Partial Replacement Research Articles

Elevated temperature effects on the compressive strength and radiation shielding capability of waste granite and marble concrete

In an effort to promote the development of sustainable construction practices, this study explores the utilization of construction waste powders as partial cement replacements in concrete. Specifically, granite and marble waste powders were incorporated at varying replacement ratios up to 9% by cement weight. The influence of these waste materials on the compressive strength and radiation shielding effectiveness of ordinary concrete was evaluated under both ambient and elevated temperature conditions (up to 800 °C). The findings revealed significant enhancements in the mechanical properties. Notably, 9% cement replacement ratio with waste granite powder (WGP, 9G) yielded the optimal performance for compressive strength, exhibiting increasements of 25.6% and 33.2% at room temperature and 800 °C, respectively. Similarly, a 5% replacement ratio with waste marble powder (WMP, 5M) demonstrated moderate improvements, achieving gains of 10.3% and 18.7% in compressive strength at room temperature and 800 °C, respectively. The samples at optimal replacement ratios of 9% and 5% for granite and marble, respectively, were tested alongside the control sample (CO) to study their effectiveness in attenuating the various types of radiation. The radiation shielding assessment was evaluated against gamma and neutron using the MC Monte Carlo simulation-5 algorithm and Phy-X software. The gamma ray linear attenuation for concrete mixes (CMLAC) order for the CO group was found to be CO < 400CO < 600CO < 800CO. The CMLAC order for the G9 group is G9 < 400G9 < 600G9 < 800G9. The CMLAC order for the M5 group is M5 < 400M5 < 600M5 < 800M5. The neutron performance (FC) of the CM-concrete samples has values 0.079, 0.075, 0.071, and 0.067 cm−1 for CO, 400CO, 600CO, 800CO samples, 0.094, 0.090, 0.085, and 0.080 cm−1, for G9, 400G9, 600G9, 800G9 samples, and 0.089, 0.083, 0.079, and 0.074 cm−1, for M5, 400M5, 600M5, 800M5 samples, respectively. Thus, the studied CM-concrete samples at room temperature provide the best protection against gamma and fast neutrons. Exposure to high temperatures significantly reduced the gamma and neutron attenuation of concrete samples. However, mixes with optimal granite and marble waste replacements showed enhanced resistance to this effect compared to the control mix.

Simulating the Thermal Behavior of Compressed Earth Brick Walls

The production of conventional bricks has negative impact on the environment due to CO2 emissions. Therefore, the use of alkali-activated by-product materials as partial or full replacement of cement has been promising in producing eco-friendly compressed earth bricks for sustainable construction. This research aims to simulate the thermal behavior of an office building prototype composed of eco-friendly compressed earth brick (CEB) walls using Design Builder software to investigate the impact of CEB walls on the indoor thermal comfort, total energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In addition to investigate the influence of the type and thicknesses of walls, and thickness of expanded polystyrene (EPS) insulating layer on the total energy consumption and (CO2) emissions. The results indicated that using walls of compressed earth bricks (CEB) made by alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as soil stabilizer with full replacement of cement is promising for reducing the total energy consumption and CO2 emissions with competitive compressive strength to those stabilized by cement. The results also revealed the noticeable effect of the type and thicknesses of walls in addition to the thickness of EPS insulating layer in reducing the total energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This reduction reached about 21–25% for different wall types of thickness 120 mm when EPS thicknesses increased up to 50 mm compared to the same walls without EPS.

Impact of dietary supplementation with Antarctic krill meal on growth performance, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) post-smolts

Due to the increasing trend in aquaculture and fisheries production, conventional feed resources, especially protein ingredients, are overburdened, and sometimes their price fluctuations limit quality feed formulations for farmers, thus leading to the exploration of alternative protein feed resources. Antarctic krill meal (AKM) has emerged as a potential candidate ingredient for sustainable and suitable partial replacement of conventional fish meal. A 10-week feeding trial was designed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of AKM on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and serum biochemical indices of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) post-smolts. In total, 150 post-smolt fish with an average initial weight of 178.17 ± 0.73 g were divided into five groups with three replicates in each group and 10 fish in each replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated by substituting 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% fish meal (protein source) with AKM (protein source), which were designated AKM0 (the control), AKM3, AKM6, AKM9, and AKM12, respectively. The results showed that the addition of AKM to the salmon diet increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). There was no effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) on body composition and essential amino acid profile of the meat except for methionine, isoleucine, lysine, and threonine. The liver concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly decreased while the concentration of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased in the AKM supplemented groups compared to the control group. The serum concentrations of ALT and AST decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) while total cholesterol, triglyceride, and total protein content increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the AKM treatment groups compared to the control. Based on the results of this study, supported by polynomial quadratic regression analyses of WG, SGR, FCR, and PER, we conclude that 6.73%–7.08% AKM is the best possible suitable inclusion level range to partially replace conventional fish meal in the diet of coho salmon post-smolt.

Impact of Pumice Substitution on Mortar Properties: A Case Study on Mechanical Performance and XRD Analysis

The incorporation of sustainable construction is essential for minimizing the environmental footprint of cementitious composites. This research examines the mechanical behavior and microstructural features of alternative mortars in which pumice acts as a partial cement replacement. By applying the Taguchi methodology, nine mortar mix variations were assessed at different pumice replacement rates (15%, 25%, and 50%), and their mechanical strength was compared against a control mixture without substitution. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified the mineral components in the pumice to evaluate their performance and durability. Based on a statistical variance analysis (ANOVA), mortars with up to 25% substitution are suggested as they attain mechanical strength values comparable to those of a control mixture. This study contributes to the advancement of environmentally sustainable construction materials and provides valuable insights into the viability of using pumice in sustainable infrastructure developments.

Durability of Mortars with Partial Cement Replacement by Recycled Brick Powder

Over the past decade, global cement production has exceeded 4 billion tonnes annually. This process has a considerable environmental impact and is estimated to account for approximately 5% to 7% of the total annual CO2 emissions released into the atmosphere. To mitigate the environmental consequences of cement production, extensive research has been conducted on alternative materials that can partially replace cement in concrete manufacturing, thereby reducing its carbon footprint. This study explores the utilisation of recycled brick powder as a supplementary cementitious material in mortar production, with replacement levels ranging from 5% to 45%. In addition to evaluating their mechanical properties, such as flexural and compressive strength, this research investigates the durability of the newly developed mortars. The results indicate a reduction in porosity of up to 50% and an enhancement in chloride penetration resistance by up to fourfold when the substitution rate is between 35% and 40% compared with mortar without replacement. Although no improvements were observed in carbonation resistance, the new mixtures exhibited an increase in resistivity of up to ninefold.

Sustainable Paver Block Development Using Silica Fume and Granite Waste

The rapid urbanization and increasing construction activities have led to a high demand for paver blocks, raising concerns about the depletion of natural resources and environmental sustainability. This study explores the development of sustainable paver blocks by incorporating silica fume and granite waste as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregates, respectively. Silica fume, a byproduct of the silicon and ferrosilicon industry, enhances the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, while granite waste, a byproduct of stone processing industries, serves as an eco-friendly alternative to sand. The research investigates the physical and mechanical properties of the developed paver blocks, including compressive strength, water absorption, and durability. Experimental results indicate that the optimized mix design with silica fume and granite waste not only improves strength and performance but also reduces the carbon footprint associated with conventional paver block production. The study concludes that utilizing industrial waste materials in paver block manufacturing presents a viable and sustainable solution for eco-friendly construction practices. Key words: Granite wastes, Silica Fume, Partial replacement, Eco-friendly, Behavioral study.

Innovative Hamburger Analogs: Partial Soy Replacement with Rice Protein and Moisture Optimization in Extruded Textured Vegetable Protein Ingredient

Innovative Hamburger Analogs: Partial Soy Replacement with Rice Protein and Moisture Optimization in Extruded Textured Vegetable Protein Ingredient

Workability and Compressive Strength of Mortar with Addition of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Cement Replacement in Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC)

In today’s engineering world, an industrial ecology is a prevalent approach for achieving long-term industrial development. This approach encourages waste from by-products to be recycled. One of these by-product wastes is rice husk ask (RHA). Previous research has highlighted RHA’s significant potential as a cement additive alternative. The possible use of RHA as a partial replacement for cement in designed cementitious composites is briefly describe in the work (Engineered Cementitious Composite). RHA was utilized to substitute cement at various percentages by volume in the experiment, including 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The flow table test was used to evaluate the workability of the fresh mortar mix, while the compressive strength test was used to study the mechanical properties of the hardened mortar. From the result obtained, the workability of RHA-ECC is maximum at 10% by volume compared to other replacement levels with 52.21% at 28 days of curing. This study adds to the body of knowledge about the sustainability of RHA as a partial cement replacement for ECC.

Sustainable bioengineering approach to industrial waste management: LD slag as a cementitious material

This study explores a sustainable bioengineering approach to industrial waste management by investigating the potential of Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag as a cementitious material in construction applications. LD slag, a durable and compact by-product of steel manufacturing, exhibits properties suitable for partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in construction. In this study, OPC 53-grade was partially substituted with finely treated LD slag in proportions ranging from 10 to 100%, and the compressive strength of the resulting mortar cubes was evaluated over 3, 7, and 28 days. The findings reveal that a 30% replacement of cement with LD slag yields the highest compressive strength of 48.15 MPa at 28 days, demonstrating its viability as a supplementary cementitious material. However, higher replacement levels result in a progressive decline in strength, highlighting limitations in its usage. This research underscores the potential of treated LD slag as an effective and eco-friendly alternative for sustainable industrial waste valorization, contributing to the circular economy and reduced environmental impact in the construction sector.

Influence of Slag/Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement on Printability and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Concrete

Three-dimensional printing is an emerging technique that has received significant attention in the construction industry. This study presents an investigation into the printing and hardened properties of 3D-printed concrete (3DPC). Both fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were used to replace cement in different ratios (0%, 25%, and 50%) to produce 3DPC. Extrudability and buildability tests were performed to evaluate the effects of FA and GGBFS in various proportions on the printing properties of 3DPC. Additionally, the hardened properties of 3DPC were determined. Test results show that all mix designs meet the printing requirements of 3DPC. The specimens with a higher proportion of GGBFS exhibited higher unit weight and compressive and flexural strength, but lower water absorption and drying shrinkage. The compressive and flexural strength of 3DPC in the printing direction were the highest, outperforming those of the cast specimens at the age of 28 days. Our results indicate that FA and GGBFS can be used to replace 50% of the cement in 3DPC.

Development of Green Concrete for Mining Roads using Incineration Residue Ash

This study explores the potential of incorporating Incineration Residues Ash (IRA) as a partial replacement for Portland Composite Cement (PCC) in cement production at a mining site in Ceria Indotama Nugraha, Indonesia. Concrete mixtures with different percentages of IRA-0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%- were evaluated for workability and compressive strength under extreme conditions. The results show that replacing up to 50% PCC with IRA leads to compressive strength values similar to those of traditional concrete (30 MPa), with 25% IRA being the optimal percentage. Additionally, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis revealed that the environmental impact of concrete can be reduced with IRA replacement, especially regarding CO2 emissions. These findings suggest that using incineration residues in concrete production can be a sustainable and possible alternative for mining road constructions.

A Study on Partial Replacement of Cement with Steel Fiber and Glass Fiber for M30 Grade Concrete

This study explores the effect of incorporating steel and glass fibers on the compressive strength of M30 concrete. Steel fibers and glass fibers were added to the concrete mix in varying proportions (1%,1.5%,2%,2.5% by volume). The compressive strength of the fiber-reinforced concrete was evaluated at 7 and 28 days. The results indicate that the addition of steel fibers significantly enhances the compressive strength of M30 concrete with a maximum increase of 23.5% at 1.5% steel fiber content. Glass fibers also showed a notable improvement in compressive strength with a maximum increase a notable 17.2% at 1.5% glass fiber content. The study concludes that the use of steel and glass fibers can be an effective way to enhance the compressive strength of M30 concrete. The research methodology involves the preparation of M30 grade concrete specimens with varying fiber content for each type. The concrete mixes are cured and subjected to a series of standard tests to evaluate their strength and durability. The study aims to understand the influence of steel fibers and glass fibers on the overall performance of M30 grade concrete and to identify the optimal fibers dosage for enhanced structural properties

Assessment of Alternative Media Viability for Cell Growth Phase in the Lab-Scale Xanthan Pruni Production—Part I

Xanthan is a highly relevant commercial microbial biopolymer. Its production occurs in two steps: the bacterium is cultivated in a nitrogen-rich medium for cell multiplication, and the obtained biomass is used as an inoculum for the polymer production phase. Different media compositions for cell growth were investigated, seeking to reduce or replace the peptone used in the standard medium. Peptone (P), yeast extract (YE), and rice parboiling water (RPW) concentration combinations were tested in cultivating Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni 101. A CRD 23 design, performed in a shaker, was used to assess the effects of independent variables on xanthan pruni microbial growth, N consumption, yield, viscosity, pseudoplasticity, and xanthan mineral content. After 24 h an increase in N was observed, without any significant impact on cell growth. Xanthan yield increased as a result of the alternative treatments, with P and YE influencing positively. However, T1, with the lowest levels of P, YE, and RPW increased viscosity and pseudoplasticity of xanthan pruni. RPW increased phosphorus, silicon, calcium, and magnesium, and P and YE increased potassium. These results indicate that partial replacement of P by RPW and YE is an economically viable and sustainable approach for the xanthan pruni production.

Use and Effectiveness of Chatbots as Support Tools in GIS Programming Course Assignments

Advancements in large language models have significantly transformed higher education by integrating AI chatbots into course design, teaching, administration, and student support. This study evaluates the use, effectiveness, and perceptions of chatbots in a Python-based graduate-level GIS programming course at a U.S. university. Students self-reported perceived improvements in skills and the use of different help resources across three home assignments of varying complexity and spatial context. In group discussions, students shared their experiences, strategies, and envisioned future applications of chatbots in GIS programming and beyond. The results indicate that prior programming experience enhances students’ perception of assignment usefulness, and that chatbots serve as a partial replacement for traditional help resources (e.g., websites) in completing assignments. Overall, students expressed positive sentiments regarding chatbot effectiveness, especially for complex spatial tasks. While students were optimistic about the potential of chatbots to enhance future learning, concerns were raised about overreliance on AI, which could hinder the development of independent problem-solving and programming skills. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into optimizing chatbot integration in GIS education.

Oxysterols, physicochemical properties, and sensory attributes of NaCl-substituted beef patties fortified with date fruit powder.

Salt substitutes can reduce sodium content in meat products but may impact their sensory quality, necessitating flavor enhancers to maintain it. The effects of date fruit powder (DFP) and salt blends on oxysterols, physicochemical properties, and sensory attributes of beef patties were assessed. Beef patties were formulated with either 20 g kg-1 sodium chloride (NaCl, DFP-0), 20 g kg-1 NaCl + 100 g kg-1 DFP (DFP-1), 15 g kg-1 potassium chloride (KCl) + 5 g kg-1 NaCl +100 g kg-1 DFP (DFP-2) or 15 g kg-1 potassium citrate (C6H5K3O7) + 5 g kg-1 NaCl +100 g kg-1 DFP (DFP-3), and oven-cooked at 200 °C for 20 min. Sodium content, and the concentration of 22R-hydroxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-hydroperoxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol were lower in DFP-2 and DFP-3 patties than in DFP-0 and DFP-1 patties (P < 0.05). The DFP-0 patties had greater carbonyl and malondialdehyde contents compared with other patties (P < 0.05). DFP addition enhanced total dietary fiber and lowered the color coordinates, hardness, and chewiness of beef patties (P < 0.05). Cooking loss was higher in DFP-2 and DFP-3 patties compared with DFP-0 and DFP-1 patties. The DFP-1 patties received higher sensory ratings than the other patties (P < 0.05), while the sensorial qualities of DFP-0, DFP-2, and DFP-3 patties did not differ. Partial replacement of NaCl with KCl and C6H5K3O7 reduced the sodium content and selected oxysterols in beef patties. DFP supplementation increased dietary fiber and improved oxidative stability in NaCl-substituted beef patties, while DFP-1 received the highest sensory ratings. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficient Hg(Ⅱ) removed by l-cysteine modified UiO-66 through chemical adsorption via a facile partial ligand replacement strategy.

Efficient Hg(Ⅱ) removed by l-cysteine modified UiO-66 through chemical adsorption via a facile partial ligand replacement strategy.

Pozzolanic behaviour and environmental efficiency of heat-treated fines as a partial cement replacement in mortar mixes

Pozzolanic behaviour and environmental efficiency of heat-treated fines as a partial cement replacement in mortar mixes

Microbiome-metabolome interplay in low-sodium Yunnan suancai: Unraveling quality enhancement through partial NaCl replacement with KCl

Microbiome-metabolome interplay in low-sodium Yunnan suancai: Unraveling quality enhancement through partial NaCl replacement with KCl

Cyclic behavior and liquefaction resistance of sand with partial bagasse replacement

Cyclic behavior and liquefaction resistance of sand with partial bagasse replacement

Moderate deficit irrigation synergizes with partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer to enhance soil microenvironment and improve the quality and yield of edible Rose

Moderate deficit irrigation synergizes with partial replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic fertilizer to enhance soil microenvironment and improve the quality and yield of edible Rose