Quantitative differences in sugars were also found in different parts of the Chinese cabbage. The outer leaf laminae were low in total sugars and had higher amounts of fructose than glucose, whereas outer midribs contained much higher amounts of glucose than fructose. The inner leaf laminae were high in both fructose and glucose and had a higher ratio of glucose to fructose. A similar ratio was also found in inner midribs, but their total sugar content was lower than inner leaf laminae. Relatively low levels of sucrose were found in all parts of Chinese cabbage. Total sugars decreased, but the relative composition of individual sugars did not change during storage. Exposure of Chinese cabbage to 30 or 40% CO2 for 5 or 10 days was detrimental to quality. Short-term exposure to high but noninjurious concentrations of CO2 (10–20%) showed no beneficial effect on quality retention during subsequent storage in air at 0°. However, low O2 (1%) atmosphere was very effective in extending the storage life of Chinese cabbage at 0°. It slowed down the decline of ascorbic acid and sugar contents, delayed the loss of chlorophyll and yellowing of the leaves, and reduced the incidence of decay. The Chinese cabbage was not salable without extensive trimming after 3 months of storage at 0° in air, whereas those in 1% O2 at 0° were still in salable condition after 5 months of storage with only slight trimming. No off-odor, off-flavor, or other symptoms of suboxidation were found at the end of 5 months of storage in 1% O2 at 0°.