This study explores sex differences in the relationship between childhood cyberbullying victimization (CCBV) and young adult sexual assault experiences and the potential moderating roles of childhood parent monitoring and deviant peer association on the relationship. A total of 356 college students aged 19-25 in the US participated in the online survey. The results indicated that CCBV was associated with an increased risk of college sexual assault victimization for both males and females. A significant moderating effect of childhood parental monitoring and deviant peer association was found between the association between CCBV and college sexual assault victimization for female students only.

This study investigated the longitudinal trajectory of learned helplessness in academic settings during adolescence, examined the generalizability of this trajectory across students' demographic and academic backgrounds, and assessed the role of parental autonomy support and psychological control in predicting learned helplessness at each time point. We analyzed five waves of large-scale panel data following Korean adolescent students (N = 2590) from Grade 7 to Grade 11. Our second-order latent basis growth modeling indicated that adolescent students tend to experience a significant, steady increase in helplessness from Grade 7 to Grade 11. In addition, both students' prior academic achievement and family income negatively predicted the intercept of learned helplessness. The contemporaneous effects of parental autonomy support and psychological control on learned helplessness were significant and in the expected directions at all time points: higher autonomy support was associated with lower learned helplessness, whereas higher psychological control was associated with higher helplessness. Notably, parental control exhibited a significant escalating effect, such that its detrimental effect on learned helplessness became stronger over time, whereas the protective effect of parental autonomy support remained stable. This study provides theoretical and practical implications, highlighting the roles of parental autonomy support and control in shaping adolescents' learned helplessness over time.

Although many studies report a positive association between parental psychological control and relational aggression, others have found nonsignificant results. This three-level meta-analysis aimed to explore the relation between parental psychological control and relational aggression across developmental stages from preschool to college and test potential moderating factors. China National Knowledge Infrastructure, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science, Elsevier, ProQuest, and Google Scholar were systematically searched until April 2023. A three-level meta-analysis was conducted on included studies. Fifty-seven studies comprising 20,719 participants and 448 effect sizes were included. Findings revealed a significant positive association between parental psychological control and relational aggression. This relation was significantly moderated by the developmental period and by the informants of parental psychological control and relational aggression. This review helps clarify the association between parental psychological control and relational aggression and highlights key moderators of this relation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

To rigorously evaluate family-based prevention programs, there is need for culturally appropriate, valid, and reliable evaluation measures; few have been validated for use with Indigenous children and families. Our first aim was to adapt family and individual functioning measures for use with Indigenous families to evaluate family-based prevention programming. Our second aim was to examine the factor structure of the adapted measures. Our third aim was to examine the congruence between child and caregiver reports on family-level measures. Indigenous children aged 10-14 (N = 177; 44.07% girls) and their Indigenous caregivers (N = 119; 89.92% women; average age = 40.34 years) responded to a baseline survey comprised of measures adapted for the current study: cultural connection, emotion regulation, future orientation, harsh parenting, parental monitoring, positive reinforcement, family cohesion, and parent-child communication. An exploratory factor analysis for cultural connection found two-factor solutions for both children and caregivers; however, the factors were not identical. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated satisfactory model fit for emotion regulation, future orientation, harsh parenting, parental monitoring, and positive reinforcement. Confirmatory factor analyses did not indicate satisfactory model fit for family cohesion and parent-child communication; we recommend further research on measures for these constructs. Given the high potential for family-based programs to impact a number of outcomes for Indigenous children and families, validation of measurement tools to assess these outcomes is critical. Trial Registration: This study was pre-registered at Clinical Trials; see https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05129501?term=katie+edwards&draw=2&rank=5.

129. Two Facets of Parental Psychological Control and the Mental Health of Korean Adolescents From a Disadvantaged Area of Seoul

Social Environmental Factors Help to Explain Early Substance Use Initiation Among Youth With Comorbid Psychological and Somatic Symptom Trajectories.

This study examined how paternal and maternal attachment, grit, and parental monitoring relate to middle school students’ career maturity. It also tested grit’s mediating effect and parental monitoring’s moderated mediation effect on the relationship between parental attachment and career maturity. For this purpose, data from 1,293 14-year-old middle school students were drawn from the 15th wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC) conducted by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, path analysis, and bootstrapping with SPSS version 29.0 and AMOS version 29.0. The results showed that parental attachment significantly influenced middle school students’ career maturity. Specifically, maternal attachment had a positive effect on both career maturity and grit. Furthermore, grit partially mediated the relationship between maternal attachment and career maturity. Parental monitoring moderated the relationship between maternal attachment and grit, thereby strengthening grit’s mediating effect, indicating a moderated mediation effect. This study identifies key psychosocial factors influencing career maturity in adolescence and offers implications for policy development and counseling interventions to support career development, particularly for adolescents with limited emotional resources.

This study examined the developmental characteristics of the victim-offender overlap in school violence among upper-grade elementary students (Grades 4-6) in South Korea and explored the mediating and protective roles of parent-child relationship factors in the transition from overlap to delinquency. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using 22 peer-reviewed Korean journal articles, which were analyzed according to research design, sample characteristics, key variables, methods of measuring overlap, and outcomes related to delinquency and problem behaviors. The findings revealed that late elementary school is a critical developmental transition period in which victim-offender overlap becomes salient and begins to shift toward delinquent pathways. Parent-child relationship factors, including attachment, parenting practices, parental monitoring, emotional support, and family conflict, functioned simultaneously as both risk and protective factors for overlap and delinquency. Moreover, the victim-offender overlap was interpreted as a developmental precursor of early-onset delinquent trajectories. These results suggest that school violence prevention policies should move beyond post hoc interventions toward a developmentally grounded early prevention framework centered on late elementary school, and highlight the need for integrated prevention systems incorporating early screening, family-linked intervention, emotion regulation training, and community-based support, along with onset-based specialized intervention tracks.

Background/Objectives: Sleep plays a crucial role in children's cognitive, emotional, and physical development. Although sleep practices and perceptions are shaped significantly by cultural and familial contexts, most sleep recommendations are developed by Western countries. This qualitative study explores primary school children's perceptions of sleep, examining how cultural contexts, family environments, and technology influence sleep practices. Methods: Two cross studies were conducted: Study 1, in India, involved 15 children aged 8-12 years, and Study 2, in the UK, involved 12 children aged 8-10 years. Semi-structured group interviews and thematic analysis were used. Results: Both studies revealed common themes, including perceived sleep benefits, consequences of poor sleep, factors affecting sleep quality, and the role of technology. Study 1 showed that Indian children identified clear benefits of sleep, such as physical and emotional well-being, while highlighting significant barriers, including late bedtime routines, stress related to academic performance, and extensive use of social media and digital media devices. Cultural and religious practices were commonly mentioned as sleep aids. Study 2's results from the UK revealed similar recognition of sleep benefits, notably recovery and growth. UK children emphasised environmental barriers such as noise pollution, sibling disturbances, and uncomfortable sleeping conditions. Technology usage was acknowledged as both a barrier and an occasional aid, with stricter parental controls on bedtime and device usage. Conclusions: This research highlights the importance of culturally sensitive sleep education programmes and recommendations to enhance children's sleep health globally.

Self-Efficacy and Parental Monitoring as Mediators in the Relationship Between Poverty, Emotional and Behavioral Problems

Prior research has identified brain regions associated with problematic substance use in youth, yet it remains unclear how neural processes during decision-making contribute to later drug use. Moreover, few studies have integrated psychosocial and environmental risk factors into predictive frameworks. This study investigated whether brain activation during risky decision-making in drug-naïve, high-risk children predicts problematic substance use during adolescence. Youth (n = 95; 64 male, mean baselineage=11.7 years) with externalizing disorders completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) during functional MRI. Activation contrasts from six regions of interest, identified using a regularization-based feature selection method, were incorporated into cost-sensitive logistic regression models along with psychosocial and environmental variables, including family history of substance use, parental monitoring, and violence exposure. Models were adjusted for age at conversion to drug use, sex assigned at birth, and maternal education. Psychosocial-only factors showed fair predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.76; accuracy= 0.74) with good specificity and fair sensitivity. Neural activation-only models showed poor predictive accuracy (AUCs = 0.60-0.67; accuracy = 55-78%) with good specificity but limited sensitivity. Incorporating both psychosocial and neural factors substantially improved model performance (AUCs = 0.83-0.86; accuracy up to 82%), with fair sensitivity and good specificityin the adjusted models. These findings suggest that neural activity in regions involving risk evaluation, reward response, and sensory integration, together with relevant psychosocial factors predicts later problematic substance use, emphasizing the value of multidimensional models for early identification youth at elevated risk.

PurposeGiven adolescents' extensive social media use and its mixed impacts, this study explores: (1) adolescent and young adult (AYA) social media habits, (2) familial factors associated with parental controls, and (3) social media use among AYA with disordered eating.MethodsAYA aged 11-20 visiting an urban academic medical center and fluent in English or Spanish were surveyed on social media use and mental health. Caregivers of minors provided consent and data on demographics and parental controls. The survey included multiple choice, yes/no, and free-text questions. Analyses included descriptive statistics, correlations, and qualitative coding.ResultsParticipants averaged 15.3years; 46% spent 4+ hours on social media daily. Younger adolescents (11-14) were more likely to report high use (p = 0.002) and have parental controls (p = 0.006). Most AYA (76%) felt better after using social media. Over half of parents (54.4%) used controls. Qualitative themes included: social media's unrecognized benefits, its dual role in time use, and its value for health information.ConclusionAYA generally viewed social media positively, though many wished to reduce usage. Parental controls focused more on content than time. Social media supported some with eating disorders, though 30% encountered harmful content.

Family factors, such as parental symptomatology and parenting behaviors, are related to adolescent internalizing symptoms. Yet fewer studies have evaluated how family factors relate to the emergence of internalizing symptoms during the pubertal transition with large-scale longitudinal data. The present study addressed this issue using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study in adolescents who were prepubertal at baseline and had manifested puberty at 4-year follow-up (N = 2,276). Participants completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Adult Self Report (ASR), Child Report of Parenting Behavior Inventory (CRPBI), Parental Monitoring Survey (PMQ), and Family Environment Scale (FES). Structural equation modeling revealed that higher levels of parent internalizing symptoms and parent-reported family conflict at baseline were associated with higher levels of adolescent internalizing symptoms at the 4-year follow-up. Higher baseline parental monitoring was associated with lower adolescent internalizing symptoms at the 4-year follow-up. Baseline parental acceptance and youth-reported family conflict were not related to adolescent internalizing symptoms. Adolescent sex did not moderate any associations in our models. Our results offer insights into how research, prevention, and intervention strategies can be developed to address the development of adolescent internalizing psychopathology.

Busulfan (BU) is DNA-damaging and also a reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating agent. Both mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) and ROS levels have been associated with the sensitivity of solid tumor cells to ROS-generating cisplatin. However, the changes of mtDNA-CN during the development of resistance to other ROS-generating agents or chemotherapeutics remain unclear. In this study, we investigated how the resistance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines to the BU or the DNA synthesis inhibitor cytarabine (Cyt) is associated with alterations in mtDNA-CN and global gene expression. To follow BU resistance acquisition, MOLM13 myeloid leukemia cells, which are sensitive to BU, were subjected to five consecutive BU treatment rounds, generating BU-resistant cells (5TBU). Both parental control cells and the 5TBU cells underwent five consecutive Cyt treatments to generate cells resistant to both Bu and Cyt. We assessed mtDNA-CN using RT-qPCR targeting the mitochondrial gene MTND1 and investigated global gene expression profiles using bulk RNA-sequencing before and after resistance acquisition. We estimated the BU 50% inhibitory concentration (BU-IC50) relative to mtDNA-CN both in MOLM13-derived cells and 28 lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs). MOLM13 cells showed a progressive increase in resistance from 1.86-fold (p < 0.01) to 2.87-fold (p < 0.05) after 3 and 5 cycles of BU treatment, respectively. An additional 5 cycles of Cyt increased cellular resistance to Cyt by 1.90-fold (p < 0.01) and resistance to BU by 1.60-fold (p < 0.01). BU-resistant cells showed a 1.42-fold (p < 0.01) increase in mtDNA-CN after 3 and 5 cycles of BU treatment. In contrast, no significant changes in mtDNA-CN were observed following Cyt treatment. LCLs exhibiting higher BU-IC50 also showed increased mtDNA-CNs. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that BU resistance was associated with dysregulation in cholesterol and fatty acid transport and synthesis pathways. Expression profiling of the BU-resistant AML cell line revealed significant changes in cholesterol transport and fatty acid biosynthesis, along with alterations in mtDNA-CNs. These changes could represent key adaptations resulting from long-term exposure to the electrophilic agent BU. The current findings thus provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying BU resistance and suggest potential targets for preventing or overcoming this resistance in future therapeutic strategies.

The article is devoted to the problems of protecting the personal data of children and parents when using electronic registers and digital services. It is noted that the issue of determining the limits of the exercise of parental rights regarding the personal data of a child is problematic. On the one hand, parents are obliged to protect the interests of their children and exercise control over the use of their data in various services; on the other hand, excessive parental control or dissemination of information about a child without their consent may contradict the principle of respect for privacy. It has been established that the current legislation of Ukraine, in particular the Law “On the Protection of Personal Data”, does not contain separate provisions that would comprehensively regulate the processing of information about children. The absence of special norms regarding the consent of minors and the procedure for its provision by parents creates conflicts between the norms of civil, family and information law. As a result, in practice, situations arise when parents do not have sufficient control over the dissemination of information about a child in electronic systems, or vice versa - the state restricts access to information, referring to the confidentiality regime. It was concluded that the issue of delimiting access to family information between parents who are in conflict or divorced is no less problematic. In judicial practice, there are cases when one parent applies for electronic extracts from the child’s registers without the knowledge of the other, which raises doubts about compliance with the principle of good faith processing of personal data. This situation indicates the need to develop special procedures for parents’ access to information about children contained in state electronic systems, taking into account court decisions or guardianship and trusteeship bodies. Therefore, the child’s right to privacy cannot be absolute, but its implementation must take into account the best interests of the child, including age characteristics, the nature and volume of the data processed. At the same time, parents have a legal basis for access to information about their children in digital registers if this contributes to the fulfillment of their parental duties. It is precisely the establishment of clear boundaries and mechanisms for such access that is an important part of improving the civil legal protection of personal data in the context of family digital legal relations.

The Edutechnoentrepreneurship training aims to enhance educators' and parents' digital proficiency in the innovative, interactive, and secure application of educational technology to facilitate early childhood learning. The Community Service Program commenced with a needs assessment, the creation of materials, and the formulation of practice-oriented activities. The activities took place in person at the Tambaksari Subdistrict Hall in Surabaya, utilizing Participatory Action Research (PAR) lectures, discussions, and question-and-answer sessions, facilitated by an LCD projector, a laptop, and an audio system. The training yielded substantial improvements in participants' comprehension and abilities. Educators and guardians utilized child-appropriate educational applications and created straightforward digital media, including instructional videos, interactive worksheets, and educational games, to enhance children's cognitive and linguistic development. Moreover, participants' understanding of digital safety improved, as evidenced by the adoption of parental control mechanisms and prudent screen time management. The training enhanced collaboration between schools and homes via communication on digital platforms. Participants' mindsets transitioned toward enhanced innovation, propelled by creative facilitators. Children exhibited heightened enthusiasm, confidence, and active engagement in the learning process. Despite challenges including limited devices and the necessity for continuous support, the program successfully cultivated an innovative, secure, and sustainable digital learning ecosystem.

Molecular genetic testing is increasingly used in clinical care to identify genetic variants and their impact on disease burden. However, variants of uncertain significance (VUS) hamper the utility of molecular diagnostic testing. In patients presenting with Hunter Syndrome and VUS in the IDS gene, clinical testing for iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme activity has been the mainstay to determine whether a variant is likely damaging. However, enzyme assays alone fail to predict disease severity. In this study, we developed an image-based cellular assay using genome-engineered cells with IDS variants to determine whether a specific variant causes morphological changes that are associated with disease. Specifically, we generated twelve mutant cell lines and documented both IDS biochemical activity and reproducible phenotypic differences therein. Next, we examined patient-derived cell lines and found the same phenotypic differences compared to parental controls. The morphological changes were complex, but measured on a single scale, which we termed PathScoreLC. To determine whether the observed changes are specific to IDS, we reintroduced a recombinant human IDS enzyme (rhIDS) to rescue both the biochemical and phenotypic changes of these cells. We found a partial rescue in the presence of corrective levels of IDS enzyme. Finally, we examined the differences in gene expression and found that a recombinant enzyme was not sufficient to fully restore transcriptional changes in the mutant lines at the time points studied. This proof-of-concept study establishes preliminary validation of the method and sets the stage for future functional studies and broader IDS variant testing.

Epiphyseal interfaces.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between electronic device use and ADHD symptoms in school-aged children in Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study was conducted in developmental and behavioral clinics across several cities in Saudi Arabia. A total of 140 children aged 6 to 12 years with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of ADHD, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th Edition criteria and diagnosed by a clinician, participated in the study. Participants were recruited via convenience sampling from the participating clinics. Data were collected using the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-R) to assess ADHD symptom severity and a study-specific questionnaire gathering information on electronic device usage patterns, parental monitoring practices, sleep quality, academic performance, and social behavior. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis. The primary outcome measure was the CPRS-R score, reflecting the severity of ADHD symptoms. Secondary outcome measures included parent-reported sleep quality, academic performance, and social behavior, derived from the study-specific questionnaire. Results: The mean age of participants was 8.7 ± 1.9 years, and 63.6% were male. The most commonly used devices were television (90%) and cell phones (60%). The average daily screen time was 3.97 ± 2.7 hours. Parental monitoring of screen time was reported by 72.55% of parents. A statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of parental monitoring ( P = 0.007). Children whose parents actively monitored their screen time daily had a higher percentage of “normal” CPRS-R scores (66%) compared to those monitored less frequently. Conclusion: While electronic device use is prevalent among school-aged children with ADHD in Saudi Arabia, this study found no significant association between overall device use and ADHD symptom severity. However, the frequency of parental monitoring of screen time appears to be positively associated with fewer ADHD symptom severity.

The American Academy of Pediatrics and an editorial in The Lancet encouraged further comprehensive research on digital media's impact on adolescent health. Given the lack of previous research on this topic in Mongolia, this study investigates the associations between digital device usage and health among adolescents in Mongolia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in secondary schools using Google Forms, with data collected from January to February 2024. The analysis included 558 consenting participants (aged 11-17 years; 69.8% female). Self-reported daily usage was categorised as low (0-3 hours), moderate (4-6) or prolonged (≥7). Health measures included physical health (glasses use, eye dryness or redness, headaches) and mental/emotional health (sleep difficulties, anxiety, stress, happiness). Adjusted ORs were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models. Prolonged usage (vs low) was associated with higher odds of glasses use (OR, 3.03; 95% CI 1.48 to 6.22), eye dryness or redness (OR, 2.09; 95% CI 1.40 to 3.14), headaches (OR, 2.27; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.87), sleep difficulties (OR, 5.09; 95% CI 2.29 to 11.28) and happiness during use (OR, 4.70; 95% CI 1.84 to 14.61). Parental control and self-awareness were associated with reduced prolonged usage. Regular exercise was associated with fewer headaches for moderate users but not for prolonged users. Both prolonged and moderate usage for entertainment or socialising purposes was associated with greater happiness compared with low usage, with no significant difference between prolonged and moderate usage. No such association was observed for e-learning or other purposes. Prolonged digital device usage was associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes among Mongolian adolescents, though it may enhance happiness in specific contexts. Exercise was associated with fewer headaches, but only for moderate users. Families and schools should collaborate to implement parental controls, promote self-awareness and encourage exercise.