Part-whole Relations Research Articles

ENCODE and the parts of the human genome

This paper examines a specific kind of part-whole relations that exist in the molecular genetic domain. The central question is under which conditions a particular molecule, such as a DNA sequence, is a biological part of the human genome. I address this question by analyzing how biologists in fact partition the human genome into parts. This paper thus presents a case study in the metaphysics of biological practice. I develop a metaphysical account of genomic parthood by analyzing the investigative and reasoning practices in the ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) project. My account reveals two conditions that determine whether a molecule is a part of the human genome (i.e., a genomic part). First, genomic parts must possess a causal role function in the genome as a whole, that is, their functions must contribute to the genome directing the overall functioning of the cell. Second, genomic parts must have a specific chemical structure and be actual segments of the DNA sequence of the genome.

Polyphonic Sound Event Detection by Using Capsule Neural Networks

Artificial sound event detection (SED) has the aim to mimic the human ability to perceive and understand what is happening in the surroundings. Nowadays, Deep Learning offers valuable techniques for this goal such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The Capsule Neural Network (CapsNet) architecture has been recently introduced in the image processing field with the intent to overcome some of the known limitations of CNNs, specifically regarding the scarce robustness to affine transformations (i.e., perspective, size, orientation) and the detection of overlapped images. This motivated the authors to employ CapsNets to deal with the polyphonic-SED task, in which multiple sound events occur simultaneously. Specifically, we propose to exploit the capsule units to represent a set of distinctive properties for each individual sound event. Capsule units are connected through a so-called "dynamic routing" that encourages learning part-whole relationships and improves the detection performance in a polyphonic context. This paper reports extensive evaluations carried out on three publicly available datasets, showing how the CapsNet-based algorithm not only outperforms standard CNNs but also allows to achieve the best results with respect to the state of the art algorithms.

The Misconceptions of Sixth Grade Secondary School Students on Fractions

The purpose of this study is to determine the misconceptions of 6th grade primary school students in terms of part-whole relation in fractions, representation of fractions on the number line, comparison of fractions and operations in fractions. The sample of this study is composed of 104 students who are being educated in 6th class of five middle schools in 2017-2018 teaching year in a province which takes place in the north part of Turkey. Fractional information test, which consists of 5 open ended questions developed by researchers, was used as data collection tool. The obtained data were analyzed using coding and frequency/percentage tables according to the content analysis method. By examining the explanations that the students have made, the incorrect answers are divided into categories, and the misconceptions in each question are presented seperately. As a result of the study, it has been seen that students have misconceptions in terms of parts-whole relation in fractions, representation of fractions on the number line, comparison of fractions and operations in fractions.

Wrong Turns in the Euthyphro

Abstract No Socratic theory of forms is implied by the questions Socrates asks in Plato’s Euthyphro. His questions appear to commit him to the existence of a certain kind of paradigm form in the Euthyphro, but there is no place for such a form in his philosophy, and that is a good thing, for such a form cannot exist. As stated, the main question does not have an answer, but it is reasonable for Socrates to ask it in the context of Euthyphro’s claims. if they could be supported, Socrates’ question would have an answer. But Euthyphro’s claims are not supportable. The turn toward a paradigm form for piety is a wrong turn; the turn toward the part-whole relation is another. Piety cannot be a proper part of justice on any view that is plausibly Socratic. Piety concerns the whole of virtue in a way that distinguishes it from primary virtues such as justice, and this point prepares the way for Socrates’ defense in the Apology.

You can count on your fingers: The role of fingers in early mathematical development

Even though mathematics is considered one of the most abstract domains of human cognition, recent work on embodiment of mathematics has shown that we make sense of mathematical concepts by using insights and skills acquired through bodily activity. Fingers play a significant role in many of these bodily interactions. Finger-based interactions provide the preliminary access to foundational mathematical constructs, such as one-to-one correspondence and whole-part relations in early development. In addition, children across cultures use their fingers to count and do simple arithmetic. There is also some evidence for an association between children’s ability to individuate fingers (finger gnosis) and mathematics ability. Paralleling these behavioral findings, there is accumulating evidence for overlapping neural correlates and functional associations between fingers and number processing. In this paper, we synthesize mathematics education and neurocognitive research on the relevance of fingers for early mathematics development. We delve into issues such as how the early multimodal (tactile, motor, visuospatial) experiences with fingers might be the gateway for later numerical skills, how finger gnosis, finger counting habits, and numerical abilities are associated at the behavioral and neural levels, and implications for mathematics education. We argue that, taken together, the two bodies of research can better inform how different finger skills support the development of numerical competencies, and we provide a road map for future interdisciplinary research that can yield to development of diagnostic tools and interventions for preschool and primary grade classrooms.

Time as a measure: Elementary students positioning the hands of an analog clock

Elementary students have difficulty with the topic of time. The present study investigated students’ actions to position hour and minute hands on an analog clock to indicate particular times of the day. Using one-on-one interviews with students in Grades 2 and 4 (n = 48), we analyzed whether students were more accurate for one hand indicator (hour or minute) versus the other as well as their solution approaches as they positioned each hand. We first present a quantitative analysis of student performance to document whether hour and minute hands posed differential challenges for students as they positioned hands to indicate particular times. Results indicate the hour hand is significantly more challenging to position accurately than the minute hand. Students’ solutions reflected varied approaches, including consideration of the quantitative hour-minute multiplicative relationship, attention to part-whole relations, and matching numbers from the provided time to numerals on the clock. We discuss implications for theory and instruction, including the relationship of time to length measure learning trajectories and the current treatment of time in K-12 mathematics standards for the United States.

Time as a measure: Elementary students positioning the hands of an analog clock

Elementary students have difficulty with the topic of time. The present study investigated students’ actions to position hour and minute hands on an analog clock to indicate particular times of the day. Using one-on-one interviews with students in Grades 2 and 4 (n = 48), we analyzed whether students were more accurate for one hand indicator (hour or minute) versus the other as well as their solution approaches as they positioned each hand. We first present a quantitative analysis of student performance to document whether hour and minute hands posed differential challenges for students as they positioned hands to indicate particular times. Results indicate the hour hand is significantly more challenging to position accurately than the minute hand. Students’ solutions reflected varied approaches, including consideration of the quantitative hour-minute multiplicative relationship, attention to part-whole relations, and matching numbers from the provided time to numerals on the clock. We discuss implications for theory and instruction, including the relationship of time to length measure learning trajectories and the current treatment of time in K-12 mathematics standards for the United States.

"Absoluteness" of the Absolute Construction in Present-Day English: a Corpus-Based Analysis

The article focuses on the question of presence / absence of referential relations (coreference) between the unaugmented absolute construction and its matrix clause in Present-day English. Based on a representative sample from the corpus of the English language BYU-BNC, the traditional approach to the absolute construction as an "independent" structure that has no connection with the rest of the sentence is reconsidered. The analysis of referential relations between the unaugmented absolute construction and its matrix clause has established that cases of coreference (full and partial) significantly outweigh the cases of absence of coreference. These findings indicate that the construction is semantically / logically related to its matrix clause. Furthermore, the obtained data show that meronimic (part-whole) relations prevail in the analysed sample. More precisely, the relations of the types "component - integral object" and "member - collection" are the most numerous. The obtained results suggest that in Present-day English unaugmented absolute constructions compensate lack of syntactic connection with the matrix clause with closer semantic relations, explicitly expressed by complete or partial coreference. In our further research on the issue we intend to carry out a similar analysis for the English augmented absolute constructions in order to determine prevailing types of coreference between them and the matrix clause.

Links between global and local shape perception, coloured backgrounds, colour discrimination, and non-verbal IQ

This study explored associations between local and global shape perception on coloured backgrounds, colour discrimination, and non-verbal IQ (NVIQ). Five background colours were chosen for the local and global shape tasks that were tailored for the cone-opponent pathways early in the visual system (cardinal colour directions: L-M, loosely, reddish-greenish; and S-(L + M), or tritan colours, loosely, blueish-yellowish; where L, M and S refer to the long, middle and short wavelength sensitive cones). Participants also completed the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test (FM100) to determine whether performance on the local and global shape tasks correlated with colour discrimination overall, or with performance on the L-M and tritan subsets of the FM100 test. Overall performance on the local and global shape tasks did correlate with scores on the FM100 tests, despite the colour of the background being irrelevant to the shape tasks. There were also significantly larger associations between scores for the L-M subset of the FM100 test, compared to the tritan subset, and accuracy on some of the shape tasks on the reddish, greenish and neutral backgrounds. Participants also completed the non-verbal components of the WAIS and the SPM+ version of Raven’s progressive matrices, to determine whether performance on the FM100 test, and on the local and global shape tasks, correlated with NVIQ. FM100 scores correlated significantly with both WAIS and SPM+ scores. These results extend previous work that has indicated FM100 performance is not purely a measure of colour discrimination, but also involves aspects of each participant’s NVIQ, such as the ability to attend to local and global aspects of the test, part-whole relationships, perceptual organisation and good visuomotor skills. Overall performance on the local and global shape tasks correlated only with the WAIS scores, not the SPM+. These results indicate that those aspects of NVIQ that engage spatial comprehension of local-global relationships and manual manipulation (WAIS), rather than more abstract reasoning (SPM+), are related to performance on the local and global shape tasks. Links are presented between various measures of NVIQ and performance on visual tasks, but they are currently seldom addressed in studies of either shape or colour perception. Further studies to explore these issues are recommended.

ULTRA: Universal Grammar as a Universal Parser

A central concern of generative grammar is the relationship between hierarchy and word order, traditionally understood as two dimensions of a single syntactic representation. A related concern is directionality in the grammar. Traditional approaches posit process-neutral grammars, embodying knowledge of language, put to use with infinite facility both for production and comprehension. This has crystallized in the view of Merge as the central property of syntax, perhaps its only novel feature. A growing number of approaches explore grammars with different directionalities, often with more direct connections to performance mechanisms. This paper describes a novel model of universal grammar as a one-directional, universal parser. Mismatch between word order and interpretation order is pervasive in comprehension; in the present model, word order is language-particular and interpretation order (i.e., hierarchy) is universal. These orders are not two dimensions of a unified abstract object (e.g., precedence and dominance in a single tree); rather, both are temporal sequences, and UG is an invariant real-time procedure (based on Knuth's stack-sorting algorithm) transforming word order into hierarchical order. This shift in perspective has several desirable consequences. It collapses linearization, displacement, and composition into a single performance process. The architecture provides a novel source of brackets (labeled unambiguously and without search), which are understood not as part-whole constituency relations, but as storage and retrieval routines in parsing. It also explains why neutral word order within single syntactic cycles avoids 213-like permutations. The model identifies cycles as extended projections of lexical heads, grounding the notion of phase. This is achieved with a universal processor, dispensing with parameters. The empirical focus is word order in noun phrases. This domain provides some of the clearest evidence for 213-avoidance as a cross-linguistic word order generalization. Importantly, recursive phrase structure “bottoms out” in noun phrases, which are typically a single cycle (though further cycles may be embedded, e.g., relative clauses). By contrast, a simple transitive clause plausibly involves two cycles (vP and CP), embedding further nominal cycles. In the present theory, recursion is fundamentally distinct from structure-building within a single cycle, and different word order restrictions might emerge in larger domains like clauses.

Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification by Capsule Network With Semantic Rules

Sentiment analysis is an important but challenging task. Remarkable success has been achieved on domains where sufficient labeled training data is available. Nevertheless, annotating sufficient data is labor-intensive and time-consuming, establishing significant barriers for adapting the sentiment classification systems to new domains. In this paper, we introduce a Capsule network for sentiment analysis in domain adaptation scenario with semantic rules (CapsuleDAR). CapsuleDAR exploits capsule network to encode the intrinsic spatial part-whole relationship constituting domain invariant knowledge that bridges the knowledge gap between the source and target domains. Furthermore, we also propose a rule network to incorporate the semantic rules into the capsule network to enhance the comprehensive sentence representation learning. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed CapsuleDAR model on a real world data set of four domains. Experimental results demonstrate that CapsuleDAR achieves substantially better performance than the strong competitors for the cross-domain sentiment classification task.

The problem of naturalism and causal explanation in the interpretations of Nietzsche’s philosophy

In this paper we are going to discuss the two forms of naturalism that are attributed to Nietzsche, that are shown to be the most important in the recent interpretations of his philosophy: the methodological naturalism in Brian Leiter?s formulation and the naturalism in the broad sense in the interpretation of Christopher Janaway. This paper suggests an interpretation of Nietzsche?s genealogy that leans toward the naturalism in the broad sense, and attempts to show that the result of genealogical research should be the causal explanation which uses the everyday-concept of causality and the organicistic conception of part-whole relation. The suggested interpretation of Nietzsche?s genealogy will result with the explanation of his concept of life according to which that concept refers to any whole, natural or social, as a specific causal domain of will to power.

An empirical investigation of part-whole hierarchical relations

ABSTRACTPrevious research has shown classification type (“class/member”) hierarchical responding as relational framing. The aim of this study was to use the same paradigm to investigate analysis type (“part-whole”) hierarchical responding. A total of 10 participants were exposed to (1) a procedure involving non-arbitrarily related multi-dimensional stimuli, the aim of which was to establish two arbitrary shapes as contextual cues for “part of” and “includes” relational responding respectively; and (2) a procedure that employed these cues to establish a network of arbitrary stimuli in particular hierarchical relations with each other and then test for derivation of further untrained hierarchical relations as well as for transformation of functions (TOF). Resultant patterns of relational framing consistently showed features of asymmetrical mutual entailment and transitive combinatorial entailment but, in contrast with results for classification type hierarchical responding, there was no consistent trend for TOF. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Learning part-in-whole relation of 3D shapes for part-based 3D model retrieval

Given a query that specifies partial 3D shape, a Part-based 3D Model Retrieval (P3DMR) system finds 3D shapes whose part or parts matches the query. An approach to P3DMR is to partition or segment whole models into sub-parts and performs query-part-to-target-parts matching. Whatever the definition of part, e.g., a rectangular volume in Euclidean space or a part segmented on a mesh manifold, the computation will be very costly. The part-whole matching must account for, for each 3D whole shape in a database, varying position, scale and orientation of the segmented sub parts. Another approach, in an attempt to make part-whole matching efficient, tries to approximate part-whole inclusion test with a single comparison between a pair of features, one representing the part-based query and the other representing the whole shape. Aggregation of local geometrical features of parts into a feature per whole 3D shape, e.g., via Bag-of-Features approach, is an example. This approach so far suffered from inaccuracy as the aggregation is not optimized for part-whole inclusion test of 3D shapes. This paper proposes a novel P3DMR algorithm called Part-Whole Relation Embedding network (PWRE-net) that effectively and efficiently performs part-whole inclusion test via learned embedding into a common feature space. Using deep neural network, the PWRE-net learns, from a large number of part-whole shape pairs, a common embedding of partial shapes and their associated whole shapes. For the training, training datasets containing part-whole shape pairs are created automatically from unlabeled 3D models. Experimental evaluation shows that PWRE-net outperforms existing algorithms both in terms of retrieval accuracy and efficiency.

A Comparative-Philosophical Solution to the Problem of Part-Whole Relations Between רוח -Type Entities in the Hebrew Bible

What has been called “the pneumatology” of the Hebrew Bible is generally held to be an unsolved problem. To this day, available research operates on the assumption of a “missing link” between theological, cosmological, and anthropological domains distinguished within the meta-language. This is indeed evident from a comparative-philosophical perspective in that the conceptual background for רוח -type entities as encountered in scholarly discourse comes across as ontologically disjointed and metaphysically fragmented. In the present article, the author argues that the riddle of “The One and the Many” is a pseudo-problem generated by anachronistic Platonic dualism supervening on inquiries into the assumed nature of רוח as “Ursubstanz” and the mereology of רוח -type entities in the world of the text. In addition, a unified theory is put forward with reference to the problem of part-whole relations as can be reconstructed from the perspective of more monistic conceptions of spirit in the associated history and philosophy of religion.

Supporting Students’ Reasoning About Multiplication of Fractions by Constructing an Array Model

The aim of the research is to support students in constructing an array model as a bridge from their informal knowledge to the formal one in understanding the part-whole relation concept. The part-whole relation concept is important for students to reason about multiplication of fractions. Realistic Mathematics Education which is in Indonesia adapted as Pendidikan Matematika Realistik Indonesia (PMRI) is used as an approach in designing a series of lessons. For this purpose, hypothetical learning trajectory (HLT) became the base for conducting a teaching experiment and designing its learning materials. The research was conducted in the fifth grade of SD Al Hikmah Surabaya, an elementary school in Indonesia, with five students as the participants. The collected data were qualitative data in the form of students’ written works and the transcript of video recording during the lesson. The data were analyzed retrospectively by confronting the conjecture of students’ thinking in the HLT with the fact in the teaching experiment. The result of the research shows that most students could use the contextual problem in promoting their ability on constructing their own array model to reason about part-whole relation.

Parts, Wholes, and Quantity in Euclid’s Elements

This paper develops a novel methodology, combining history of mathematics, philology, philosophy of mathematics, and logic. We develop a formal logical treatment of Euclid’s Elements , in which set theory plays no role, but the logic of part and whole does. We first consider a controversy about the nature of Euclid’s Elements Book II. For Euclid, the part-whole relation plays roles that are now played by arithmetic operations. This shows one crucial limitation of the controversial interpretation of this text as geometrical algebra. Returning to the beginning, we present a formal language for stating Propositions 1 through 10 (omitting 7) and proofs of them. Surprisingly, this has never been done (except for one recent approach, which differs from ours in an essential way). We conclude by sketching several significant ways in which this project can be further developed.

Knowledge Management of Web Financial Reporting in Human-Computer Interactive Perspective

Handling and analyzing to web financial data is becoming a challenge issue in knowledge management and education to accounting practitioners. eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), which is a type of web financial reporting, describes and recognizes financial items by tagging metadata. The goal is to make it possible for financial reports to be handled accurately and to be analyzed automatically via human-computer interactive approach. To solve the issues that analyzing financial data might create, (1) a decidable Tableau algorithm for description logic DLRBR is proposed; (2) a formalization approach about part-whole relationship in XBRL is proposed; (3) consistency checking and logical reasoning of XBRL metadata is discussed; (4) then a human-computer interactive prototype system is developed to verify the proposed method. The results can help prompting the ability of knowledge management and education in accountings.

La comprensión de las metáforas en niños de primaria

El objetivo de este artículo es describir el desarrollo de la comprensión de las metáforas, así como el tipo de relaciones parte-todo que son capaces de establecer los niños al resolver adivinanzas. Los participantes de la investigación fueron 30 estudiantes de una escuela primaria federal del estado de Querétaro (México): 10 estudiantes de segundo, 10 de cuarto y 10 de sexto grado. Se les pidió responder a cuatro adivinanzas metafóricas y explicar qué información habían considerado para llegar a sus respuestas. Los resultados muestran que: a) la comprensión de las metáforas presenta un patrón evolutivo ascendente en relación al grado escolar y, b) los participantes de los grados superiores tienden a construir relaciones parte-todo más integradoras y coherentes que los estudiantes de los grados inferiores, lo que les permite comprender mejor las metáforas de las adivinanzas. Los resultados obtenidos confirman los hallazgos de Calderón (2012) y Calderón, Vernon y Carrillo (2012).

The effect of art group psychotherapy with photograph in chronic psychiatric disorders: A pilot study

Photograph was used as a therapeutic tool for the first time in 1856 by Dr. Hugh Diamond. Photos are considered to be representations of a person's reality. The possibility of producing visual images when a client has verbal expression difficulties, photography provides a more structured way of expressing ideas and emotions and to be a means of projective-symbolic communication. Photo therapy with chronic psychotic patients may contribute to development of perception of reality, part-whole relationship, integration, distinction of external-internal world, symbolization capacity and improve ego functions The aim of this study was to determine the effect of phototherapy on symptomatology, functionality, emotional regulation, cognitive skills and coping skills in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders. In accordance with this aim, the study was carried out with 14 outpatients diagnosed as chronic schizophrenic or psychotic disorder. Seven patients received routine medical care plus 28-week psychotherapy with photograph and 7 patients received only routine medical care. Patients were assessed in pre and post-treatment with Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning, Ways of Coping Inventory and Neuropsychological Test Battery. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test used for statistical analysis. The therapy method resulted in statistically significant reductions in the level of depression and general symptom levels and statistically significant improvement in cognitive abilities and functionality (P < .05). There was also statistically significant improvement in positive reappraisal subscale of coping ways. These findings may indicate that photo-oriented art group therapy might show positive effects on the course of chronic psychotic disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.