Genome-wide identification, docking and expression analysis of ATP-binding cassette gene family of Parnara guttata, a major rice pest (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae).

Comparative experiments on trapping major rice pests using different methods showed that a light-transmitting three-combination trapping method, using different combinations of color plates + insect sex pheromones + transmitting (shielding) light covers + solar-powered automatic insect-attracting ultraviolet lamps, demonstrated significant positive attraction and synergistic effects on the simultaneous capture of multiple pests, including rice Sogatella furcifera, Laodelphax striatellus, Chilo suppressalis, and Sesamia inferens and rice leafhoppers, Sitobion miscanthi, Cnaphalocrocis exigua, Parnara guttata, and Naranga aenescens. In addition, the light-transmitting three-combination trapping method has a low benefit-harm ratio and is not easily disturbed by non-target flies (Muscadomestica). The ultraviolet light and transmitting cover in the device had a negative effect on attracting the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, resulting in a highly significant or significant decrease in its capture rate. The results also showed that the light-shielding double-combination trapping method, which lacks ultraviolet lamp waves and transmitting covers, had no significant difference in the capture rate and insect benefit-harm ratio of C. medinalis adults compared with the glue-type sex lure method, confirming that C. medinalis has a significant negative tendency characteristic to ultraviolet lamp waves and transmitting covers. Therefore, the light-shielding double-combination trapping method using color plates and insect sex pheromones is recommended for monitoring the weakly phototactic C. medinalis. The light-transmitting three-combination trapping method is preferred for the simultaneous capture of multiple major rice pests besides C. medinalis. This study provides a scientific basis for the rational and effective application of multi-source physical and chemical trapping for monitoring and pest control of major crop pests.

Much empirical data obtained across taxa is necessary to evaluate how variation in migratory costs and benefits can play a role in shaping the phenotypic and genetic patterns of reproductive investment between populations. Reproductive resources are allocated to both the size and number of eggs, and females may vary their allocation to each of these traits in response to increased movement capacity. In central regions of Japan, the rice plant skipper Parnara guttata guttata migrates in a southwesterly direction every year during late summer and early autumn (‘migratory’ population), but this migration is not observed in populations in southern or parts of western Japan (‘resident’ population). If migratory costs and benefits vary between these populations, they may cause their reproductive strategies to differ. Moreover, migration combined with a shift of reproductive allocation that evolved in one generation may influence the flight ability and patterns of reproductive allocation in the other generation in which migration has not evolved. In this study, a common-garden experiment was conducted to compare reproductive traits (egg size and number of eggs), flight ability and body size between these populations under two daylength regimes, at which different forms of adult P. g. guttata emerge. Under both daylength regimes the female adults of migratory populations had greater flight ability and tended to lay a greater number of eggs, which were on average smaller than the eggs laid by resident population females. A population-level difference in reaction norm elevation for flight ability and number of eggs was detected, but no interactions between population and daylength. The effects of the energetic cost of flight, adaptive constraints (e.g., genetic correlations and trade-offs), and the optimal strategy may explain the difference between populations of this species in the patterns of reproductive allocation to egg size and number of eggs.

Forecasting Rice Skipper (<i>Parnara guttata guttata</i>) Occurrences by White Sticky Trap for Monitoring Adult and by Effective Accumulated Temperature Calculation Using the Agro-Meteorological Grid Square Data System

Resistance of transgenic rice events (rbcS:cry1Ac) against three lepidopteran rice pests

Plants synthesize variable mixtures of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as part of their evolutionary conserved defense. To elucidate the impact of chewing herbivores with different level of adaptation on HIPV profiles in rice, we measured HIPVs released from rice seedlings challenged by either the generalist herbivore Mythimna loreyi (MYL) or the specialist Parnara guttata (PAG). Both herbivores markedly elicited the emission of HIPVs, mainly on the second and third days after attack compared to control plants. In addition, side-by-side HIPV comparisons using MYL and PAG caterpillars revealed that generalist feeding induced comparably more HIPVs relative to specialist, particularly on day two as highlighted by multivariate analysis (PLS-DA) of emitted HIPVs, and further confirmed in mimicked herbivory experiments. Here, mechanically wounded plants treated with water (WW) released more VOCs than untreated controls, and on top of this, oral secretions (OS) from both herbivores showed differential effects on volatile emissions from the wounded plants. Similar to actual herbivory, MYL OS promoted higher amounts of HIPVs relative to PAG OS, thus supporting disparate induction of rice indirect defenses in response to generalist and specialist herbivores, which could be due to the differential composition of their OS. (196 words).

イネツトムシ(Parnara guttata)の食害を受けたイネ(Oryza sativa)で調製したホールクロップサイレージの飼料特性

The phylogenetic relationships of 16 species in 7 genera of butterflies belonging to the tribe Baorini in China were explored based on the partial sequences of three mitochondrial genes (Cytb, ND1 and 16S rDNA). Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses. The monophyly of Baorini was confirmed with strong support. In addition, phylogenetic analyses suggest that Parnara, Baoris, Pelopidas and Caltoris are monophyletic. Baoris and Pelopidas are sister groups with strong support, whereas the relationships among Borbo, Pseudoborbo and Caltoris remain uncertain. A great differentiation was found between two subspecies of Parnara guttata, i.e., Pa. guttata guttata and Pa. guttata mangala in our molecular analysis results. Combined with their morphological differences, this leads us to suggest Pa. guttata mangala is an independent species.

晩植飼料イネのイチモンジセセリ（チョウ目：セセリチョウ科）幼虫密度と飼料イネの乾燥重量および栄養価

Induced plant defense responses against insect herbivores are triggered by wounding and/or perception of herbivore elicitors from their oral secretions (OS) and/or saliva. In this study, we analyzed OS isolated from two rice chewing herbivores, Mythimna loreyi and Parnara guttata. Both types of crude OS had substantial elicitor activity in rice cell system that allowed rapid detection of early and late defense responses, i.e. accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defense secondary metabolites, respectively. While the OS from M. loreyi contained large amounts of previously reported insect elicitors, fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs), the elicitor-active P. guttata’s OS contained no detectable FACs. Subsequently, elicitor activity associated with the high molecular mass fraction in OS of both herbivores was identified, and shown to promote ROS and metabolite accumulations in rice cells. Notably, the application of N-linolenoyl-Gln (FAC) alone had only negligible elicitor activity in rice cells; however, the activity of isolated elicitor fraction was substantially promoted by this FAC. Our results reveal that plants integrate various independent signals associated with their insect attackers to modulate their defense responses and reach maximal fitness in nature.

Plants defend against attack from herbivores by direct and indirect defence mechanisms mediated by the accumulation of phytoalexins and release of volatile signals, respectively. While the defensive arsenals of some plants, such as tobacco and Arabidopsis are well known, most of rice's (Oryza sativa) defence metabolites and their effectiveness against herbivores remain uncharacterized. Here, we used a non-biassed metabolomics approach to identify many novel herbivory-regulated metabolic signatures in rice. Most were up-regulated by herbivore attack while only a few were suppressed. Two of the most prominent up-regulated signatures were characterized as phenolamides (PAs), p-coumaroylputrescine and feruloylputrescine. PAs accumulated in response to attack by both chewing insects, i.e. feeding of the lawn armyworm (Spodoptera mauritia) and the rice skipper (Parnara guttata) larvae, and the attack of the sucking insect, the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH). In bioassays, BPH insects feeding on 15% sugar solution containing p-coumaroylputrescine or feruloylputrescine, at concentrations similar to those elicited by heavy BPH attack in rice, had a higher mortality compared to those feeding on sugar diet alone. Our results highlight PAs as a rapidly expanding new group of plant defence metabolites that are elicited by herbivore attack, and deter herbivores in rice and other plants.

The genus Habenaria is one of the largest orchid genera, and although it has a broad distribution, its main centers of diversity are in Brazil, eastern Asia, and central and southern Africa. Despite its diversity, little is known about the pollinators of this genus, but the few published reports to date indicate that Habenaria sp. are mainly pollinated by moths. Here we report that the diurnal skipper Pelopidas mathias can act as a pollinator for the population of Habenaria radiata in Nara Prefecture, Japan. Previous reports have shown that another diurnal skipper, Parnara guttata, is one of the pollinators of H. radiata in Fukuoka Prefecture. The observation that two butterflies from the family Hesperiidae transfer pollinia for populations of H. radiata separated by approximately 600 km provides strong evidence that H. radiata utilizes diurnal skippers as one of its main pollinators.

Control Effect of Insecticides by Submerged and Foliage Application on Rice Skipper, <i>Parnara guttata guttat</i><i>a </i>

Occurrence of Rice Skipper <i>Parnara guttata guttata</i> (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) Larvae on Purple Rice and Forage Rice in Paddy Field

Most species of Parnara and Pelopidas (Hesperiidae) are important pests of rice. In this study, the antennal morphology, types of sensilla, and their distribution of four skipper butterflies, including Parnara guttata (Bremer & Grey), Pa. bada (Moore), Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius) and Pe. agna (Moore), were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Six distinct morphological types of sensilla were found on the antennae of all of these species: sensilla squamiformia, sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla auricillica, sensilla coeloconica, and Böhm sensilla. The sensilla trichodea are the most abundant sensilla among the four skipper butterflies, and the sensilla auricillica are confirmed on the antennae of butterflies for the second time. In addition, the possible functions of these sensilla are discussed in the light of previously reported lepidopteran insects, which may provide useful information for further study of the function of these antennal sensilla and for related pests control by applying sex pheromones.

Abstract Habenaria is one of the largest orchid genera, with its main centers of diversity in Brazil, eastern Asia and central and southern Africa. In spite of its diversity, the pollinators of few Habenaria spp. have been studied, while most published reports indicate that Habenaria spp. are mainly pollinated by moths. Here we report that the diurnal skipper Parnara guttata can be at least one of the pollinators of Habenaria radiata. Skippers have generally been thought of as nectar thieves, transferring few pollen grains. However, orchids transmit their pollen grains in large groups within pollinia. Such innovation can probably render the skipper a pollinator of H. radiata.

Occurrence of Rice Skipper <i>Parnara guttata guttata</i> (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) Larvae among Late-transplanted Forage Rice Cultivars

본 연구는 난지도 쓰레기 매립지였던 월드컵공원내 하늘공원과 노을공원에 서식하는 나비 출현종 및 흡밀식물 현황, 흡밀식물과 나비와의 상호관계를 구명하여 나비 서식지 조성시 식재종 선정을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 나비는 총 5과 23종 1,129개체가 출현하였으며,나비의 주요 행동은 흡밀 행동이 전체의 36%로 연구대상지가 나비에게 흡밀공간으로서 중요한 역할을 하고 있었다. 월드컵공원에서 나비와 흡밀식물과의 관계를 분석한 결과, 나비와 흡밀식물의 꽃색은 상관관계를 보이지 않아 나비를 유인하기 위한 식재시 특별하게 꽃색을 고려할 필요는 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 나비가 선호하는 흡밀식물은 대부분 귀화식물로 나비 서식지를 조성함에 있어 흡밀하는 식물로 자생종이나 귀화종을 구분하여 나비를 유인하는 것은 큰 의미가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 자생식물을 활용할 필요가 있는 지역의 경우에는 낭아초, 싸리, 벌개미취와 같은 종이 나비 유입을 위해 유리한 것으로 판단되었다. 흡밀나비 개체수와 흡밀식물 종 수는 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 곡선추정 회귀분석 대수모형 곡선에서 일반종과 특이종으로 구분한 결과, 노랑나비, 배추흰나비, 줄점팔랑나비는 일반종으로 구분되었고, 범부전나비, 큰줄흰나비, 남방부전나비, 푸른부전나비는 특이종으로 구분되었다. 특이종 중 범부전나비는 낮은 산이나 숲을 선호하는 종으로, 초지를 선호하는 3종(큰줄흰나비, 남방부전나비, 푸른부전나비)과 서식지 차이가 있어 초본식생지에서 목본식생지로 천이가 진행되고 있는 쓰레기 매립지의 식생현황에서 보전가치가 더 높다고 판단되었다. 이러한 결과는 나비서식지 조성시 목표종을 선정할 때, 식물과의 상호관계를 고려하여 상대적으로 특이성이 높은 종을 고려할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 이러한 특이종은 경우에 따라 대상지내의 목표종으로서의 가치를 가질 수 있을 것이다. In this paper, in order to select specialist butterfly species that inhabit Haneul and Noeul Parks, previously landfill areas, we verified the reciprocal relationships between nectar plants and butterflies. While we will design the butterfly habitats, this paper will provide the foundation data for selecting the plants. The completed survey indicated that there were a total of 5 families, 23 species and 1,129 individuals. Butterflies of the main action were feeding on nectar, and such behavior was 36% of the total actions. Therefore, these parks play an important role in butterflies feeding on nectar. The correlation between butterflies and the nectar plants' color was not significant; Therefore, it is not necessary to consider flower color when choosing plants to attract the butterflies. In addition, butterflies prefer naturalized plants for feeding on nectar. Thus, when creating butterfly habitats, there is no use in attracting the butterflies by classifying the naturalized plants and native plants. However, if some areas that are need to plant native plants such as Inkigofera pseudo-tinctoria, Lespedeza bicolor, Aster koraiensis make use it, there could be taken an advantage to attract the butterflies. According to the algebraic curve model of curve estimation regression analysis, we were able to classify the generalist species and specialist species by regression analysis. As a result, Colias erate, Artogeia rapae and Parnara guttata were classified as generalist species, where as Rapala caerulea, Pieris melete, Zizera maha and Celastrina argiolus were classified as specialist species. Rapala caerulea prefers hills and forest for its habitat; therefore, it is clearly distinct from Pieris melete, Zizera maha and Celastrina argiolus which prefer grassland for habitats. These results show that Rapala caerulea is high conservation value in a landfill area where is developing ecological succession from grasslands to wood lands. In conclusion, these research are able to contribute to select the target species and suitable species that consider a singularity between butterflies and nectar plants, when we are creating the butterfly habitats, moreover these research will contribute to maintain a stable habitats.

Of the 12 skipper taxa described by Jinhaku Sonan (1892-1984) from Taiwan and Hainan Island, 2 are recognized as valid species-level names, 4 as valid subspecies-level names, whereas the remaining 6 are considered junior subjective synonyms of other taxa. A revised status is established for a Hainan taxon, Tagiades japetus hainana Sonan, stat. rev., and Polytremis kiraizana (Sonan) is formally confirmed as a species endemic to Taiwan. The valid species-level names are Ochlodes niitakanus (Sonan) and Polytremis kiraizana (Sonan). The valid subspecies-level names are Lobocla bifasciata kodairai Sonan, Pseudocoladenia dan sadakoe Sonan &amp; Mitono, Notocrypta feisthamelii arisana Sonan, and Tagiades japetus hainana Sonan. Tagiades menaka kotoshona Sonan is considered a junior subjective synonym of T. trebellius martinus Plötz, Ampittia maro matsumurai Sonan a junior subjective synonym of Ampittia dioscorides etura Mabille, Parnara kotoshona Sonan a junior subjective synonym of Parnara guttata (Bremer &amp; Grey), Parnara ranrunna Sonan a junior subjective synonym of Caltoris cahira austeni (Moore), Gangara thyrsis hainana Sonan a junior subjective synonym of Gangara thyrsis thyrsis (Fabricius), and Telicota palmarum hainanum Sonan a junior subjective synonym of Cephrenes acalle oceanica (Mabille) in the present study.

Trichomalopsis apanteloctena (Crawford) was found to be commonly associated with Apanteles sp. on Parnara guttata on paddy, causing its hyperparasitism from third week of August till October, during 2003-2005, in Kashmir valley. Three years' data indicated a total mean of 8.8 individuals of T. apanteloctena developing per cocoon cluster of Apanteles sp. that averaged 30.2. Per cent hyper parasitism and per cent cocoon cluster hyperparasitism were 20.1 and 44.51, respectively, and each of these parameters had a positive correlation with mean number of hyperparasitoids per cocoon cluster. The mean number of Apanteles sp. per cocoon cluster was, however, found to be negatively correlated with cocoon cluster hyperparasitism (r = -0.42*; d. f. = 19) and mean number of hyperparasitoids/ cocoon cluster (r = -0.44; d. f. = 19). Since the hyper parasitoids appeared late during third week of August each year, overall impact on the activity of Apanteles sp. was, therefore, insignificant except during October, which led to a noticeable decline both in mean number of Apanteles cocoon cluster-1 and per cent host larval parasitism.