Active Part Research Articles

POS DILAN (POSYANDU PEDULI LANSIA) DI DESA SUNGAI BEMBAN KEC. KUBU KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA

Posyandu for the elderly is a place of health services for elderly people (usila) in a certain area. Posyandu for the elderly according to Law no. 13 of 1998 is a forum for services to the elderly in society which focuses on health, psychological and spiritual services, fulfilling nutrition so that the elderly can meet their needs and have adequate social welfare. However, the utilization of posyandu for the elderly is still very far from the target of 90%. Objective: Helping the people of Sungai Bemban Village, especially the elderly of Karya Baru Hamlet, Sungai Bemban Village. Method: This community service was carried out in Sungai Bemban village, Kubu sub-district, Kubu Raya regency on 19-20 September 2021. The target was the elderly. The activities carried out were health checks and elderly exercise. Results: There were 18 elderly people who took part in this pos dilan activity with the majority (72%) experiencing high blood pressure, cholesterol (44%), blood sugar (33%). Conclusion: Dilan Posyandu activities went smoothly, the participants looked enthusiastic about taking part in the posyandu, as well as the cadres who provided support, while most of the elderly did not attend because the examination location was quite far from the elderly's homes.

Advancements in the investigation of chemical components and pharmacological properties of Codonopsis: A review

Species of the genus Codonopsis (Campanulaceae) have a long history of application, acclaimed for its edible and therapeutic attributes. Scholarly inquiries into Codonopsis span botany, phytochemistry, quality assurance, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity, revealing a rich and comprehensive body of knowledge. This study synthesizes information from esteemed scientific databases like SciFinder, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese herbal classics to create a thorough scientific conceptual and theoretical framework for Codonopsis research. In this article, the phytochemical composition includes saccharides, polyacetylenes, polyenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, terpenoids, and organic acids was summarized. To date, over 350 monomeric compounds have been isolated and identified from Codonopsis, with recent studies primarily focusing on polysaccharides, aromatic derivatives, lignans, and polyacetylenes. Codonopsis exhibits broad pharmacological activities across various systems, including immune, blood, cardiovascular, central nervous, and digestive systems, with no significant toxicity or adverse effects reported. The existing research, focusing on various extracts and active parts without identifying specific active molecules, complicates the understanding of the mechanisms of action. There is an urgent need to advance research on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects to fully elucidate its pharmacodynamic properties and the basis of its material composition. Such efforts are crucial for the rational development, utilization, and clinical application of this herb.

The Heart of Residency.

Description As part of wellness activities in 2023, our family medicine residents produced individual paintings. Samantha coalesced these 4 × 4 canvases to create this heart. The following quote is also poignant for those of us in family medicine.

Regional anaesthesia for district hospitals and clinics.

Pain is a common reason that patients seek care in the emergency department (ED). Regional anaesthesia in the form of nerve blocks provides an excellent alternative to traditional forms of analgesia, and may be superior in managing musculoskeletal pain compared to opioids. Adequate pain management improves patient satisfaction, facilitates examination and minor procedures, and allows for earlier and safe discharge. In low resource settings this modality is underutilised due to lack of trained providers and/or support from specialised services, shortages of equipment, and lack of context-sensitive guidelines. Advances in ultrasound guided regional anaesthesia has the potential to improve access to safe and reliable anaesthesia. It is often not accessible or an active part of training even for emergency physicians. There are, however, a number of nerve blocks that are easy to learn, don't require specialised equipment, and can be readily applied in EDs for minor procedures and longer acting forms of analgesia. Nerve blocks more applicable in the operating theatre or best done under ultrasound guidance are mentioned but not discussed in this article. This continuous professional development (CPD) article aims to provide guidance with respect to several key areas related to more commonly used types of regional anaesthesia in district level services. We discuss the importance of good clinical practice including thorough preparation of equipment and the patient to avoid common complications, clinical indications for regional blocks in the ED, local anaesthetic agents, different techniques for some common regional blocks, potential complications, and the need for a trained interprofessional team.

Platforms for Integration of Open Access Resources of Research and Educational Institutions

In order to study the involvement of Russian academic and educational institutions in joint projects to create open access (OA) archives, we have researched the websites of 106 Russian HEIs participating in the program “Priority 2030” and 453 research institutes (RIs) of the first three categories. As a result of the work carried out, it has been found out that 38% of educational institutions’ websites contain institutional repositories (IRs), but half of them are remotely inaccessible. 20% of repositories of educational organizations participate in joint projects to ensure OA. Only 6% of the research organizations’ websites contain IRs that are presented mainly as part of an electronic library (EL), but not as independent repositories. In addition, 10.5% of the total number of RIs do not maintain their own repositories or ELs, but provide information about research results of their employees, the most important academic achievements of researchers as well as give access to digitized texts of the most significant works published within the framework of joint projects. At the same time, information about participation in these projects is missing on the websites of academic institutions. The examination of the websites of Russian educational and research institutions has shown that their participation in projects to develop cooperative OA archives is not uniform: while some institutions are indifferent, others take an active part in several projects at once and provide information about themselves in foreign aggregators. As a result of the research, we have found 7 projects aimed at integrating OA information resources on a single platform. These resources are implemented mainly in ELs. They are different in number of participants, quantity and chronological depth of the content offered. The identified projects can be conditionally divided into multidisciplinary and thematic, national and regional. It has been found out that some ELs provide open access to all content only for project participants, i.e. remote users have the opportunity to familiarize themselves only with public pages or only a small part of the content is available to them.

The problem of identification in Ch. N. Adichie’s “Half of a Yellow Sun”

The article deals with the novel “Half of a Yellow Sun” (2006) by the African-American writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. The writer shows different components of the identification process in the modern multicultural world. The main historical event of the novel is the Civil War of 1967-1970, which took place due to political and ethnic struggle. It was caused by numerous attempts by the southeastern provinces of Nigeria to secede and form the Republic of Biafra. The novel shows how the interethnic conflict between the Hausa and Igbo peoples, and later the war, influence not only the fate of the characters, but also the peculiarities of their identification process. This process is represented by three components: ethnic, national and gender. Kainene and Odenigbo, whose ethnicity is formed and recognized with the emergence of a new republic, feel, first, not as Nigerians, but as Igbos. Therefore, they take an active part in the Civil War. British interest in the war is shown through the characters of Susan and Richard who demonstrate typical colonial attitudes towards Africans. However, Richard’s interest in African culture contributes to the process of realizing the ethnic identity of Ugwu who chooses a member of the African community for his role model. Olanna, representing a new generation of Nigerian women, destroys the traditional forms of gender relations in Nigerian reality.

Occupational Accidents in Agriculture in a Developing Country: What are the Particularities? Example of the Société de Cultures Légumières (SCL) of Saint-Louis in Senegal between 2017 and 2021

This study aimed at describing the types of occupational accidents in an agriculture company in Senegal where that field, even on a large scale, has retained a large part of manual activities; it also help to point out the factors involved in order to identify major areas for prevention. We made a retrospective study from January 1st, 2017, to December 31st, 2021, at the SCL, covering all victims of work-related accidents according to the ILO definition. There were 965 occupational accidents, of which 131 (13%) are commuting accidents. Lost-time injuries accounted for 44.4%. Accidents were of low severity in 88.7% of cases, high in 6.8% of cases and very high in 4.5% of cases. The frequency and severity rates were respectively 24.3% and 0.24%. The victims were mainly men (67.8%), aged on average 35.3 years and working in their positions for 3.4 years. The predominant lesion was wound with 46.9% of cases. The severity of the accident was inversely related to seniority. It was also related to gender, with women having more serious accidents than men. Commuting accidents were also 14.2 times more serious than on-site accidents. Occupational accidents in agriculture are more common in developing countries. Unlike developed countries, they are more often of low to very low severity. Hand tools are the mostly incriminated and lack of experience is one of the prominent factors.

A Triterpene-Based bioactive drug delivery system for combined chemotherapy of liver cancer

Carrier materials always account for the majority particularly in nanosized formulations, which are administrated along with the active ingredient part might result in metabolism related toxicity. The usage of bioactive excipients could not only reduce the sided effect but also provide additional therapeutic effects. In the present study, a triterpene based micellar drug delivery system was developed using a bioactive solanesol derivative. Solanesylamine was prepared firstly followed by conjugating with poly (ethylene glycol) using maleic acid amide linkage. The amphiphilic drug carrier PEGylated (2-propyl-3-methylmaleic acid)-block-solanesol amine (mPEG-CDM-NH-SOL) could be formed into micelles and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) inside. The micelles were about 112 nm in size and the drug loading content was about 5.97 wt%. An acid triggered drug release behavior was obviously observed for the DOX loaded pH-sensitive micelle mPEG-CDM-NH-SOL-DOX. While not for DOX-loaded micelles without pH-sensitivity (mPEG-NHS-NH-SOL). CCK8 assay showed that the micelles of PEGylated solanesylamines exhibited certain inhibitory effect on tumor cells at high concentration and the pH sensitive ones seemed more toxic. In vivo studies showed that the pH sensitive mPEG-CDM-NH-SOL-DOX had a superior anti-tumor effect, indicating its great potential in cancer treatment.

The impact of digitalization on forming modern youth political leadership

Youth political engagement is a crucial aspect of modern society. In this regard, digitalization opens huge communicative and mobilization opportunities by transforming young people’s political participation into a digital format with unpredictable consequences. The article analyzes digitalization impact as a complex multi-stage process in modern world on forming youth political leadership. The essence and stages of digitalization, the consequences of digital technologies impact on society, political processes, and youth environment have been studied. The transformational impact on socialization, communicative culture and self-consciousness of youth as a fundamental basis for forming its most active part – youth political leaders – has been revealed. The authors consider how the use of digital means of communication, social networks, and digital ecosystems contributes to the activation of youth participation in political life, accelerates the process of forming youth political leaders, providing their “promotion” in the online space and supporters mobilization. Challenges and threats of digitalization faced by youth and young political leaders have been considered. The authors concluded that digitalization at the present stage is the most important condition for attracting and forming youth political leadership, but this aspect requires further study and support at the public policy level.

Recent Holocene activity and regional tectonic significance of the northern segment of the red river fault zone

The Red River Fault Zone is a large-scale right-lateral strike-slip fault zone with relatively strong activity during the Quaternary Period. This fault, located on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai‒Tibetan Plateau, plays a key role in the extrusion, rotation and escape of the continental blocks constituting the Qinghai‒Tibetan Plateau. Furthermore, this fault represents the southwestern boundary of the Sichuan–Yunnan Block, which has experienced strong deformation and frequent seismic activity. The northern segment of the Red River Fault Zone is the most active part of the whole fault. However, surface erosion and vegetation coverage have obscured the activity of the northern segment; therefore, the study of its activity has obviously been insufficient. There is still controversy over whether all the secondary faults on the northern segment are active Holocene faults. Studying the activity characteristics of the northern segment, which is densely populated, is particularly important for seismic risk prevention in this area. Based on remote sensing interpretations and field geological surveys, this paper describes the latest activity characteristics of the Cangshan Piedmont Fault, Fengyi–Dingxiling Fault and Midu Basin Margin Fault, including their spatial distributions and kinematic characteristics. According to the ages of the offset strata in profiles, the above three secondary faults were all active in the late Holocene. The latest active age of the Cangshan Piedmont Fault was later than 543-494 cal BP, and two palaeoseismic events that occurred in this section during the Holocene occurred at 2700 and 473 cal BP. The latest active age of the Fengyi–Dingxiling Fault was later than 2760–2700 cal BP; in this section, one Holocene palaeoseismic event occurred between 1777 cal BP and 2730 cal BP, another occurred between 2730 cal BP and 5664 cal BP, and the third occurred between 6449 cal BP and 8360 cal BP. The latest active age of the Midu Basin Margin Fault was later than 558-510 cal BP, and two Holocene palaeoseismic events occurred later than 2318-2114 cal BP and 558-510 cal BP. Based on the results of this paper and previous studies, we believe that the Fengyi–Dingxiling Fault on the northern segment of the Red River Fault Zone is at risk for future strong earthquakes. Additionally, abundant geological and geomorphologic evidence suggests that the northern segment is dominated by normal faults, reflecting the local strain response to secondary clockwise rotation of the Sichuan–Yunnan Block along the boundary fault. This finding is in line with the eastwards extrusion and escape of materials on the Qinghai‒Tibetan Plateau caused by the northwards and northeastwards pushing of the Indian Plate. To a certain extent, these observations reflect the tectonic deformation coordination between block rotation and boundary fault slip in the Sichuan–Yunnan Block in the context of continental block extrusion on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau.

Награждение военнослужащих войск НКВД в годы Великой Отечественной войны (1941–1945)

The article analyses the practice of awarding People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) troops during the Great Patriotic War. It is pointed out that in 1941–1942 NKVD troops took an active part in the battles alongside Red Army units. After 1943 the commissariat’s main service and combat activity was protecting the army’s rear. The problem-chronological, typological historical, and comparative methods, as well as statistical analysis of the award data were used in this paper. Having studied archival materials, published data and personal documents, the author argues that during the initial phase of the war, awarding failed to meet the needs of the troops. It is noted that in 1942–1944 the award system was decentralized by delegating award rights to commanders (chiefs) of NKVD troops; their award arsenal was expanded with new orders and medals. The award practice indicates that there were no specialized awards to distinguish accomplishments in protecting the rear, important facilities and railways or in fighting against the nationalist underground. NKVD troops were presented with uniform state awards on the same basis as representatives of other agencies that were part of the Soviet Armed Forces (Red Army and Navy). The author comes to the conclusion that, due to the specific nature of the tasks performed (in the army’s rear), state awards were rarely given to employees (groups of employees) of NKVD troops. The majority of distinctions were departmental and included material (valuable gifts and money) or moral (certificates of merit and acknowledgement) rewards.

Germany’s Strategic Activity in the Sahel and the Problem of Sovereignty for Regional States: The Case of Mali

Using Mali as an example of a geostrategically important African state, the article explores the extent to which Germany’s political and military steps contributed or did not contribute to the sovereignty of the state that was trying to overcome the instability. Taking into account the ambiguous issue of the completeness of the sovereignty of Germany itself, the author analyzes the FRG’s fundamental ability to transfer its experience in this field to other states. In the second half of the 2010s, the scope and effectiveness of German efforts to stabilize the situation in Mali were insufficient. Germany, especially in the first stages of the settlement (from 2013 to 2015), did not make a noticeable contribution to peacemaking and peacekeeping activities. The use of the Bundeswehr in the field became noticeable only from 2016–2018; however, it did not lead to the necessary results. By the mid-2010s, Germany had already begun to take an active part in the security sector reform in Mali. However, the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the newly trained personnel of the Malian army were insufficient to ensure peace and security in the country. Having accepted the functions of one of the main external participants in the settlement, Germany did not accompany this with the necessary efforts. In addition, Germany was not ready to ensure efficiently the nationalization of the settlement, that is, to transfer control over the process to those internal forces that were capable of leading the country to peace. The incomplete resolution of the armed conflict and its degradation since the end of the 2010s have manifested the regress of Mali’s gaining sovereignty. Therefore, the Malian militaries, since 2020‒2021, have been trying to realize another scenario without the built-in participation of Western democracies. The paper explores the perception by the new Malian powers of the German military presence in the country.

Абсолютные права и свободы: некоторые проблемы правовой регламентации

The article analyzes scientific opinions on the absolute nature of the fundamental rights and freedoms of human and citizen. The result of the analysis is the conclusion that the basis for distinguishing the constitutional rights and freedoms of human and citizen from absolute and relative rights and freedoms is the legal possibility of restricting them. The norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal constitutional and federal laws governing restrictions on human and civil rights and freedoms in a state of emergency, martial law, and counter-terrorism operation are being investigated. As a result, constitutional personal rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen with signs of an absolute nature are determined. The right to free economic activity (part 1 of article 34) and the right to housing (part 1 of article 40) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are economic and may be limited in exceptional cases.

A study protocol for a non-randomised evaluation of a growth-based career construction psychosocial intervention for higher education students

BackgroundDespite promising emerging evidence on the protective properties and interrelationships of posttraumatic growth, career adaptability and psychological flexibility, no studies have reported interventions that promote these positive personal resources among higher education students. Nurturing these positive personal resources in future interventions is recommended to holistically address students’ developmental, academic and career-related challenges associated with major transitions. This paper describes (a) the rationale for and development of a tailored growth-based career construction psychosocial intervention, ‘Sailing through Life and My Career Path’ (SLCP) for higher education students; and (b) a mixed-method non-randomised pre-post study to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed psychosocial intervention in achieving positive participant outcomes.Methods and analysisOver a 12-week period, higher education students will be recruited to take part in group and independent learning activities that are tailored to nurture positive personal resources to overcome challenges related to developmental, academic and career-related transitions. Quantitative data will be collected before and after the intervention and will be analysed using SPSS v26. Follow-up semi-structured interviews with participants (students), interventionists (group facilitators), and administrators will be conducted to explore perceptions of the intervention, to understand its process of change, and to determine its feasibility and acceptability in the higher education setting. All interviews will be transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.DiscussionBy filling in a gap in existing intervention research and practice, the proposed study serves to generate new knowledge and insights by evaluating the effectiveness of a tailored psychosocial intervention that responds to the complex needs associated with major life transitions of higher education students.

Synthesis strategies, regeneration, cost analysis, challenges and future prospects of bacterial cellulose-based aerogels for water treatment: A review

Clean water is an integral part of industries, agricultural activities and human life, but water contamination by toxic dyes, heavy metals, and oil spills is increasingly serious in the world. Aerogels with unique properties such as highly porous and extremely low density, tunable surface modification, excellent reusability, and thermal stability can contribute to addressing these issues. Thanks to high purity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, bacterial cellulose can be an ideal precursor source to produce aerogels. Here, we review the modification, regeneration, and applications of bacterial cellulose-based aerogels for water treatment. The modification of bacterial cellulose-based aerogels undergoes coating of hydrophobic agents, carbonization, and incorporation with other materials, e.g., ZIF-67, graphene oxide, nanoparticles, polyaniline. We emphasized features of modified aerogels on porosity, hydrophobicity, density, surface chemistry, and regeneration. Although major limits are relevant to the use of toxic coating agents, difficulty in bacterial culture, and production cost, the bacterial cellulose aerogels can obtain high performance for water treatment, particularly, catastrophic oil spills.

Accounting for income and expenditure on government quotas for greenhouse gas emissions in crop production

Subject. This article discusses the problems and possibilities of accounting for income and expenses associated with compliance with quotas for greenhouse emissions in relation to the activities of crop production enterprises. Objectives. The article aims to systematize and generalize knowledge about the problems and possibilities of accounting for income and expenses associated with compliance with quotas for greenhouse emissions at various enterprises, including those engaged in crop production. Methods. For the study, I used a dialectical approach, observation, analysis and synthesis, as well as elements of accounting methods. Results. The article proposes to take into account the income and expenses associated with compliance with emission quotas as part of ordinary activities, and it recommends calculating the cost of individual plant varieties taking into account the costs associated with quotas. It proposes an accounting system for recording a long-term government greenhouse emissions quota as a government subsidy (measured at fair value) in the ordinary course of business. Conclusions. Greenhouse emissions are inseparable from the standard activities of enterprises and are calculated on the basis of their volumes. The volume of greenhouse emissions should be reflected in the cost and profitability of sales of plant crops.

INTER-UNIVERSITY LECTURE COURSE “SYSTEMIC, DISCURSIVE, AND COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF WORD-FORMATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATION IN RUSSIAN”

The article describes the online course of lectures Systemic, Discursive and Cognitive Aspects of Word-formation and Morphological Derivation in Russian Language, held in accordance with the Program of Cooperation between Lomonosov Moscow State University and Donetsk State University. It was held in September 2022 - May 2023 by the Russian Language Departments of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Donetsk State University for students from the two universities. The prehistory and motives of the creation of the lecture course , a chronicle of its implementation with a description of the subjects of the lectures and linguistic problems are presented. It is noted that not only representatives of the organizing universities, but also professors from other Russian universities took an active part in the creation of the course as lecturers. The authors give the students’ and lecturers’ evaluations of the course.

Experts and Evidence: Sweden’s Nuclear Decision-Making in the 1970s

The role of nuclear power was intensely debated in Sweden in the 1970s. Experts took an active part in the debate and many of them presented their views in books and booklets. The experts were divided in their view of Sweden’s nuclear future. This should be a good ground for getting a well-informed public and seeing the nuclear decision-making as both democratic and rational. However, the anti-nuclear side had a tendency to argue against nuclear power as part of a larger system of hard technology and big power dominance, standing against local initiatives and ecology. They were disinclined to take up a discussion that could have moderated the perceived threats and risks of nuclear power. This disinclination even led to a rather misleading argument about the relationship between nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Amazingly, it was spread by the most prestigious of all the experts involved.

The contribution of hormonal disorders in the pathogenesis of metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease

The analysis has been performed for the contribution of hormones to the pathogenetic mechanisms of metabolic‑associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The role of adipose tissue hormones in the development of metabolic disorders and systemic inflammatory reactions is well investigated and proved. With progression of metabolic‑associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the leptin levels increase, and adiponectin and omentin levels decrease, associating with the proinflammatory and profibrotic state of the liver and impaired glucose metabolism. The liver also produces hormone‑like proteins, hepatokines, which actively affect the extrahepatic regulation of metabolism, namely, contribute to the development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Medications, affecting the endocrinological component of MASLD/MASH pathogenesis, are considered one the of the most promising approaches for the treatment of these diseases. It should be noted that only pioglitazone and glucagon‑like peptide (GLP)‑1 receptor agonists are the two antihyperglycemic drugs with proven efficacy and safety at MASH. Thus, the use of GLP‑1 agonists results in the reduction of food intake, body weight, improvement of glucose control in patients with MASH, they reduce steatosis and insulin resistance, and the level of inflammation in the liver. The data are available indicating the prospect of using dual agonists of GLP‑1/glucagon and GLP‑1 and glucose‑dependent insulinotropic peptide for the treatment of MASLD/MASH. According to preliminary data, such combinations resulted in the decrease in steatosis and improvement in liver fibrosis indicators, though additional proof is required to confirm changes in the histological liver characteristics. Another group of hormones with significant importance in MASLD pathogenesis, are hormones of the adrenal glands (aldosterone, cortisol and androgens), as they take an active part in the regulation of the response to stress and lipolysis. In this aspect, androgens attract special attention, because firstly, both their deficiency and excess will contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis, obesity, insulin resistance and other signs of metabolic syndrome, and secondly, their deficiency will contribute to the development of sarcopenia, which is very important in the aspect of MASLD. A lack of estrogen in women will also contribute to liver steatosis, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity. One of the factors affecting the development of liver steatosis can be growth hormone, decrease in its level will contribute to the intrahepatic accumulation of fat, which will increase the risk of MASHP. Thyroid hormones can also play a role in the development of MASLD, the severity of hypothyroidism has a direct correlation with the severity of MASLD, and the levels of thyroid‑stimulating hormone and free thyroxine have an association with liver fibrosis.

MODERN STATE OF SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL TOURISM

The article explores the concept of sports and recreational tourism. It defines the basic characteristics and goals of sports and recreational tourism, analyzes its varieties and functions. Various approaches to defining this concept are examined, and typical features and peculiarities are identified. The classification of sports and recreational tourism contributes to a more in-depth study of its modifications, determining key development trends and characteristics, and facilitates the systematization of knowledge for a deeper understanding of the essence of sports and recreational tourism. Health and sports activities are one of the most accessible and widespread forms of recreation. Its role will continue to grow, considering the objectively determined decrease in physical mobility and activity among people due to the nature of the development of modern society. Sports tourism is a component of modern tourism, the most active and dynamic part of tourist activity based on communal principles. Sports tourism is also a type of sport that includes various active tourist activities, sports hikes of all difficulty levels, championships, and competitions in all types of sports tourism (hiking, skiing, mountain, water, cycling, motorcycle, car, spelunking, and sailing), complex events, and expeditions. This type of tourism not only offers the opportunity to travel but also involves engaging in sports, preserving and improving health while deriving pleasure from active recreation. One of the key characteristics of sports and recreational tourism is the variety of activities that can be involved in this type of travel. This may include cycling tourism, hiking, water sports, mountaineering, skiing resorts, kayaking or canoeing, snowboarding, and many other activities. This variety provides the opportunity to choose sports activities according to physical abilities and personal preferences. The second key component of sports and recreational tourism is its promotion of a healthy lifestyle. The activities offered by this type of tourism contribute to physical fitness improvement, health preservation, and overall well-being. It allows people not only to relax but also to maintain and improve their health, deriving satisfaction from activity and new travel experiences. Moreover, sports and recreational tourism contribute to understanding among people and create a favourable atmosphere for interaction and joint activities. Travellers who choose this type of journey often travel in groups, where they interact, support each other, and collectively achieve sports goals. This also contributes to the formation of new friendships and team relationships. With the development of infrastructure, sports and recreational tourism become more accessible and popular for the public. This type of travel offers the opportunity to combine the pleasure of relaxation and activity, preserving and improving health, and provides unforgettable travel experiences. Key words: tourism, sports and recreational tourism, sports tourism, functions of sports and recreational tourism, types of sports and recreational tourism.