Parental Actions Research Articles

Symmetric vs. chiral approaches to massive fields with spin

Abstract Massive higher spin fields are notoriously difficult to introduce interactions when they are described by symmetric (spin)-tensors. An alternative approach is to use chiral description that does not have unphysical longitudinal modes. For low spin fields we show that chiral and symmetric approaches can be related via a family of invertible change of variables (equivalent to parent actions), which should facilitate introduction of consistent interactions in the symmetric approach and help to control parity in the chiral one. We consider some examples of electromagnetic and gravitational interactions and their transmutations when going to the chiral formulation. An interesting feature of the relation is how second class constraints get eliminated while preserving Lorentz invariance.

Transmettre l’héritage actif : influence de l’activité physique parentale sur celle de sa progéniture

ObjectivesParents’ habits can have an impact on those of their children. The objective of was to evaluate the general knowledge and motivations of parents regarding physical activity and to study the behavior of their children during adolescence. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was carried on 123 adolescents and their parents. A survey including background information, practice of sport and a physical activity diary for calculating the physical activity level (PAL). Questions on knowledge in relation to physical activity, sedentary lifestyle and motivations for the practice were asked. Anthropometric measurements were recorded. The significance level was P<0.05. ResultsOverweight and obesity were present among parents and adolescents with respectively 32.5% vs 8.1% (P=0.0000) and 13.0% vs 4.9% (P=0.0255). Adolescents practiced a sporting activity more than their parents (P=0.0000). For the PAL, it was higher in parents (P=0.0054). A positive association was shown between the PAL of parents and that of their children (r=0.1302; P=0.1534). Regarding parents’ knowledge, 66.7% (P=0.0000) believed that there was no age limit for practicing sport, and 52.8% of parents thought that time spent sitting in front of a computer is not a sedentary activity (P=0.3720). For adolescents, 55.3% had an average score between 1 and 2 representing behavior related to physical activity that needs to be improved. ConclusionThe results suggest awareness-raising and information actions for parents to raise awareness of the benefits of physical activity and the disadvantages of a sedentary lifestyle, so that they can correct the behavior of their offspring.

Gendered parenting and gender role attitude among children

In a society rife with gender stereotypes and discrimination, children frequently learn to accept gender roles that are not necessarily equitable to all genders. Many factors during childhood and adolescence impact children’s beliefs and actions about gender roles. These attitudes and behaviors are typically acquired and reinforced at home. Most research on gender socialization place greater emphasis on typical growth and average patterns across children. The present study investigated how gendered ideas and actions of parents influence their children’s attitudes about gender roles. The study examined gender stereotypes held by children about different concepts like occupation, appearance, play, and responsibilities, and how family contributed to their development. Data was collected from ten participants (of age between 4 and 6 years) from Kozhikode district, Kerala, India, using a semi-structured interview. The data was transcribed, and thematic analysis was performed. The study found that children had a solid gender-stereotyped viewpoint on all of the factors examined and that children make gender-stereotyped decisions, attitudes, and perceptions from a very young age. Role modeling and promoting distinct gendered behaviors are found to be the two ways through which parents and families impact children’s gender development. The present study has demonstrated that certain types of exposures from the family influence children’s learning of conventional gender roles. Society must establish a more gender-equitable context that will preserve the future psychological, social, and professional development of children.

Effects of Parental Childhood Maltreatment on Children's School Adaptation: An Intergenerational Perspective Based on Envy.

Previous studies have examined the impact of maternal childhood maltreatment (CM) on children's school adaptation (SA), neglecting the role of fathers, and the joint influence of both parents. Based on family systems theory, this study explored the intergenerational impact of parental CM on children's SA and the mediating role of benign envy (BE) and malicious envy (ME). A total of 334 elementary school students' BE, ME, and SA statuses and their parents' CM, BE, and ME statuses were collected to construct the intergenerational transmission models of BE and ME for fathers, mothers, and parents, respectively. The results revealed that maltreated fathers or mothers individually exerted negative impacts on their children's SA, but when parents acted jointly, only fathers' CM intergenerational influence was significant. Mediation effects demonstrated that, individually, maltreated fathers indirectly affected children's SA through children's BE; maltreated mothers impacted children's SA through the "mothers' BE→children's BE" mediating chain; however, when taking combined parental action, only mothers' intergenerational transmission chain was significantly present. Identifying different intergenerational influence mechanisms of maltreated parents on offspring's school adaptation broadens our understanding of the diverse parenting roles of parents. That is, fathers foster their offspring's environmental adaptability through encouraging external exploration, while mothers enhance socialization by nurturing internal emotional development. Formulating strategies to address the emotional issues of maltreated parents, especially mothers, is crucial for mitigating the intergenerational consequences of maltreatment and enhancing the offspring's adaptability.

Parent's Actions in Handling Primary Stunting in Toddlers in Bendoagung Village, Trenggalek District

Parent's Actions in Handling Primary Stunting in Toddlers in Bendoagung Village, Trenggalek District

Intergenerational influence on children's pro-environmental behaviors: Exploring the roles of psychological richness and mindful parenting

Psychological richness, as one of the significant orientations in positive psychology, has received widespread attention. Despite findings indicating that adults' psychological richness significantly predicts pro-environmental behaviors, there is currently no research examining its potential involvement in the intergenerational transmission of environmental attitudes. To fill this gap, this study focuses on the dimension of parents' psychological richness, aiming to explore the positive antecedents of children's pro-environmental behaviors. We proposed and tested a chain mediation model to explore how mindful parenting and children's perceptions of parental behavior mediate the association between parental psychological richness and children's pro-environmental behaviors. This study encompasses 293 families from China, totaling 586 participants, with each family comprising one child and one primary caregiver. Parents and their children completed the Psychological Richness Scale, Mindful Parenting Scale, Perceived Parental Action Questionnaire, and Children's Pro-environmental Behaviors Scale, respectively. The results show that parental psychological richness is positively correlated with children's pro-environmental behaviors, and both mindful parenting and perceptions of parental action mediated this relationship. These findings extend the understanding of the intergenerational influence between parental psychological richness and children's pro-environmental behaviors, highlighting the potential importance of mindful parenting and children's perceptions of parental action in improving children's pro-environmental behaviors.

Understanding and enhancing immune resilience among children in the Southern Philippines through parental perspectives: A qualitative case study

Background: Children in rural communities face significant health challenges due to environmental hazards and limited access to healthcare. Understanding their immune resilience and parental perspectives is crucial for addressing health disparities in such contexts. Objective: This research aimed to explore the immune resilience of children in Tugaya, Lanao del Sur, Philippines, and understand parental perspectives on fostering their children’s health in the face of environmental challenges. Methods: A qualitative case study approach was used. Ten parents of children aged 5-10 from two barangays were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected from 15 January 2024 to 15 February 2024 through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis. Results: Three main themes were generated: 1) Parental guardianship of children’s immune resilience, 2) Parental insights on fostering immune resilience in children, and 3) Parental perception and action in nurturing children’s immune resilience. These themes highlight parental roles in nurturing health, understanding immune resilience, prioritizing children’s well-being, maintaining cleanliness, providing balanced diets, and promoting proactive and informed parenting practices. Conclusion: It is evident that parents play a crucial role in fostering immune resilience among children by adopting various strategies. Understanding these perspectives can inform public health policies and community interventions to improve children’s health in similar rural contexts. This insight has significant implications for healthcare management and policy, suggesting the need for targeted support and interventions to empower parents in rural communities to enhance their children’s immune resilience.

Self-Regulated Parenting: A Systematic Review of the Relations Between Effortful Control, the Big-Five, and Parenting Practices.

It is well established that parents' own self-regulation is related to adaptive parenting practices (such as warmth and sensitivity) as well as to maladaptive ones (such as laxness and over-reactivity). However, parenting practices are not solely determined by parents' self-regulation. We discuss how broad personality dimensions (drawn from the Big-Five model) relate to temperamental self-regulation (effortful control) and to parenting practices. Considering the limited empirical literature linking these three constructs, we present extant evidence for each of the dyadic connections between these three constructs. We then propose a comprehensive model that includes the plausible moderation/mediation role of different personality dimensions (such as conscientiousness and agreeableness) on the connection between self-regulation and parenting practices. This systematic review summarizes the extant empirical findings from 74 studies, linking effortful control, character and parenting practices. It is the first to systematically review and organize the accumulating knowledge regarding their relations. Based on the reviewed literature, a conceptual framework is proposed for predicting parenting practices, which are, in turn, a crucial concept predicting children's behavioral and cognitive outcomes. In doing so, it provides a theoretical basis for the importance of parental character traits, specifically conscientiousness and agreeableness, as mediators between the parent's effortful control and their actual parenting practices.

Parental Coping Strategies as Predictors and Outcomes of Bullying: Longitudinal Relationships Between Child Victimization, Parent-Child Communication, and Parent-Teacher Consultation.

Parental actions, such as parent-child communication and parent-teacher consultation about a child's social adjustment, have been addressed as predictors, but not as outcomes of victimization. This study, based on the Bronfenbrenner's social-ecological model, considered them as outcomes as well as predictors of child victimization and examined their longitudinal bi-directional relationship with child victimization. Data were drawn from the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study, where a total of 4005 Korean youth (female = 43.6%, age mean = 12.43, SD = 1.48 in the first wave), and their parents (female = 87%) were surveyed for six waves (when the youth were 7th to 12th grade). Autoregressive cross-lagged analyses revealed that child victimization positively predicted parent-teacher consultation and negatively predicted parent-child communication, and of these strategies, only parent-child communication was a statistically significant negative predictor of subsequent victimization. The results of this study suggest that parents tend to talk with teachers instead of their own children when bullying occurs, but it is ineffective in preventing further victimization. Communicating with one's children, which is a less common reaction, appears to be a better preventative measure.

'I don't want him to always be so far behind': Parental perceptions of child independence in the context of extreme prematurity; a qualitative study.

This study addresses the paucity of research on parents of extremely preterm adolescents (born <27weeks of gestation) and their experiences within the framework of parental determinism. We conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty-two mothers and one father. Data were analysed thematically, revealing three overarching themes and eight subthemes shaping parental accounts. These themes centred on parental ambitions for their children, their perceptions of their child's abilities, and the parenting behaviours employed to support parental aspirations. Parents' actions were influenced by their ambitions and the belief that they could impact their child's future independence. While some parents adopted 'trusting', non-intensive parenting behaviours, those anticipating challenges for their child's future independence resorted to intensive parenting practices. These findings align with the concept of parental determinism, emphasising the perceived causal link between present parental actions and future child outcomes. In the context of extreme prematurity, a nuanced understanding of parental perceptions regarding their child's future independence aligned with a delicate balance between hope and realistic aspiration is crucial for enhancing parental support and well-being.

Supervision, presence and knowledge: clarifying ‘parental monitoring’ concepts within a model of goal-directed parental action

The presence of parents or other guardians (commonly termed ‘supervision’) and parental knowledge are factors that are both robustly negatively associated with a range of anti-social and risky behavioural outcomes such as adolescent crime. However, parental presence/supervision and parental knowledge are both (i) regularly used inaccurately as proxies for parental monitoring, (ii) poorly defined and operationalised, and (iii) rarely linked to negative behavioural outcomes with plausible mechanisms that adequately explain their association. These problematic aspects of the parental monitoring literature are a barrier to research into adolescent outcomes and the varied role of parents. This theoretical paper facilitates solutions these problems by clarifying the concepts of parental presence, supervision and knowledge. This discussion delineates presence from supervision and knowledge from monitoring. It specifies how presence and knowledge are not parenting actions, and neither constitute parental monitoring. These concepts are clarified within the parameters of a recent framework of goal-directed parental action and parental monitoring. Doing so constitutes under-labouring that facilitates future discovery of their distinct and yet inter-related mechanisms of influence on adolescent action and development. These structured conceptual developments are also of benefit for our better future understanding of parenting and parental monitoring by providing a framework within which to re-situate existing empirical research findings.

PELAKSANAAN PUTUSAN HAKIM TERHADAP PEMENUHAN NAFKAH ANAK PASCA PERCERAIAN (STUDI PENELITIAN DI MAHKAMAH SYAR’IYAH BIREUEN)

The judge's decision determines child custody after divorce. In some cases, the child's custody rights are given to the mother or father, and in implementation, there are parents who do not heed the results of the judge's decision, so that the plaintiff must carry out the execution by submitting the contents of the petition or withdrawing the point of claim such as the Syar'iyah Court Decision Number 594/ Pdt.G/2021/MS.Bir and Decision Number 97/Pdt.G/2023/MS.Bir. This research aims to find out and explain the analysis of the judge's decision regarding the fulfillment of child support based on the Syar'iyah Court Decision Number 594/Pdt.G/2021/MS.Bir and 97/Pdt.G/2023/MS.Bir and to find out the obstacles and the efforts taken in implementing the Shar'iyah Court Decision Number 594/Pdt.G/2021/MS.Bir and Decision Number 97/Pdt.G/2023/MS.Bir. This type of research is qualitative research with an Empirical Juridical approach, and the nature of the research is descriptive. Based on the results of the research, it is known that before determining the cost of child support rights, the judge first confirms the parties involved, then the judge will also analyze the ability of the party charged with child support due to divorce. There are no obstacles in implementing the Shar'iyah Court decision Number 594/Pdt.G/2021/MS.Bir and Decision Number 97/Pdt.G/2023/MS.Bir, and if the father does not fulfill his obligations as stated in the decision, then the father does not receive sanctions, because the court's obligations do not reach the stage of giving sanctions to the father, so the solution given is that the mother must apply for execution or submit a request for the contents of the decision. If this effort is also unsuccessful, then legal efforts can be taken that can protect children from irresponsible parental actions in Article 76 B and Article 77 B of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection.

Evaluation of the Effect of Parenting Style and Parental Mealtime Actions on the Eating Behavior of Children with Epilepsy.

Research on the interaction of parenting style, parents' mealtime behaviors, and children's eating behavior in the presence of chronic disease is limited. This study aimed to investigate the impact of parenting style and parental mealtime actions on the eating behavior of children with epilepsy. Thirty-one children with epilepsy, thirty-one healthy children (aged 4-9 years), and their parents were included. The Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS), Parent Mealtime Action Scale, Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 were applied. The MAPS, HEI-2015 scores, and body mass index for age Z scores were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). In the epilepsy group, the food approach behavior score was higher, and positive correlations were noted between broadband negative parenting and food approach behavior, and the HEI-2015 score and broadband positive parenting (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that broadband negative parenting and snack modeling increased the food approach behavior in the epilepsy group. Owing to the chronic disease, the effects of parent-child interaction on the child's eating behavior in the epilepsy group differed from those of healthy children reported in the literature.

Parental practices that influence children's development: how often are they implemented and by whom-results from the NASCITA birth cohort study.

This study aims to assess how commonly 15 parental practices, known to have positive effects on child and adult health, are carried out by families in Italy, if they are related, and which characteristics are associated with implementation. Children participating in the NASCITA Cohort, a prospective study in which family pediatricians in Italy collect data on children and their families, were included if they had sufficient data. Data on practice implementation, socio-demographic characteristics, and interrelatedness between practices were analyzed. In all, 3337 children were included. Their mothers had an average age at birth of 33years (range 17-52) and medium-high levels of education (86% of mothers) and employment (72%). No smoking or alcohol in pregnancy, supine infant sleeping position, and tummy time were the most commonly implemented practices (by over 85% of mothers, each), while the least common was exclusive breastfeeding at 6months (28%). Parental practices are related and several socio-demographic characteristics influence their implementation, with mother's educational level and geographic area of residence influencing most of the practices (each influencing 12 of 15 practices). Low educational level (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.26-0.44), being born abroad (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.34-0.56), and residing in the South (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.41-0.58) most reduce the probability of implementing numerous supportive practices (all three P < 0.001). Conclusion:Socio-demographic factors contribute significantly to carrying out supportive practices. Future interventions should address the identified inequalities, prioritizing families most in need. Direct involvement of pediatricians is warranted given their favorable position for promoting positive behaviors. What is Known: • Several parental actions in the early life of a child are known to have positive effects on later child health and development. • While folic acid supplementation and exclusive breastfeeding have been promoted for years, other supporting actions are less well-known. What is New: • Rates of parental adherence to the different supportive actions varied greatly and actionswere often scantly adopted. • Socio-demographic characteristics influenced adherence, with young, unemployed mothers with low educational levels, living in the South, or who were born abroad adhering significantly less.

A psychometric evaluation of the parental acceptance and action questionnaire (PAAQ) in parents of children with and without disabilities

Parental psychological inflexibility, particularly characterized by experiential avoidance, represents a significant risk factor for chronic stress and psychological distress. The Parental Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (PAAQ) is a context-specific instrument for the measurement of parental psychological inflexibility. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the original composite version of the 19-item PAAQ across the three distinct Swedish samples; a community sample (n = 1018), a clinical sample of treatment-seeking parents of children with disabilities (n = 667), and a test-retest sample (n = 337). The Principal Axis Factoring of the PAAQ in the community sample yielded a 16-item, three-factor solution: 1) action-taking and flexibility in the parenting context, 2) experiential acceptance of internal experiences related to parenting, and 3) experiential acceptance of child's internal experiences. This factor model was supported by the confirmatory factor analysis in the test-retest sample. The associations observed with related constructs (r = between 0.49 and 0.61, p < 0.0001) indicated good discriminant validity. The Receiver Operator Characteristic analysis demonstrated that the PAAQ can effectively classify between the clinical and community sample, achieving 79% sensitivity and 68% specificity. The showed good test-retest reliability (r = 0.82). As anticipated, the parents in the clinical sample showed greater psychological inflexibility compared to parents in the community sample. To conclude, the 16-item Swedish version of the PAAQ demonstrates adequate to good psychometric qualities.

Barriers to mediation among U.S. parents of adolescents: A mixed-methods study of why parents choose not to monitor or restrict digital media use

This mixed-methods study considers why parents do not establish or maintain strategies to manage adolescents' media use. In focus groups and interviews, U.S. parents of adolescents (ages 10–17 years) described barriers including beliefs, attitudes, and values; concerns about family conflicts; and social-structural factors, such as burnout from other professional and parenting demands or how the actions of other parents constrained their own opportunities for mediation. We used this exploratory thematic analysis to develop a questionnaire tested with a national survey of U.S. parents. In factor analysis, barriers items clustered together as mediation roadblocks, issues that keep parents from initiating or continuing mediation even when they intend to; and mediation resistance, when parents question mediation practice that did not align with values like support for adolescent autonomy. Parents were much more likely to agree that values-based resistance to mediation was a barrier to monitoring or restricting adolescent media use. In addition, parents with older children and parents whose children reported that they had a controlling parenting style were more likely to agree with monitoring and restrictive mediation roadblocks. Our findings demonstrate that parental mediation research should consider how parents’ values align, or contrast with, recommended practices and how the barriers parents encounter can be addressed to enable effective mediation.

The book is just being written: The enduring journey of parents of children with emerging- ultrarare disorders.

Ultra rare disorders are being diagnosed at an unprecedented rate, due to genomic sequencing. These diagnoses are often a new gene association, for which little is known, and few share the diagnosis. For these diagnoses, we use the term emerging-ultrarare disorder (E-URD), defined as <100 diagnosed individuals. We contacted 20 parents of children diagnosed with an E-URD through the Duke University Research Sequencing Clinic. Seventeen completed semi-structured interviews exploring parental perspectives (7/17 had children in publications describing the phenotype; 4/17 had children in the first publication establishing a new disorder). Data were analyzed using a directed content approach informed by an empowerment framework. Parents reported a range of responses, including benefits of a diagnosis and challenges of facing the unknown, some described feeling lost and confused, while others expressed empowerment. Empowerment characteristics were hope for the future, positive emotions, engagement, and confidence/self-efficacy to connect with similar others, partner with healthcare providers, and seek new knowledge. We identified a subset of parents who proactively engaged researchers, supported research and publications, and created patient advocacy and support organizations to connect with and bolster similarly diagnosed families. Other parents reported challenges of low social support, low tolerance for uncertainty, limited knowledge about their child's disorder, as well as difficulty partnering with HCPs and connecting to an E-URD community. An overarching classification was developed to describe parental actions taken after an E-URD diagnosis: adjusting, managing, and pioneering. These classifications may help genetic counselors identify and facilitate positive steps with parents of a child with an E-URD.

Young Children &amp; Implicit Racial Biases

Abstract Children are not born harboring racial biases, but they are born learning. Young children, even infants, learn from the “mere observation” of other people's behavior. Nonverbal signals of racial biases are abundant in children's everyday social environments. Studies show that preschool children acquire social group biases when they observe other people's social interactions and nonverbal behaviors. These new findings have implications for child development and educational equity. Even before kindergarten, racial biases are caught even when not explicitly taught, suggesting the need for practical actions for parents, teachers, and others concerned about the transmission of racial bias across generations.

Peran Orang Tua dalam Pengembangan Bahasa Anak Usia Dini

Parents have a role in assisting their children in completing developmental tasks, including the development of language skills. Every action and spoken word of parents in the family and social environment will influence the child's language development. This research aims to describe the importance of the role of parents in the early language development of children in Kulon Progo. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research with analysis using the model by Miles and Huberman. The instrument used in this research is interviews. The subjects of this study are parents with children aged 0-6 years, and 2 individuals were determined as subjects. The results of this study indicate that the role of parents significantly influences the language development of children. The motivation of parents in developing their children's language abilities can affect and accelerate language development. Guidance or teaching provided by parents in a directed manner will align with the child's age, making language development easier and more controlled as the child grows older. The child's language proficiency is enhanced when parents consistently provide encouragement using something that aids the child's language development. Additionally, the environmental conditions also play a crucial role in the language development of children. A conducive environment fosters and guides children, making it easier for them to develop good and correct language skills.

The Effectiveness of the PrimaKu Application on Parents Behavior in Monitoring the Growth of Toddlers

Background: Child development is an important factor. The success of each phase affects the child's ability in the next phase. The low level of knowledge, attitudes and actions of parents about growth, and development disorders can cause deviations in growth, development, and mental and emotional disorders.&#x0D; Objectives: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the PrimaKu application on the behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and actions) of parents in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers in the Panincong Health Center Work Area, Soppeng Regency.&#x0D; Methods: The research design used a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group pre and post-test design. The sample consisted of 36 respondents who were divided into the intervention and control groups. Data were analyzed using T-test.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that there was an effect of the PrimaKu application on the knowledge (p-value = 0.0001), attitudes (p-value = 0.0001) and actions (p value = 0.0001) of parents in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers, there was an average difference knowledge (p-value = 0.007 ), attitudes (p-value = 0.007) and actions (p-value = 0.028) of parents in the intervention group and control group (p-value = 0.0001).&#x0D; Conclusion: Parents should be able to use the PrimaKu application to improve behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and actions) in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers.