Partner Interaction Questionnaire Research Articles

Predictors of quitting support from nonsmoking mothers for smoking fathers: a cross-sectional study from Chinese pupils’ families

BackgroundQuitting support from smokers’ partners can predict quit attempts and smoking abstinence but research on factors that predict such support has been limited. To add more evidence for partner support and the improved interventions for smoking cessation, we analyzed some new potential predictors of quitting support from smokers’ spouses.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted in in 2022 and 2023, selecting the students’ families in which fathers smoked and mothers didn’t smoke from grade 1–5 of 13 primary schools in Qingdao, China. Parents who met the criteria completed the online questionnaires and 1018 families were included in the analysis. We measured personal information related to smokers and their spouses such as age, education and nicotine dependence, and variables related to family and marital relationship such as family functioning, perceived responsiveness and power in decision-making of quitting smoking. Quitting support from smokers’ spouses was measured by Partner Interaction Questionnaire and generalized linear model was used to explore the potential predictors of partner support.ResultsIn this study, the mean age of smokers was 39.97(SD = 5.57) and the mean age of smokers’ spouses was 38.24(SD = 4.59). The regression analysis showed that for smokers and their spouses, the older age groups showed the lower ratio of positive/negative support(P < 0.05) and smokers with high education showed the less positive and negative partner support(P < 0.05). Nicotine dependence was positively associated with negative support (β = 0.120, P < 0.01), and perceived responsiveness (β = 0.124, P < 0.05) as well as family functioning (β = 0.059, P < 0.05) was positively associated with positive support. These three factors were associated with ratio of positive/negative support(P < 0.05). In addition, power of smoker’s spouse in decision-making of quitting smoking was positively associated with the positive (β = 0.087, P < 0.001) and negative support (β = 0.084, P < 0.001).ConclusionsNicotine dependence, family functioning, power in decision-making of quitting smoking and perceived responsiveness were found to be the predictors of quitting support from smokers’ spouses. By incorporating predictors of partner support and integrating some established theories that can improve family functioning and marital relationships, smoking cessation interventions can be further improved.

The Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ-20-Tr)

The Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ-20-Tr)

Further psychometric analysis of the 20-item Partner Interaction Questionnaire in an adult sample of smokers.

The 20-item Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ-20) is frequently used to assess social support for adults wanting to stop smoking. Given that social support may play a significant role in quitting success, there is a need to understand the structure and psychometric properties of assessment instruments designed to measure the construct of partner support. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the PIQ-20 when used to assess the frequency of partner behaviors. The study participants included 380 adult volunteers (M age = 41 years, SD = 12; 58% male). To assess internal consistency, we used both the traditional coefficient-alpha and the latent variable modeling composite reliability (coefficient-ρ) procedures. We conducted independent factor analytic methods to address issues of dimensionality and scoring of responses to the PIQ-20 items. Also, we used an item response theory modeling procedure to examine the specificity of scores on the items. Reliability estimates for the PIQ-20 subscale scores were adequate (values ≥.70). The bifactor analysis supported deriving a total score for each subscale. Item response theory modeling demonstrated that the discrimination (a-slope) parameter for each subscale item was significantly different from zero. The majority of items were associated strongly with their respective subscales. Twelve items were identified that could be adopted as a potential short form of the PIQ-20. The PIQ-20 or short form provides an opportunity for assessing positive and negative partner support simultaneously. There is empirical support for the dimensional structures and scoring of responses for both versions of the instrument. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Behavioral couples therapy for smoking cessation: A pilot randomized clinical trial.

Behavioral couples therapy (BCT) has been found to improve long-term abstinence rates in alcohol- and substance-dependent populations but has not been tested for smoking cessation. This pilot study examined the feasibility and acceptability of BCT for smoking-discordant couples. Forty-nine smokers (smoking >10 cigarettes/day) with nonsmoking partners were randomized to receive a couples social support (BCT-S) intervention or an individually delivered, standard smoking cessation treatment (ST). The couples were married or had been cohabiting for at least 1 year, with partners who had never smoked or had not used tobacco in 1 year. Both treatments included 7 weekly sessions and 8 weeks of nicotine replacement therapy. Participants were followed for 6 months posttreatment. The Partner Interaction Questionnaire was used to measure perceived smoking-specific partner support. Participants were 67% male and 88% White. Biochemically verified cessation rates were 40.9%, 50%, and 45% in BCT-S and 59.1%, 50%, and 55% in ST at end of treatment, after 3 month, and after 6 months, respectively, and did not differ significantly between treatment conditions at any time point. Perceived smoking-specific partner support at posttreatment did not significantly differ between treatment groups. Results of this pilot study do not provide support for the efficacy of BCT in smoking-discordant couples.

Estudo de validação do Partner Interaction Questionnaire para fumantes e ex-fumantes

The aim of this present study is to validate an adapted version of the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ), an instrument that assesses the support, to stop smoking, provided by the partner. An adapted version of the PIQ for smokers and former smokers is presented. Participants were 224 smokers (52.7% female and 47.3% male and 31.4% female; mean age: 28.6 years; DP=8.69) and 169 former4smokers (68.6% male; mean age=43.10 years; DP=13.02). Results showed a good internal consistency for positive scale (Cronbachs alfa: 0.73) and the negative scale (Cronbachs alfa: 0.77). The validation study revealed the presence of two factors explaining 43.36% of the variance. The instrument presents good construct validity, with positive correlations with dyadic adjustment and mental quality of life and negatively with depression. The adapted version of PIQ seems to be a good indicator of partner s' support presenting the necessary conditions for its application in smokers and former4smokers with the potential of being useful in intervention programs targeted for smoking cessation and abstinence maintenance.

The Relation between Social Support and Smoking Cessation: Revisiting an Established Measure to Improve Prediction

Although social support is an integral element in smoking cessation, the literature presents mixed findings regarding the type(s) of social support that are most helpful. The Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ) is commonly used to measure social support in this context. We explored the possibility that more nuanced distinctions between items on the PIQ than what is customarily used could improve the prediction of cessation. Baseline PIQ responses of smokers enrolled in a cessation program was submitted to an exploratory factor analysis. Emergent factors were used to predict cessation at several time points. Four factors emerged, which differed from the two subscales that are typically used. The four-factor version predicted cessation; the two-factor version did not. Identifying the types of social support that predict smoking cessation depend on our ability to measure social support. More nuanced measures will likely clarify the role of social support in cessation.

Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation

While many cessation programmes are available to assist smokers in quitting, research suggests that partner involvement may encourage long-term abstinence. The purpose of this review was to determine if an intervention to enhance partner support helps smoking cessation when added as an adjunct to a smoking cessation programme, and to estimate the size of any effect. For the most recent update, the search was limited to the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register. This was searched in December 2011. The Specialized Register includes reports of controlled trials of smoking cessation identified from electronic searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) to Issue 4, 2011, MEDLINE to update 20110826, EMBASE to 2011 week 33, PsycINFO to 20110822 and Web of Science. The search terms used were smoking (prevention, control, therapy), smoking cessation, and support (family, marriage, spouse, partner, sexual partner, buddy, friend, co-habitees and co-worker). Randomized controlled trials of smoking cessation interventions that compared an intervention that included a partner support component with an otherwise identical intervention and reported follow-up of six months or longer. Two authors independently identified the included studies and extracted data using a structured form. A third author was consulted to aid in the resolution of discrepancies. Abstinence, biochemically validated if possible, was the primary outcome measure and was extracted at two post-treatment intervals: six to nine months and 12 months or greater. Partner Interaction Questionnaire and Support Provided Measure scores were also analysed to assess partner support. A fixed-effect model was used to pool relative risks from each study and estimate a summary effect. A total of 57 articles were identified for this review. Twelve articles (13 studies, > 2000 participants) met the inclusion criteria. The definition of partner varied between studies. All studies gave self-reported smoking cessation rates, but there was limited biochemical validation of abstinence. The pooled risk ratio for self-reported abstinence was 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84 to 1.15) at six to nine months and 1.04 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.24) at 12 months or more post-treatment. Of the eight studies that measured partner support at follow-up, only two studies reported a significant increase in partner support in the intervention groups. One study reported a significant increase in partner support in the intervention group, but smokers' reports of partner support received did not differ significantly in this study. In this review of randomized controlled trials of interventions designed to enhance partner support for smokers in cessation programmes, we failed to detect an increase in quit rates. Limited data from several of the trials suggest that these interventions also did not increase partner support. No conclusions can be made about the impact of partner support on smoking cessation. Additional studies with larger samples are needed to adequately explore the effects of partner support interventions for smoking cessation.

Development and Validation of the Online Social Support for Smokers Scale

BackgroundSocial networks play an important role in smoking. Provision of social support during cessation is a cornerstone of treatment. Online social networks for cessation are ubiquitous and represent a promising modality for smokers to receive and provide the support necessary for cessation. There are no existing measures specific to online social support for smoking cessation.ObjectiveThe objective was to develop a measure of social support to be used in online smoking cessation treatment research.MethodsInitial items for the Online Social Support for Smokers Scale (OS4) were based on existing theory and scales delineated in various taxonomies. Preliminary field analysis (N = 73) was conducted on 23 initial items to optimize the scale. Further development was conducted on a refined 15-item scale in the context of a large randomized trial of Internet and telephone cessation treatment with follow-ups at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. In all, 1326 participants were randomized to an enhanced Internet arm that included a large online social network; psychometric analyses employed 3-month follow-up data from those reporting use of the enhanced Internet intervention at least once (n = 873). Items were subjected to a factor analysis, and the internal consistency reliability of the scale was examined along with construct and criterion validity. Other measures used in the study included demographics, nicotine dependence, partner support for cessation, general social support, social integration, stress, depression, health status, online community use, Internet use behaviors, intervention satisfaction, and 30-day point prevalence abstinence.ResultsThe final 12-item OS4 scale demonstrated high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alphas .86-.89) across demographic and smoking strata of interest. The OS4 also demonstrated good construct and criterion validity, with the directionality of the observed associations providing support for most a priori hypotheses. Significant Pearson correlations were observed between the OS4 and the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ) Positive subscale (ρ = .24, P < .001). As hypothesized, participants with the highest OS4 scores were more likely to have actively participated in the enhanced Internet community and to have high levels of satisfaction with the enhanced Internet intervention. In logistic regression analyses, the OS4 was highly predictive of 30-day point-prevalence abstinence at 6, 12, and 18 months (all P values <.001). The odds of abstinence at 6 months rose by 48% for each standard unit increase in online social support (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17 - 1.71), dropping only slightly to 37% at 12 and 18 months (95% CI 1.17 - 1.59).ConclusionsThe OS4 is a brief, reliable, and valid instrument for measuring online social support for smoking cessation. Results should be replicated and extended, but this study suggests the OS4 can be used to advance theory, understand mechanisms, and potentially help to improve the tailoring of Internet-based smoking cessation treatments. It can also inspire development of similar measures for other online health-related intervention research.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov #NCT00282009; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00282009 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/60XNj3xM6)

Motivating Latino Smokers to Quit: Does Type of Social Support Matter?

Social support may help smokers quit and buffer against factors that hinder quitting. The study's aims are to examine which types of social support are effective for quitting smoking among Latino smokers and whether social support buffers the effects of depressed mood on smoking cessation. Participants were Latino smokers with children with asthma (N = 131, mean age = 37 years, 73% female). They did not have to want to quit smoking to participate. Smoking status was biochemically verified at a 3-month follow-up. Social support was assessed as whether or not the participant had a significant other, level of perceived general support (Interpersonal Support Evaluation List) and level of perceived partner support for smoking cessation (Partner Interaction Questionnaire). Depressed mood was assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. Hierarchical logistic regression. Thirty percent of those with a partner quit smoking versus 14.3% of those without a partner. 43.5% of those with high levels of perceived positive partner support quit smoking vs. 17.4% of those with low levels. There was a significant interaction between whether or not a smoker had a partner and depressed mood on quitting: among those not partnered, quit rates were higher among those with low levels of depressed mood (37%) than among those with high levels of depressed mood (9%; odds ratio = 1.147, 95% confidence interval = 1.031-1.276, p < .02). Among those partnered, quit rates were not significantly different between those with high vs. low levels of depressed mood. This paper is the first to examine multiple sources of support for smoking cessation in Latino smokers; partner support and the presence of a significant other are associated with quitting smoking.

Mechanisms of change in extended cognitive behavioral treatment for tobacco dependence

Aim To evaluate potential mediators of an extended cognitive behavioral smoking cessation intervention. Design Analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation. Setting The Habit Abatement Clinic, University of California, San Francisco. Participants Participants were older cigarette smokers (≥50 years old). Those receiving Standard Treatment ( N = 100) were compared to those receiving extended cognitive behavioral treatment ( N = 99). Measurements Negative affect was measured with the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Medical Outcome Studies 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Abstinence-specific social support was measured with the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ). Motivation to quit and abstinence self-efficacy were measured on 1–10 scales with the Thoughts about Abstinence Questionnaire. All were measured at the beginning of treatment and week 52. Results Analyses revealed that extended CBT increased abstinence self-efficacy over the first 52 weeks postcessation. This effect, in turn, was positively associated with 7-day point prevalence abstinence at week 64 while controlling for treatment condition, and eliminated the independent effect of treatment condition on abstinence. The test of mediation indicated a significant effect, and abstinence self-efficacy accounted for 61% to 83% of the total effect of treatment condition on smoking abstinence. Results failed to support a mediational role of negative affect, abstinence-specific social support, or motivation to quit. Conclusions The results of the present study are consistent with theories of relapse and studies of more time-limited interventions, and underscore the importance of abstinence self-efficacy in achieving long-term abstinence from cigarettes.

Validation of the support provided measure among spouses of smokers receiving a clinical smoking cessation intervention

Studies indicate a positive association between social support and smoking cessation. However, clinic-based interventions designed to increase social support have had limited success. Most studies have relied on only the smoker's perceptions of support received while few have assessed the support provider's report of support delivered. Understanding supportive interactions between support providers and recipients may assist in developing effective support interventions for cessation. The current investigation examined the perceptions of smoking-specific support provided by the spouse of a partner who smokes and was seen for a nicotine dependence consultation. Specifically, we examined spouse reported willingness to help their spouse quit, interest in learning ways to help their spouse quit, and characteristics associated with the provision of smoking-specific supportive behaviors (as assessed via the Support Provided Measure, SPM), in the 2-weeks prior to the consultation. The current investigation also examined the concurrent validity of the SPM with a validated measure of support provided to a smoker, the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ), accounting for social desirability bias and smoker readiness to change. The sample comprised 84 adult cigarette smokers seen for a clinical smoking cessation intervention and their spouses (N = 84). Results indicate that a high percentage of spouses are willing to help their partner who smokes and interested in learning way to help. As expected, spouses who were females and had never smoked had higher scores on the SPM than males or current smokers. The SPM was significantly correlated with the PIQ positive (r = 0.50, p < 0.01) and negative (r = 0.44, p <0.01) item scales overall and for spouses whose partners reported higher levels of readiness to quit smoking (r = 0.54, p < 0.01; r = 0.50, p < 0.01, respectively). Suggestions for future research are offered.

Gender Differences in Quit Support by Partners of Health-Compromised Smokers

In a study of spousal support for smoking cessation, 34 couples in which one partner continued to smoke despite having a heart or lung problem used an adaptation of Cohen & Lichtenstein's (1990) Partner Interaction Questionnaire to describe the spouse's attempts to help the primary (ill) smoker quit. Female smokers received less support for quitting from their spouse or partner than male smokers did, regardless of whether the support was positive or negative, whether the partner also smoked, or whether the smoker or partner rated the partner's support behavior Female patients in a treatment sub-sample were also less likely than men to achieve stable 1-year cessation if the couple had rated partner support at baseline as coercive or unhelpful. Given known gender differences in relapse risk, cessation interventions for health-compromised female smokers might profitably include partners in addition to the smokers themselves.

Longitudinal analysis of abstinence-specific social support and smoking cessation.

(1) To replicate previous research finding that abstinence-specific social support during the active phase of quitting predicts short- and long-term smoking cessation treatment outcome. (2) To describe time-related changes in abstinence-specific support, including how support provided during middle and later phases of the quitting process is associated with treatment outcome. Combined data from three randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation treatment (N = 739) were analyzed using logistic regression and analysis of variance. Measures included the Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ; Cohen & Lichtenstein, 1990), a measure of smoking-related social support, and smoking status according to 7-day point-prevalence abstinence. Longitudinal analyses found that positive support peaked at week 12, decreasing thereafter. Positive support provided after week 12 did not differentiate between those who never quit smoking, those who quit and relapsed, and those who maintained abstinence. In contrast, negative support was monotonic and was useful at follow-up points for distinguishing between outcome groups. These results suggest that positive and negative support are both important factors in the early phase of quitting, but it is the continued minimization of negative support that best predicts maintenance of nonsmoking.

Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation.

While many cessation programs are available to assist smokers in quitting, research suggests that partner involvement may encourage long-term abstinence. The purpose of this review was to determine if an intervention to enhance partner support helps smoking cessation when added as an adjunct to a smoking cessation program. The search was performed in: Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group specialized register (Apr 2004), Cochrane controlled trials register (Apr 2004), CDC and Prevention-Tobacco Information and Prevention Database (Jul 2000), MEDLINE (1966-Apr 2004), Cancer Lit (1966-Apr 2004), EMBASE (1974-Apr 2004), CINAHL (1966-Jul 2000), PsycInfo (1861-Apr 2004), ERIC, PsycLit, & Dissertation Abstracts (1861-Dec 1999), SSCI (1972-Apr 2004) and HealthStar (1975-Jul 2000). The search terms used were smoking (prevention, control, therapy), smoking cessation, and support (family, marriage, spouse, partner, sexual partner, buddy, friend, co-habitees, and co-worker). The search was also limited to English language. Randomized controlled trials of smoking cessation interventions that compared an intervention that included a partner support component with an otherwise identical intervention and reported follow-up of 6 months or greater. Two reviewers independently identified the included studies and extracted data using a structured form. A third reviewer was consulted to aid in the resolution of discrepancies. Abstinence and biochemical assessment were the primary outcome measures and were analyzed at two post-treatment intervals: 6-9 months and >12 months. The scores of PIQ (partner interaction questionnaire) were also analyzed to assess partner support. A fixed-effects model was used to assess the summary effect of the studies. A total of 40 articles were identified for this review. Only eight articles (nine studies) met the inclusion criteria. The definition of partner varied among the studies. All studies included data on self reported smoking cessation rates, but there was limited biochemical validation of abstinence rates. The odds ratio for self-reported abstinence at 6-9 months was 1.08 (CI 95%, 0.81 -1.44); and at 12 months post-treatment was 1.0 (CI 95%, 0.75 - 1.34). Of the six studies that measured partner support at follow-up, only two studies reported significant increase in partner support in the intervention groups. In this review of the randomized controlled trials of interventions designed to enhance partner support for smokers in cessation programs, we failed to detect an increase in quit rates. Limited data from several of the trials suggest that these interventions did not increase partner support either. No conclusions can be made about the impact of partner support on smoking cessation. More systematic intervention to affect partnership significantly should be delivered if partner support were part of an existing cessation program.

Does enhancing partner support and interaction improve smoking cessation? A meta-analysis.

We wanted to determine whether an intervention to enhance partner support helps as an adjunct to a smoking cessation program. We undertook a meta-analysis of English-language, randomized controlled trials of smoking cessation interventions through July 2002 using the following data sources: Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group specialized register, Cochrane controlled trials register, CDC Tobacco Information and Prevention Database, MEDLINE, Cancer Lit, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, PsycLIT, Dissertation Abstracts, SSCI and HealthSTAR, with reviews of bibliographies of included articles. Included were trials that assessed a partner support component with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The outcomes measured were abstinence and biochemical assessment at 6 to 9 months and more than 12 months after treatment. Partner Interaction Questionnaire scores were primary and secondary outcomes. Nine studies (31 articles) met inclusion criteria. Partner definition varied among studies. All studies included self-reported smoking cessation rates, but there was limited biochemical validation of abstinence. For self-reported abstinence at 6 to 9 months after treatment, the Peto odds ratio (OR) = 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-1.44) and at 12 months Peto OR = 1.0 (95% CI, 0.75-1.34). Sensitivity analysis of studies using live-in, married, and equivalent-to-married partners found a higher odds ratio at 6 to 9 months after treatment, Peto OR = 1.64 (95% CI, 0.5-4.64). Sensitivity analysis of studies reporting significant increases in partner support found at 6 to 9 months after treatment Peto OR = 1.83 (95% CI, 0.9-3.47); and at 12 months Peto OR = 1.22 (95% CI, 0.67-2.23). Interventions to enhance partner support showed the most promise for clinical practice when implemented with live-in, married, and equivalent-to-married partners. Such interventions should focus on enhancing supportive behaviors, while minimizing behaviors critical of smoking.

Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation.

While many cessation programs are available to assist smokers in quitting, research suggests that partner involvement may encourage long-term abstinence. The purpose of this review was to determine if an intervention to enhance partner support helps smoking cessation when added as an adjunct to a smoking cessation program. The search was performed in: Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group specialized register (Aug 2001), Cochrane controlled trials register (Apr 2000), CDC and Prevention-Tobacco Information and Prevention Database (Jul 2000), MEDLINE (1966-Jul 2000), Cancer Lit (1966-Jul 2000), EMBASE (1974-Apr 2000), CINAHL (1966-Jul 2000), PsycInfo (1861-Oct 2000), ERIC, PsycLit, & Dissertation Abstracts (1861-Dec 1999), SSCI (1972-Jul 2000) and HealthStar (1975-Jul 2000). The search terms used were smoking (prevention, control, therapy), smoking cessation, and support (family, marriage, spouse, partner, sexual partner, buddy, friend, co-habitees, and co-worker). The search was also limited to English language. Randomized controlled trials of smoking cessation interventions that compared an intervention that included a partner support component with an otherwise identical intervention and reported follow-up of 6 months or greater. Two reviewers independently extracted data using a structured form. A third reviewer was consulted to aid in the resolution of discrepancies. Abstinence and biochemical assessment were the primary outcome measures and were analyzed at two post-treatment intervals: 6-9 months and >12 months. The scores of PIQ (partner interaction questionnaire) were also analyzed to assess partner support. A fixed-effects model was used to assess the summary effect of the studies. A total of 31 articles were identified for this review. Only eight articles (nine studies) met the inclusion criteria. The definition of partner varied among the studies. All studies included data on self reported smoking cessation rates, but there was limited biochemical validation of abstinence rates. The odds ratio for self-reported abstinence at 6-9 months was 1.08 (CI 95%, 0.81 -1.44); and at 12 months post-treatment was 1.0 (CI 95%, 0.75 - 1.34). Of the six studies that measured partner support at follow-up, only two studies reported significant increase in partner support in the intervention groups. We conclude that interventions designed to enhance partner support for smokers in cessation programs did not increase quit rates. Limited data from several of the RCTs suggest that these interventions did not increase partner support either. No conclusions can be made about the impact of partner support on smoking cessation. More systematic intervention to affect partnership significantly should be delivered if partner support were part of an existing cessation program.

Partner behaviors that support quitting smoking.

One month after their quit date, 221 Ss completed a shortened Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ) in which they reported the frequency of 10 positive and 10 negative behaviors performed by a spouse or romantic partner in response to their quitting attempt. A subset, using the same instrument, reported expectations of support prior to quitting. The ratio of received positive/negative behaviors was a consistently better predictor of abstinence than were the frequencies of either positive or negative behavior alone, with higher ratios associated with abstinence. In addition, partners were less interactive than expected but performed more positive behaviors than expected. The overall pattern of results suggests that the context of a relationship mediates the impact of specific supportive or nonsupportive behaviors. Psychometrics for the 20-item PIQ are presented.

Partner behaviors that support quitting smoking.

One month after their quit date, 221 Ss completed a shortened Partner Interaction Questionnaire (PIQ) in which they reported the frequency of 10 positive and 10 negative behaviors performed by a spouse or romantic partner in response to their quitting attempt. A subset, using the same instrument, reported expectations of support prior to quitting. The ratio of received positive/negative behaviors was a consistently better predictor of abstinence than were the frequencies of either positive or negative behavior alone, with higher ratios associated with abstinence. In addition, partners were less interactive than expected but performed more positive behaviors than expected. The overall pattern of results suggests that the context of a relationship mediates the impact of specific supportive or nonsupportive behaviors. Psychometrics for the 20-item PIQ are presented.