Parental Education Level Research Articles

Oral Health Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Parents of Preschool Children in Amman, Jordan 2019: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Background and Aims: Oral health is a vital part of early childhood care. Parents and guardians should have appropriate oral health knowledge and be aware of—and change their perception and attitudes to—their children’s oral health to prevent oral disease. Our aim in this study was to investigate the oral knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents of preschool children.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenient sample of 386 participants from dental and pediatric clinics at Jordan University Hospital. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive analysis, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation were used to examine differences in oral health knowledge, attitude and practice of preschool children parents’, and to study the relationship between variables.Results: The mean score for knowledge was 6.1 out of 10 (SD= 2), attitude 14.6 out of 15 (SD= 0.86) and practice 1.6 out of 6 (SD=1.1). In this study, there was a statistically significant difference in the knowledge in relation to parents’ education status (U= 1587.0, p<0.001). Other socio-demographic variables (gender, age, occupational status), did not show any statistical significance. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between knowledge and practice, and between attitude and practice (p˂0.01). Moreover, there was a marginal but statistically significant positive relationship between knowledge and attitude (p=0.05).Conclusions: The level of oral health knowledge and practices of parents of preschool children were low despite having a positive attitude. In addition, there was a gap regarding appropriate practices, which may be attributed to cost, time or commitment. Moreover, there was a statistically significant relation regarding the knowledge and education level of parents. Also, there was a statistically significant relation between knowledge and practice, as well as attitude and practice.

The Relationship between Educational Level and the Role of Parents with Learning Achievement in Mathematics

Purpose of the study: This research aims to determine the relationship between parental education level and student learning achievement and between the role of parents and student learning achievement which was carried out at State Elementary Islamic School 1 South Tangerang. Methodology: This research uses a correlational quantitative approach. The sample to be studied is 36 students. The sample used in this research, the author used a Nonprobabillity Sampling technique, Saturated Sampling/Census type. this research uses data collection methods in the form of documentation and distributing questionnaires. The data analysis techniques used in this research are descriptive analysis and parametric statistical analysis. Main Findings: The results of this study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the level of parental education and the learning achievement of class V Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 South Tangerang City students with a correlation coefficient of 0.357. And there is also a significant positive relationship between the role of parents and the learning achievement of class V Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 1 South Tangerang City students with a correlation coefficient value of 0.359 Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provides a new perspective that the combination of parents' high level of education and their active involvement in their children's education is a stronger determining factor in improving mathematics achievement than other factors.

Investigation of the Relationship between Prosocial and Play Behaviors of 60-72 Months-Old Children Attending Preschool Education

This study was conducted to examine the prosocial behaviours and play behaviours of 60-72-month-old children attending preschool education and the relationship between these behaviours. For this purpose, the research was designed by adopting the correlational survey model. The sample of the study consisted of 300 children aged 60-72 months attending kindergartens in Turkey in the 2021-2022 academic year. "Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale-Teacher Form" and "Preschool Prosocial Behaviour Scale" were used in the study. It was determined that peer play behaviours differed statistically according to the variables of gender, age, parental education level, parental occupation, number of siblings, family income status and previous preschool education. Upon analyzing the prosocial skills of the children participating in the study, it was found that prosocial skills showed a statistically significant difference according to the variables of gender and previous pre-school education, but did not show a statistically significant difference according to the variables of age, parents' education level, parents' occupation, number of siblings and family income status. Another result of the study was that there was a positive relationship between children's prosocial behaviours and play interaction behaviours and a negative relationship between children's play disruptive behaviours.

Exploring parental secretive eating of sugary foods and drinks, and its associations with food consumption in families

As a way of modeling healthier eating habits for their children, parents may intentionally avoid consuming sugary foods and drinks (SFDs) in their presence but consume these on other occasions (later referred to as parental secretive eating). This study aimed to 1) explore the prevalence of parental secretive eating, 2) investigate the associations between parental secretive eating and SFD consumption in parents and children, and 3) qualitatively explore the reasons for parental secretive eating. Participants were Finnish mothers (n = 362), fathers (n = 123), and their 3–6-year-old children (n = 403); this data was collected in 2017 as part of the baseline assessment of the DAGIS intervention. Parents reported how often they avoided eating SFDs in the presence of their child, completed food frequency questionnaires for themselves and their child, and responded to an open-ended question of explaining reasons for secretive eating. The overall prevalence of parental secretive eating was 68%. It was more common among mothers than fathers (p < 0.001) and most prevalent in chocolate (61%) and sweets (59%). Parental secretive eating was positively associated with SFD consumption both among mothers (ꞵ = 0.274, p < 0.001) and fathers (ꞵ = 0.210, p = 0.028) in linear regression models adjusted for parents' and child's age, child's gender, parental education level, and number of household members. Mothers' or fathers' secretive eating and child's SFD consumption were not associated (ꞵ = 0.031, p = 0.562; ꞵ = -0.143; p = 0.167). Three themes describing reasons for parental secretive eating were found: family food rules, avoiding child's requests, and aspiration for healthy modeling. In conclusion, parental secretive eating may play an important role in determining SFD consumption in families with preschoolers. Additional research is needed to determine whether parents can prevent their own eating habits from influencing their child through secretive eating.

Parental education level on the development of children's oral hygiene skills

Introduction. Dental caries is a significant public health issue due to its high incidence among the population. While modern scientific research highlights effective treatments for this condition, prevention remains crucial, directly impacting health and quality of life, especially when early preventive habits are instilled. This study aims to explore how parents' educational levels and other factors influence the acquisition, use, and proper application of oral hygiene knowledge among primary school children. Material and methods. The study surveyed 678 parents of primary school children across 9 administrative regions, including both urban and rural areas of the Republic of Moldova. It employed a randomized approach, involving respondents from all social groups. Results. This study found that parental education level is a crucial factor influencing the proper development of oral hygiene skills, which can prevent dental conditions. Higher parental education was positively associated with urban living environment and family income. Additionally, well-educated parents tend to visit dentists more regularly, which also reflects in better oral hygiene practices at home for their children. Conclusions. Children's oral hygiene habits are strongly shaped by socioeconomic factors and the care parents show. Increasing parental education levels, whether in urban or rural settings, plays a pivotal role in fostering correct dental hygiene practices early in life, thereby ensuring long-term oral health habits into adulthood.

The interplay of psychological resilience and adolescent mobile phone addiction in Henan province, China: insights from latent class analysis.

The aim of this study was to classify distinct subgroups of adolescents based on the severity levels of their mobile phone addiction and to investigate how these groups differed in terms of their psychosocial characteristics. We surveyed a total of 2,230 adolescents using three different questionnaires to assess the severity of their mobile phone addiction, stress, anxiety, depression, psychological resilience, and personality. Latent class analysis was employed to identify the subgroups, and we utilized Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and multinomial logistic regression for statistical analysis. All data analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.5. We classified the subjects into subgroups based on their mobile phone addiction severity, and the results revealed a clear pattern with a three-class model based on the likelihood level of mobile phone addiction (p < 0.05). We examined common trends in psychosocial traits such as age, grade at school, parental education level, anxiety levels, and resilience. ROC analysis of sensitivity versus 1-specificity for various mobile phone addiction index (MPAI) scores yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.893 (95% CI, 0.879 to 0.905, p < 0.001). We also determined diagnostic value indices for potential cutoff points ranging from 8 to 40. The optimal cutoff value for MPAI was found to be >14, which corresponded to the maximum Youden index (Youden index = 0.751). The latent classification process in this research confirmed the existence of three distinct mobile phone user groups. We also examined the psychosocial characteristics that varied in relation to the severity levels of addiction. This study provides valuable insights into the categorization of adolescents based on the severity of mobile phone addiction and sheds light on the psychosocial characteristics associated with different addiction levels. These findings are expected to enhance our understanding of mobile phone addiction traits and stimulate further research in this area.

QOL-29. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT WITHIN TWO YEARS AFTER CRANIOSPINAL IRRADIATION IN CHILDREN TREATED FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA: A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT USING AGE-APPROPRIATE SCALES

Abstract BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma 5-years survival rates range from 50-95% across risk classes, underscoring the need to mitigate treatment-related neurocognitive deficits. This study evaluates cognitive outcomes within 2 years post-radiotherapy, considering treatment modalities and various influencing factors. METHODS We conducted a retrospective monocentric study on patients under 18 years old, treated at our hospital from 2007 to 2020, with histologically and molecularly confirmed medulloblastoma, who underwent craniospinal irradiation. Cognitive function was assessed within 24 months post-therapy using age-appropriate Wechsler scales to evaluate verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. Patients were categorized into two groups based on a threshold score of 80, indicating “neurocognitive normality” if scores were ≥80 in all domains or “neurocognitive deficient” if any domain scored &amp;lt;80. Statistical analyses utilized SPSS for descriptive statistics and tests for categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS Among 100 selected patients, 91 completed the evaluations. The average age at diagnosis was 8.47 years, and at the onset of radiotherapy was 8.83 years. Forty-four patients (48%) scored ≥80 in all domains, indicating ‘neurocognitive normality,’ while 47 patients (52%) scored &amp;lt;80 in at least one domain, classified as ‘neurocognitive deficient’. In the descriptive analysis identifying significant differences in the two groups, no significant differences were observed in age, WHO classification, risk class, or pre-surgical shunt. In contrast, significant differences emerged in posterior fossa syndrome frequency, kinetic (p=0.002) and static forms (p&amp;lt;0.001) and in parental education level(p=0.025). CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the multifactorial nature of neurocognitive development in children with medulloblastoma within 2 years post-radiotherapy, identifying postoperative complications and the social environment as significant factors. Notably, specifics of radiotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy did not show a significant impact in this preliminary analysis. Future studies will further investigate the roles of various variables on neurocognitive outcomes, aiming to extend our understanding beyond two years post-radiotherapy.

Cochlear Implantation Outcomes: A 10-Year Single-Surgeon Experience.

Cochlear implantation (CI) is an appropriate management strategy for prelingual hearing loss. Rehabilitation programs are essential in enabling children to cope with devices and acquire language skills. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the hearing outcomes of CIs performed by a single surgeon in Erbil, Kurdistan region of Iraq, and compare them with the results of other CI centers worldwide. This is a prospective study implemented in Erbil from November 1, 2013, to October 30, 2023, on a convenience sample of 161 patients with prelingual hearing loss (HL) who underwent CI by a single surgeon. The following were collected: age at implantation, use of hearing aids before implantation, parent's educational level, and duration of rehabilitation. The effect of the previous variables on Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) score and speech intelligibility rating (SIR) on the auditory levels of children was assessed by the researcher six months and one year following surgery. Implantation age showed significant associations with the CAP score examined at six months and 12 months post implantation (p-value 0.001). Speech intelligibility rating was also significantly linked to implantation age (p-value 0.001).

Study on Strategies for Improving Piano Education for Preschool Children with Parental Participation

This study focuses on exploring the key role of parental involvement in children's education, especially in the process of piano learning, in the field of music education, in order to provide corresponding improvement strategies. This study adopts a mixed method research design, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods. First of all, the basic information of parents, their participation in children's piano learning and students' piano learning level were collected through a questionnaire survey. SPSS software was used for frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis and difference analysis to explore the relationship between parents' characteristics and participation level and the influence of participation level on students' piano learning level. Secondly, through in-depth interviews with school administrators, qualitative data on the challenges faced by parents involved in children's piano learning were obtained, and targeted solutions were proposed on this basis. The quantitative results show that parents' gender, age, education level and occupation are closely related to their participation in their children's piano learning, and parents' participation is significantly positively correlated with students' piano learning level. The qualitative analysis reveals the challenges encountered by parents in the process of participation, such as time and resource limitations, cognitive level and skills deficiencies, and puts forward some coping strategies, such as providing educational resources and strengthening communication and cooperation between family and school. Finally, this study emphasizes the positive role played by parents in children's piano learning, that is, by creating a good learning environment, emotional support and strengthening family ties, it effectively promotes the development of children's musical ability and the improvement of comprehensive quality. Therefore, it is suggested that school administrators actively advocate and promote parents to effectively participate in their children's piano learning, and form a good mechanism of home-school cooperation and co-education to help children develop comprehensively.

Peranan Pramuka Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Peserta Didik

The purpose of this research is to discover various moral principles that can be instilled by teachers outside the classroom, methods that can be used by teachers to teach students character, and obstacles to teaching character in this context. This qualitative study uses interviews, observations, and written notes. Interactive data analysis includes collection, presentation, reduction and drawing conclusions. This research found that scout involvement outside the classroom can help form nine traits, namely commitment to religious beliefs, discipline, caring, concern for the environment, tolerance, honesty, creativity, independence and responsibility. There are four scouting approaches that can help change a child's personality during scout education. Both types of group systems, working together and competing, encourage students to be loyal and able to train themselves to be responsible people, and value time more to complete tasks. Three interesting and challenging activities stimulate students' interest so they try to do it themselves. Learning through action also makes it easier for students to gain knowledge so they can quickly analyze and understand what they learn. The four open environment activities teach children to be independent, survive, adapt, and follow rules. Schools must face challenges to children's character development, including factors such as unfavorable societal influences, the influence of globalization, and the level of parental education.

Measuring Parental Satisfaction with Online Education in Schools of Karachi

The education sector of Pakistan has been greatly affected due to the pandemic that forced the schools’ operation to be run online like many other businesses and industries. This study focuses on researching the effects this transition had on parents by measuring their satisfaction levels. The instrument used to collect quantitative data for this study includes categories, school-level technological support, school-level instructional support, curricular programs, social interaction and overall satisfaction with the online education. Differences of parental satisfaction in these categories and the factors that influence them such as school fee, educational levels of parents and number of enrolled children per family have been studied. The findings revealed that parents are satisfied given the challenges and hurdles that schools have faced and are still facing in transitioning from on-campus to online education. A few significant differences were found between number of children enrolled in online education and parental satisfaction with technological support as well as social interaction. Significant differences were also found between school fee and parental satisfaction with curricular programs. These findings provide us with future directions for further research

Exploring the relationship between sleep patterns and depression among Chinese middle school students: a focus on sleep quality vs. sleep duration.

This study aims to explore the relationship between sleep patterns and depressive symptoms among adolescents, examining variations in depressive symptoms across different sleep qualities, durations, and habits. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, gathering data from 8,775 Chinese adolescents on their demographics, lifestyle habits, sleep quality and duration, and depressive symptoms. The association between sleep parameters and depressive symptoms was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The findings reveal a significant correlation between sleep quality/duration and depressive symptoms. Specifically, adolescents with poor sleep quality had higher depressive scores (mean score = 14.62, standard deviation = 5.71), significantly exceeding those with better sleep quality (mean score = 11.54, standard deviation = 4.69). Adolescents with shorter sleep duration also showed significantly higher depressive scores than those with moderate sleep duration. Importantly, adolescents experiencing both poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration were at a significantly increased risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 4.04, 95% CI: 3.53-4.62, P < 0.001). Further analysis indicated that older age and lower family economic status were independent predictors of a higher risk of adolescent depression (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08-1.38, P = 0.001), whereas factors such as gender, ethnicity, residence, being an only child, and parental education levels were not statistically significant. Among Chinese adolescents, poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration are independent predictors of higher depressive symptom scores. Adolescents experiencing both of these conditions simultaneously have a significantly increased risk of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, older age and lower family economic status are also significantly related to an increased risk of depression in adolescents. These findings emphasize the importance of improving sleep quality and optimizing sleep duration for the prevention of adolescent depression. They also suggest the need for a comprehensive approach that addresses the multifaceted factors influencing adolescent mental health, including sleep patterns and socioeconomic disparities.

Analysis of financial barriers experienced by prospective genetic counseling students

PurposeHigh costs of applying to genetic counseling graduate programs (GCGPs) are likely a barrier to workforce diversification. We sought to determine application costs and assess differences between individuals of historically underrepresented racial and ethnic backgrounds in medicine (hURM) and non-hURM applicants. MethodsApplicants to GCGPs between 2005 to 2020 were surveyed about application history, related expenses, volunteer hours, and financial resources; 383 responses were analyzed. ResultsMedian total application costs (MTAC) were $2634, $4762, and $5607 (1, 2, and 3 or more application cycles, respectively). Interview-related items (which includes travel) had the highest median cost (1 application cycle: $879). Among those who applied to multiple cycles, hURM respondents had higher MTAC than those of non-hURM ($6713 versus $4762, P = .03) and lower median total volunteer hours (246 versus 381, P = .03). Parental education level differed by hURM status (P = .04). Median financial contribution from parents with and without advanced degrees varied significantly (60% versus 2%, P = .0009). ConclusionSignificant costs are incurred during the GCGP application process, but notable differences in costs and resources were observed between hURM and non-hURM applicants. Stakeholders within the profession should implement strategies to reduce financial barriers and the resulting inequities in the application process.

Predictive Characteristics of Childhood Emergency Injury Presentations in a Non-Urban Area of Victoria, Australia

Injury is the leading cause of death and disability amongst those between 0 and 16 years of age. Routinely associated with a social gradient of health, childhood injury is reportedly higher in rural and regional areas. A retrospective cross-sectional study collected deidentified emergency injury presentation data from nine health services in regional Victoria for children aged 0–14 years between 2017 and 2022. Emergency injury presentation incidence rates and predictor variables were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression. Significance was determined at p &lt; 0.05. Amongst the 15,884 emergency injury presentations, 35.2% (n = 5597) occurred at health services that did not routinely report data to government datasets. Although some findings are consistent with current research, this study highlights specific factors that are predictive of injury amongst 0–4-year-old children who require deeper investigation, including general practitioner access and health literacy-related elements such as preschool health assessment attendance rates, parent education levels, and overseas birth. These findings provide more comprehensive insights for healthcare workers and policymakers as they seek to support people with injuries and accurately address health inequities.

Estimation of intake and quantification of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide in adolescents in Sweden.

Blood samples (n = 600) from participants in the Swedish dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 were analyzed with respect to hemoglobin (Hb) adducts from acrylamide (AA) and its metabolite glycidamide (GA) as biomarkers of internal dose/exposure. The results are presented from statistical analyses of food consumption data (2-day dietary recall and questionnaires) and measured Hb adduct levels. The estimated exposure as well as consumption data were examined in relation to non-dietary factors such as sex, age (group medians of 12, 15, and 18 years), place of residence (urban/rural), smoking status, and parental education level. The median AA adduct level was estimated to be 34 pmol/g Hb (range 14-225). No significant difference was found for place of residence, parental education, sex, or age. A significant difference was found between the median adduct levels of daily smokers (n = 8) and never smokers (n = 323) in the older age groups, but not between occasional smokers (n = 47) and never smokers. The median differences between daily smokers and never smokers were 76, 40, and 128 pmol/g Hb for AA, GA, and AA + GA, respectively. The median AA intake for the whole group of adolescents, as estimated from dietary recall data combined with reported concentrations in food, was 0.40 μg/kg bw/day. The corresponding median intake estimated from measured Hb adduct levels of AA was 0.20 μg/kg bw/day. A significant, although low, positive Spearman correlation was found between the two intake estimates (p-value = 8 × 10-3; ρ = 0.11). From the estimated intake of AA from food frequency questionnaires, significance was found for the 15-year-old children with higher AA adduct levels observed at higher consumption frequencies of fried potatoes/French fries. AA is considered a genotoxic carcinogen. For the estimated intake of AA for any age group and method (dietary recall or AA adduct), both a calculated margin of exposure as well as lifetime quantitative cancer risk estimates indicate health concern. A future study on food consumption designed with respect to AA exposure would provide a better understanding of the correlation between consumption and exposure and should give a more reliable estimate of the contribution of dietary AA to the overall cancer risk.

Determining Factors of Educational Opportunities: Reflections on Intergenerational Educational Mobility

This article examines the dynamics of intergenerational educational mobility by analyzing the impact of parents' educational levels on the educational achievements of their children. Through a review of the last twenty years of related literature, the study confirms a strong positive correlation between the educational levels of parents and their offspring. It emphasizes how parental education is a critical factor in breaking poverty cycles and improving social mobility, especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged families. The interaction between parental education and the educational outcomes of children and adolescents is complex, incorporating socioeconomic and demographic factors, educational policies, as well as cultural capital and neighborhood effects. The findings underline the need for multifaceted public policy interventions that promote educational equity and support equal opportunities, aiming to enhance intergenerational mobility and foster a just society. The study offers valuable perspectives focusing on the importance of addressing interconnected variables that contribute to persistent educational disparities and hinder social progress.

Holistic exploration of reading comprehension skills, technology and socioeconomic factors in Spanish teenagers

The intricate relationship between teenagers' literacy and technology underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding, particularly in the Spanish context. This study employs explainable artificial intelligence (AI) to delve into this complex interplay, focusing on the pivotal role of reading comprehension skills in the personal and career development of Spanish teenagers. With a sample of 22,400 15-year-olds from the PISA dataset, we investigate the impact of socioeconomic factors, technology habits, parental education, residential location, and school type on reading comprehension skills. Utilizing machine learning techniques, our analysis reveals a nuanced connection between autonomy, technological proficiency, and academic performance. Notably, family oversight of technology use emerges as a crucial factor in managing the impact of digital technology and the Internet on reading comprehension skills. The study emphasizes the necessity for a balanced and supervised introduction to technology from an early age. Contrary to current trends, our findings indicate that online gaming may not contribute positively to reading comprehension skills, while moderate daily Internet use (1–4 h) proves beneficial. Furthermore, the study underscores the ongoing nature of acquiring reading comprehension and technological skills, emphasizing the need for continuous attention and guidance from childhood. Parental education levels are identified as partial predictors of children's performance, emphasizing the importance of a holistic educational approach that considers autonomy and technological literacy. This study advocates for addressing socio-economic and gender inequalities in education and highlights the crucial role of cooperation between schools and families, particularly those with lower educational levels.

Metabolic profiles of children aged 2-5 years born after frozen and fresh embryo transfer: A Chinese cohort study.

Frozen embryo transfer (FET) has become a widely employed assisted reproductive technology technique. There have historically been concerns regarding the long-term metabolic safety of FET technology in offspring due to pregnancy-induced hypertension and large for gestational age, both of which are well-recognized factors for metabolic dysfunction of children. Therefore, we aimed to compare the metabolic profiles of children born after frozen versus fresh embryo transfer at 2 to 5 years of age. This was a prospective cohort study. Using data from the "Assisted Reproductive Technology borned KIDs (ARTKID)," a birth cohort of offspring born from assisted reproductive technology at the Institute of Women, Children and Reproductive Health, Shandong University, China. We included 4,246 singletons born after FET (n = 2,181) and fresh embryo transfer (n = 2,065) enrolled between 2008 and 2019 and assessed the glucose and lipid variables until the age of 2 to 5 years. During a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, no significant differences were observed in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance Index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels between offspring conceived by fresh and frozen embryo transfer in the crude model and adjusted model (adjusted for parental age, parental body mass index, parental education level, paternal smoking, parity, offspring age and sex). These results remained consistent across subgroup analyses considering offspring age, the stage of embryo transfer, and the mode of fertilization. Results from sensitivity analysis on children matched for age within the cohort remains the same. The main limitation of our study is the young age of the offspring. In this study, the impact of FET on glucose and lipid profiles during early childhood was comparable to fresh embryo transfer. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the metabolic health of offspring born after FET.

Developmental antecedents of adherence to masculinity norms: A 9-year longitudinal study of urban Chinese families.

A growing body of literature shows that adherence to some aspects of Western masculinity norms, including the suppression of emotional vulnerability, avoidance of seeking support from others, and exaggerated physical toughness, is associated with poorer psychological and social outcomes. While existing research suggests that parental gender beliefs and caregiving behaviors might influence the development of children's gendered behaviors, little is known about the developmental origins of individual differences in adherence to masculinity norms. The current study aims to address this gap and presents a longitudinal investigation of how parental gender beliefs and maternal sensitivity during infancy contribute to children's adherence to masculinity norms during middle childhood. Data were drawn from a mixed-method 9-year longitudinal study of 374 urban Chinese families (48.40% with daughters). Parental gender beliefs were assessed at 24 months, maternal sensitivity was assessed with mother-child interaction observations at 14 and 24 months, and children's self-reported adherence to masculinity norms were assessed at age 10 years. Results indicate that while parental gender beliefs had no associations with children's adherence to masculinity norms, maternal sensitivity predicted children's adherence to masculinity norms (β = -.18, p = .008) above and beyond parental gender beliefs and parental education level; moreover, there was a significant interaction of sex on the effect of maternal sensitivity on children's adherence to masculinity (β = -.23, p = .025), and the association was significant only for boys. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Exploring Students’ and Teachers’ Insights on School-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Safety: A Case Study of Western Morava Basin, Serbia

Integrated disaster risk reduction in schools represents a key component of safety strategies within the educational sector of every country. The aim of this study is to comprehensively explore the impact of various demographic and socio-economic factors on the perceptions of students and teachers regarding disaster risk reduction and safety in schools. This study is distinguished by its extensive empirical approach, employing a multistage random sampling method to conduct 850 face-to-face interviews (650 with students and 200 with teachers) throughout 2023 in 10 out of the total 18 municipalities in the Western Morava Basin of the Republic of Serbia. Two structured survey instruments were developed, incorporating a mix of qualitative (closed-ended) multiple-choice questions and five-point Likert scales. The research proposes two central hypotheses regarding school-based disaster risk reduction. Firstly, it suggests that gender, age, parent’s employment, academic achievement, living situation, parental education levels, and engagement with social media collectively influence students’ perspectives on this matter (H1–H8). Secondly, it posits that gender, age, marital status, parenthood, and educational background significantly impact teachers’ viewpoints on school-based disaster risk reduction (H1–H5). Multivariate linear regression was used to explore predictors of students’ and teachers’ insights on school-based disaster risk reduction. Various statistical tests, including Chi-square, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation, were employed to investigate the influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors on these insights. The results of multivariate regression analyses indicate that age, gender, and marital status emerge as the primary predictors across various facets of students’ and teachers’ insights on school-based disaster risk reduction, including awareness of disasters, disaster education activities, attitudes toward disaster risk reduction education, and enhancement of disaster information accessibility. The findings of this study provide comprehensive insights into the key factors influencing students’ and teachers’ perceptions of disaster risk reduction in schools. This research not only contributes to the academic discourse on disaster education but also serves as a foundational basis for improving educational programs, developing policies and strategies, refining normative educational frameworks, guiding teacher training, and informing further research in disaster education.