Parent Compound Research Articles

Understanding the Impacts of Presystemic Metabolism on the Human Oral Bioavailability of Chemicals.

Animal-free new approach methods promote chemical assessments based on the comparison between in vitro bioactivity and human internal concentrations, which necessitates a dependable knowledge of human oral bioavailability, i.e., the fraction of an orally ingested chemical that escapes from presystemic ("first-pass") metabolic processes and eventually enters systemic circulation. Using a physiologically based toxicokinetic model, we show how human oral bioavailability is impacted by presystemic metabolism within the gut lumen, gut wall, and liver and how this impact differs among chemicals with various permeability and stability properties. Our results highlight the gut lumen as a primary site of presystemic metabolism of certain chemicals, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), for which the gut lumen may even exceed the liver in importance of presystemic metabolism due to these metabolic processes occurring in sequence. For chemicals with low transmembrane permeability and low stability, metabolism within the gut lumen is the most remarkable of the three presystemic metabolic processes. Notably, for chemicals that undergo substantial metabolism within the gut lumen, where the metabolites have high permeability, there is a notable discrepancy between the "theoretical bioavailability" (bioavailability of the unchanged parent compound) and the "apparent bioavailability" in measurement practices (bioavailability inferred from measured metabolites). Our work highlights the importance of considering presystemic metabolism, notably within the gut lumen, in human exposure and toxicokinetic modeling.

Nitrogen-Containing Flavonoids-Preparation and Biological Activity.

In this work, we report the application of Buchwald-Hartwig amination for the preparation of new derivatives of quercetin and luteolin. Our investigation delves into the impact of aniline moiety on antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, cytotoxicity, and the ability of flavonoids to modulate drug-resistance mechanisms in bacteria. The anti-inflammatory activity disappeared after the introduction of aniline into the flavonoids and the cytotoxicity remained low. Although the ability of quercetin and luteolin to modulate bacterial resistance to antibiotics has already been published, this is the first report on the molecular mechanism of this process. Both flavonoids attenuate erythromycin resistance by suppressing the ribosomal methyltransferase encoded by the ermA gene in Staphylococcus aureus. Notably, 4-(trifluoromethyl)anilino quercetin emerged as a potent ErmA inhibitor, likely by interacting with the RNA-binding pocket of ErmA. Additionally, both 4-fluoroanilino derivatives effectively impended the staphylococcal efflux system. All the prepared derivatives exhibited superior activity in modulating gentamicin resistance in S. aureus compared to the parent compounds. Overall, the incorporation of substituted anilines into the flavonoid core significantly enhanced its ability to combat multidrug resistance in bacteria.

Insights into the variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives in urban airborne PM2.5

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be transformed into more toxic species in the atmosphere, but field evidence for their transformation remains rare. Here, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including PAHs and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives (NPAHs and OPAHs), in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in the seasons at multiple locations in a megacity (Guangzhou, China). Molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs), meteorological factors, and atmospheric oxidant measurements were employed to understand the atmospheric behaviors of PM2.5-bound PACs. The results indicated that similarities/differences in the short-term variations of PAC concentrations between the locations depended on their sources and seasons. The temporal trends in MDRs were more distinct than those in concentrations among the locations. Meteorological factors affected PAC concentrations through a similar pathway (demodulating loadings on PM). Their influence on the ratios can be explained by compounds’ atmospheric half-life, vapor pressure, or particle-size distribution. Temperature was the most powerful factor for both the concentrations and MDRs. Relative humidity was minor, but its positive influence on the reaction to OH radicals was appreciable. The dependence on PM2.5 concentrations suggests that PM plays a more significant role in the sorption or formation of N/OPAHs than in their parent compounds. The OH radical-initiated reaction is the major formation mechanism of N/OPAHs throughout the year, but substantial reactions to NO3 radical in autumn were observed due to high ozone levels. Multiple linear regression revealed that parent PAHs, NO2, and/or O3 are significant contributing factors to the secondary formation of N/OPAHs. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed the distinguishing characteristics of summer and autumn PM2.5-bound PACs. This study provides field evidence for the gaseous and heterogeneous reactions of PAHs.

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of RSL3-based GPX4 degraders with hydrophobic tags

Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, during which glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) plays an essential role and is well-recognized as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Although some GPX4 degradation molecules have been developed to induce ferroptosis, the discovery of GPX4 degraders with hydrophobic tagging (HyT) as an innovative approach is more challenging. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of HyT degraders by linking the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 with a hydrophobic and bulky group of adamantane. Among them, compound R8 is a potent degrader (DC50, 24h = 0.019 μM) which can effectively degrade GPX4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, compound R8 exhibited superior in vitro antitumor potency against HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines with IC50 values of 24 nM and 32 nM respectively, which are 4 times more potent than parental compound RSL3. Mechanistic investigation evidenced that R8 consumes GPX4 protein mainly through the ubiquitin proteasome (UPS) and enables to induce the accumulation of LPO, thereby triggering ferroptosis. Our work presented the novel GPX4 degrader of R8 by HyT strategy, and provided a promising pathway of degradation agents for the treatment of ferroptosis relevant diseases.

From Sea Sponge to Clinical Trials: Starting the Journey of the Novel Compound PM742.

PM742 (1), a new chemical entity, has been isolated from the sponge Discodermia du Bocage collected in the Pacific Ocean. This compound showed strong in vitro cytotoxicity against several human tumor cell lines as well as a tubulin depolymerization mechanism of action, which led us to conduct an extensive Structure-Activity-Relationship study through the synthesis of different analogs. As a result, a derivatively named PM534 (2) is currently in its first human Phase I clinical trial. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the isolation, structural elucidation, and antitumor activities of the parent compound PM742.

Gas-phase and air-solid interface behavior of phthalate plasticizer and ozone: The influence of indoor mineral dust

Indoor environments serve as reservoirs for a variety of emerging pollutants (EPs), such as phthalates (PAE), with intricate interactions occurring between these compounds and indoor oxidants alongside dust particles. However, the precise mechanisms governing these interactions and their resulting environmental implications remain unclear. By theoretical simulations, this work uncovers multi-functional compounds and high oxygen molecules as important products arising from the interaction between DEP/DEHP and O3, which are closely linked to SOA formation. Further analysis reveals a strong affinity of DEP/DEHP for mineral dust surfaces, with an adsorption energy of 22.11/30.91 kcal mol−1, consistent with a higher concentration of DEHP on the dust surface. Importantly, mineral particles are found to inhibit every step of the reaction process, albeit resulting in lower product toxicity compared to the parent compounds. Thus, timely removal of dust in an indoor environment may reduce the accumulation and residue of PAEs indoors, and further reduce the combined exposure risk produced by PAEs-dust. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the interaction between PAEs and SOA formation, and to develop a fundamental reaction model at the air-solid surface, thereby shedding light on the microscopic behaviors and pollution mechanisms of phthalates on indoor dust surfaces.

Upregulation of fatty acid synthesis genes in the livers of adolescent female rats caused by inhalation exposure to PCB52 (2,2′,5,5′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl)

Elevated airborne PCB levels in older schools are concerning due to their health impacts, including cancer, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), cardiovascular issues, neurodevelopmental diseases, and diabetes. During a four-week inhalation exposure to PCB52, an air pollutant commonly found in school environments, adolescent rats exhibited notable presence of PCB52 and its hydroxylated forms in their livers, alongside changes in gene expression. Female rats exhibited more pronounced changes in gene expression compared to males, particularly in fatty acid synthesis genes regulated by the transcription factor SREBP1. In vitro studies with human liver cells showed that the hydroxylated metabolite of PCB52, 4-OH-PCB52, but not the parent compound, upregulated genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis similar to in vivo exposure. These findings highlight the sex-specific effects of PCB52 exposure on livers, particularly in females, suggesting a potential pathway for increased MASLD susceptibility.

Remimazolam and Its Place in the Current Landscape of Procedural Sedation and General Anesthesia.

Remimazolam was derived from its parent compound by adding an ester linkage into its structure so that the drug becomes a substrate for ester metabolism. As a result, it undergoes organ-independent ester hydrolysis, although the clinical benefits in terms of shorter recovery are not uniformly observed in clinical practice. Remimazolam is mainly tested in procedural sedation. In comparison to propofol, the current gold standard for procedural sedation, its proposed attractiveness is shorter wake-up times and a clear-headed recovery. Its clear advantages over propofol are better hemodynamic stability, lack of pain on injection and availability of a reversal agent in the form of flumazenil. Data on patient and proceduralist satisfaction are lacking. Remimazolam is also used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in Japan (where it is approved for this purpose). In this scenario, it is not clear if it can achieve the same degree of lack of recall as propofol. The use of remimazolam in obstetrics, pediatrics and high-risk populations is an emerging area.

Terbium-benzoyl acetate complex encored indium-MOFs through post-synthetic modification for luminescent sensitive detection of organophosphorus insecticides

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are represented ideal candidate materials for chemical sensing of different kinds of species because they contain optically active sites may be in organic linker or ions node, moreover, MOFs have high porosity that capture different types of guests. Lanthanide MOFs (Ln-MOFs) was very common in sensing chemical species due to identical light emission characteristics. The problem of Ln-MOFs was the difficulty of its preparation; therefore, post-synthetic modification (PSM) technique was excellent for incorporation of lanthanide site in the network. Unlike other MOFs, In-MOF can be post-synthesized because of its free amino group in the network, therefore, it was chosen in the current work. Here, Tb-In-MOF-EBA was generated by PSM of In-MOF in two steps: (1) formation of the amide by the reaction of In-MOF with ethyl benzoyl acetate; (2) chelation of Tb3+ cations by the diketone fragment. The main challenge of present work is not to give another luminescent MOF based sensor rather than using decorative technique based PSM route to tune optically active sensors for organophosphorus (OP) insecticides (dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, and pirimiphos-methyl) identification quantitatively and qualitatively. The emission intensity of Tb-In-MOF-EBA were reduced with 8 %, 50 %, and 81 %, after adding dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, and pirimiphos-methyl for the parent compounds, respectively. Tb-In-MOF-EBA showed interesting selectivity toward dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos-methyl, therefore, it can be used in measuring the concentration of OP insecticide with high accuracy.

New 1H-1,2,3-triazole analogues of boswellic acid are potential anti-breast cancer agents

In this work, we describe the synthesis of 12 new pentacyclic triterpene amides (3a-3l) and 11 new 1H-1,2,3-triazole analogues (5a-5k) of 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (β-AKBA) and evaluated them for their human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) growth inhibitory activities. The resulting compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopy. X-ray crystallography unambiguously confirmed the exact structure of compound 3a. The cytotoxic potential of the synthesized compounds was scrutinized against triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and normal (MCF-10A) cell lines. Furthermore, all the synthesized derivatives exhibited significant anti-proliferative activities with IC50 values ranging from 8.1 ± 0.2 to 18.5 ± 0.4 μM. Among them, compounds 5a and 5i exhibited noteworthy activities and were several times more potent than the parent compound β-AKBA. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis predicted that these molecules exhibit their anti-proliferative effects by binding to the folate receptor alpha (FRα). Overall, this new study may pave the way to medicinal analogues of β-AKBA as anti-breast cancer agents.

Light-promoted stereoselective late-stage difunctionalization and anti-tumor activity of oridonin

The late-stage difunctionalization of diterpene oridonin by light-promoted direct oxyamination with various O-benzoylhydroxylamines was carried out to afford C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonin derivatives (1–25) for the first time. Though as a radical reaction, it features high stereoselectivity to only produce C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of these C16α-N-C17-OBz-oridonins against the human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) was evaluated by MTT assay, showing that most of the synthesized compounds possessed moderate anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell lines superior or similar to the parent compound oridonin. The derivative 25 with a N-methyl-N-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl) substitution showed better cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 value of 11.75 μM) than oridonin (IC50 value of 17.95 μM).

Multiclass Analysis for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Their Main Metabolites in Leafy and Root Vegetables.

The irrigation of soils with reclaimed contaminated wastewater or its amendment with sewage sludge contributes to the uptake of pharmaceuticals by vegetables growing in the soil. A multiresidue method has been devised to determine five pharmaceuticals and nine of their main metabolites in leafy and root vegetables. The method employs ultrasound-assisted extraction, clean-up via dispersive solid-phase extraction, and analysis through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Box-Behnken design was used to refine variables such as extraction solvent volume, time of extraction, number of extraction cycles, and the type and amount of d-SPE sorbent. The method achieved linearity (R2) greater than 0.994, precision (relative standard deviation) under 16% for most compounds, and detection limits ranging from 0.007 to 2.25 ng g-1 dry weight. This method was applied to a leafy vegetable (lettuce) and to a root vegetable (carrot) sourced from a local market. Parent compounds were detected at higher concentrations than their metabolites, with the exception of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide.

Effects on magnetocaloric and magnetoresistive properties due to nonmagnetic Zn2+ substitution at Mn-site in charge-ordered Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 manganite

This study of nonmagnetic Zn-substitution effect on the charge-ordered behavior of Pr0.5Ca0.5Mn1-xZnxO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1) compounds reveal the weakening of strong charge-ordered antiferromagnetic state of the parent compound (x = 0.0). Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) has been calculated using a Python package from isothermal M-H data for these samples. A prominent ferromagnetic contribution in the antiferromagnetic matrix for Mn-site doping is observed, which removes the inverse MCE observed in the pristine sample below the charge ordering temperature TCO. Development of ferromagnetism in the doped system exhibits a metal-insulator transition at TMI = 90 K under 7 T magnetic field and large magnetoresistance (> 99 %), which is not observed in parent compound. Magnetic field-dependent hysteresis at low temperature reveals the ferromagnetic metastability and first-order nature of magnetic phase transition. Random occupation of Zn at the Mn-site of the parent compound disrupts 1:1 Mn3+/Mn4+ charge-ordered superstructure of the parent compound which weakens the charge-ordered antiferromagnetic strength promoting ferromagnetism and double-exchange interaction through an enhanced 2p-3d hybridization between Mn and O ions.

Extraction optimization and reactivity of 7α-acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone and ability of its derivatives to modulate PKC isoforms

Protein kinase C is a family of kinases that play important roles in carcinogenesis. Medicinal plants from Plectranthus spp. (Lamiaceae) are a well-known source of interesting abietanes, such as 7α-acetoxy-6β-hydroxyroyleanone (Roy). This study aimed to extract and isolate Roy from P. grandidentatus Gürke, comparing two extraction methods (CO2 supercritical and ultrasound-assisted acetonic extraction), and design new royleanone derivatives for PKC modulation focusing on breast cancer therapy. The concentration of Roy in the extracts was determined by HPLC–DAD. The supercritical extraction method yielded 3.6% w/w, with the presence of 42.7 μg mg−1 of Roy (yield of 0.13%), while ultrasound-assisted acetonic extraction yielded 2.3% w/w, with the presence of 55.2 μg mg−1 of Roy (yield of 0.15%). The reactivity of Roy was investigated aiming at synthetizing new ester derivatives through standard benzoylation and esterification reactions. The benzoylated (Roy-12-Bz) and acetylated (Roy-12-Ac) derivatives in the C12 position were consistently prepared with overall good yields (33–86%). These results indicate the 12-OH position as the most reactive for esterification, affording derivatives under mild conditions. The reported di-benzoylated (RoyBz) and di-acetylated (RoyAc) derivatives were also synthesized after increasing the temperature (50 °C), reaction time, and using an excess of reagents. The cytotoxic potential of Roy and its derivatives was assessed against breast cancer cell lines, with RoyBz emerging as the most promising compound. Derivatization at position C-12 did not offer advantages over di-esterification at positions C-12 and C-6 or over the parent compound Roy and the presence of aromatic groups favored cytotoxicity. Evaluation of royleanones as PKC-α, βI, δ, ε, and ζ activators revealed DeRoy’s efficacy across all isoforms, while RoyPr showed promising activation of PKC-δ but not PKC-ζ, highlighting the influence of slight structural changes on isoform selectivity. Molecular docking analysis emphasized the importance of microenvironmental factors in isoform specificity, underscoring the complexity of PKC modulation and the need for further exploration.

Ligand-Based Pharmacophoric Design and Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Triazole Linked Semisynthetic Labdane Conjugates.

This study employed a ligand-based pharmacophoric approach to design and synthesize 33 novel semisynthetic labdane-appended triazolyl isatins to discover potential anti-inflammatory agents. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the derivatives was evaluated by their ability to inhibit the production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6, in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. The initial screening revealed that compound 7a ((1-(2-(2,3-dioxoindolin-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl (E)-3-formyl-5-((1S,4aS,8aS)-5,5,8a-trimethyl-2-methylenedecahydronaphthalen-1-yl)pent-3-enoate) exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect (NO inhibition, IC50 = 3.13 μΜ), surpassing both the positive control indomethacin (NO inhibition, IC50 = 7.31 μΜ) and the parent compound labdane dialdehyde. Notably, 7a reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 while increasing the levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Mechanistic studies revealed that 7a downregulated the expression of COX-2 and iNOS by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In silico molecular modeling studies on NF-κB proteins support these findings, suggesting that 7a is a promising candidate for developing into a potent anti-inflammatory clinical agent.

A Radioactivity-mass Spectrometry Calibration Method Coupled with Biosynthesis to Generate a Metabolite Standard for Enzyme Kinetics Studies

In early stages of drug development, the absence of authentic metabolite standards often results in semi-quantitative measurements of metabolite formation in reaction phenotyping studies using mass spectrometry (MS), leading to inaccuracies in the determination of enzyme kinetic parameters, such as the Michaelis constant (Km). Moreover, it is impossible to ascertain the maximum rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions (kcat or Vmax). The use of radiolabeled parent compounds can circumvent this problem. However, radiometric detection exhibits significantly lower sensitivity compared to MS. To address these challenges, we have developed a stepwise approach that leverages biosynthesized radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled metabolites as standards, enabling accurate determination of Km, kcat or Vmax without the need for authentic metabolite standards. This approach, using the carbon-14 [14C] labeled metabolite to calibrate the unlabeled metabolite (14C calibration method), combines radiometric with LC-MS/MS detection to generate both [14C]-labeled and unlabeled metabolite standard curves to ensure that the sample concentrations measured are accurately quantitated. Two case studies were presented to demonstrate the utility of this method. We first compared the accuracy of the 14C calibration method to the use of authentic standards for quantitating imipramine metabolites. Next, we biosynthesized and quantitated the metabolites of BI 894416 using 14C calibration method and evaluated the enzyme kinetics of metabolite formation. The Km values of the metabolite formation demonstrated substantially improved accuracy compared to MS semi-quantitation. Moreover, the 14C calibration method offers a streamlined approach to prepare multiple metabolite standards from a single biosynthesis, reducing the time required for structure elucidation and metabolite synthesis.

Phthalate monoesters accumulation in residential indoor dust and influence factors

Phthalate monoesters (mPAEs) possess biological activity that matches or even exceeds that of their parent compounds, phthalate esters (PAEs), negatively impacting humans. Indoor dust is the main carrier of indoor pollutants. In this study, indoor dust samples were collected from 46 households in Changchun City, Jilin Province, in May 2019, and particulate and flocculent fibrous dust was used as the research target to analyze the concentration and compositional characteristics of mPAEs, primary metabolites of five significant PAEs. The influence of factors such as architectural features and living habits in residential areas on exposure to mPAEs was explored. Ten suspected enzyme genes along with two metabolic pathways with the ability to degrade PAEs were screened using PICRUSt2. The results showed that the total concentrations of the five mPAEs in the indoor dust samples were particulate dust (11.49–78.69 μg/g) and flocculent fibrous dust (21.61–72.63 μg/g), respectively. The molar concentration ratio (RC) of mPAEs to corresponding PAEs significantly differed among chemicals, with MMP/DMP and MEP/DEP sporting the highest RC values. Different bacterial types have shown distinct influences against mPAEs and PAEs. Enzyme function and metabolic pathway abundance had a significant effect on the concentration of some mPAEs, mPAEs are most likely derived from microbial degradation of PAEs.

Effect of perturbations on dantrolene - A DFT treatise

Dantrolene and an isomer of dantrolene which is obtained by a pair of centric perturbations (carbon to nitrogen replacement in N-N=CH moiety) are considered within the constraints of density functional theory at the level of B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p). Dantrolene is a skeletal muscle relaxant which interferes with the release of calcium ion from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Both of the isomeric structures of present interest have exothermic heat of formation values and favorable Gibbs free energy of formation values. They are electronically stable as well. The perturbation results in a more exothermic and more favorable isomer than dantrolene. It is also electronically more stable than the parent structure. Various quantum chemical data have been collected and discussed including IR and UV-VIS spectra.

Janus ScYCBr2 MXene as a Promising Thermoelectric Material.

Finding green energy resources that contribute to the battle against global warming and the pollution of our planet is an urgent challenge. Thermoelectric electricity production is a clean and efficient method of producing energy; consequently, scientists are currently researching and creating thermoelectric materials to increase the efficiency of thermoelectric electricity production and expand the potential of the thermoelectric effect for clean energy production. This work focuses on a comprehensive study of the thermoelectric properties of two-dimensional ScYCBr2. We report here a computational analysis of this Janus-like MXene, which is predicted to exhibit outstanding thermoelectric properties. The study uses density-functional theory to provide evidence of the important role played by symmetry breaking to promote low-thermal transport by favoring certain phonon scattering channels. Compared to its symmetric parent compounds, the asymmetric Janus-type ScYCBr2 displays additional phonon scattering channels reducing the thermal conductivity. An exhaustive investigation of the dynamical stability for both zero-temperature and high-temperature conditions was also performed to support the stability of ScYCBr2. Our analysis shows that thanks to its asymmetric structure, the ScYCBr2 MXene has thermoelectric properties that largely surpass those of its parent symmetric counterpart Sc2CBr2, being a material with a remarkable thermoelectric high figure of merit. Another advantage of ScYCBr2 is its high carrier mobility. This work not only demonstrates that this material is a promising thermoelectric material but also shows that ScYCBr2 can operate efficiently at high temperatures up to 1200 K.

Dye-sensitization on rosette-shaped BiOBr/Biochar photocatalyst for simultaneous removal of emerging pollutants and dyes

This study presents the fabrication of rosette-shaped bismuth oxybromide/biochar (BiOBr/BC) photocatalysts supported on biochar via a straightforward solvothermal approach. This BiOBr/BC photocatalyst demonstrates remarkable efficiency in degrading 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The incorporation of the photosensitizer Rhodamine B (RhB) significantly enhances the degradation rate of EE2, while RhB itself undergoes degradation during visible-light photocatalysis. Biochar serves as a substrate, offering several advantages such as improved adsorption, facilitated electron transfer, and increased production of free radicals, all contributing to the enhanced degradation of EE2 by BiOBr/BC. Under 20 min of visible light irradiation, the degradation rate of EE2 by the RhB-sensitized BiOBr/BC system reaches 99.28%. Furthermore, the incorporation of RhB improves the stability and recyclability of the BiOBr/BC system, maintaining an EE2 degradation rate of 92.00% after seven consecutive degradation cycles. Our photocatalytic system exhibits strong degradation activity towards a mixed-pollutant solution of EE2 and various dyes. LC-MS analysis identified the degradation products and computational predictions indicated their lower ecotoxicity compared to the parent compound. Overall, this study provides new insights and possibilities for the treatment of environmental pollutants, leveraging the concept of “curing waste with waste”.