Parametric Analysis Of Variance Research Articles

Family education: Instilling career expectations for woman

Because women in Indonesian society gain more experience in the family, one of which is education instilled through family gender culture, women's career aspirations are believed to have their own characteristics. In today's society, the current condition of female students' career expectations is apprehensive. Most of the female students do not have any professional characteristics, such as career aspirations. This research involving 109 female students from various cultural contexts will divide their findings into two categories: patriarchal family education and matriarchal family education. The main objective of this research is to investigate the career expectations of female students in relation to patriarchal and matriarchal family education, and to compare the two household categories. As a result, the majority of female students from societies that place a patriarchal emphasis on gender have expectations of career self-efficacy, whereas those from societies that place a matriarchal emphasis on gender have expectations of outcomes. Parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for comparative analysis. The test results show F = 75.011 for career expectations on self-efficacy and F = 145.467 for outcome expectation (OE). 0.000 is a significant value for both variations.

How does artificial aging affect the mechanical properties of occlusal splint materials processed via various technologies?

The mechanical reliability of occlusal splints and their long-term behavior are significant factors determining the clinical outcome of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) therapy. However, improvements are still needed in this area. This in vitro study aimed to (1) compare the hardness and flexural properties of materials manufactured using 3 techniques for occlusal splint fabrication (conventional heat curing, thermoforming followed by light curing, and three-dimensional (3D) printing) and (2) analyze the effect of artificial aging on the properties of the materials. A total of 120 disc-shaped specimens were manufactured for the Shore D hardness evaluation, and 120 bar-shaped specimens were fabricated for the flexural properties evaluation (n = 15 for each group). Each material was tested in 2 groups of specimens, non-aged and artificially aged (stored for 90 days in water at 37°C). Statistical differences were assessed using one-way or two-way parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's or Šídák's post-hoc test, or the non-parametric KruskalWallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mechanical properties of the materials varied significantly. Among the non-aged materials, the 3D-printed resin exhibited the highest Shore D hardness (85.3D), but it decreased significantly after 90 days of water storage (80.4D, p < 0.0001). The unpolished heat curing acrylic showed the highest resistance to artificial aging (p = 0.0436). However, its hardness decreased significantly after polishing (81.0D vs. 83.4D, p = 0.0015). The conventional heat curing material also exhibited superior flexural properties (σ = 89.63 MPa, E = 2616 MPa). All tested materials were susceptible to deterioration due to aging. The conventional method of occlusal splint fabrication remains the optimal choice, particularly for long-term use. However, it is still necessary to develop materials that are resistant to aging in order to ensure successful clinical performance.

Comparative Analysis of Caffeine Content in Cold and Hot Brewed Robusta Coffee Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages globally, cherished for its unique taste, aroma, and the stimulating effects of its caffeine content. The proliferation of creative coffee shops has introduced various new methods for enjoying coffee, including cold and hot brew techniques. These processing techniques can significantly influence the physicochemical characteristics of coffee, particularly its caffeine content. This study compares the caffeine content in Robusta coffee using cold and hot brewing techniques. The hot brew coffee was prepared using water at approximately 96°C with a French press for six minutes. In contrast, the cold brew method involved brewing with water at room temperature (20-25°C) using a French press, followed by storage for 12 hours in a refrigerator (2-8°C). Qualitative analysis involved examining the color reaction, while quantitative analysis was conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). HPLC is a highly accurate method that is extensively used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The results indicated that the caffeine content in cold-brewed Robusta coffee was significantly higher, with a concentration of 44.63 μg/mL ± 0.199% and a Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 0.4459%. Conversely, hot-brewed coffee showed a caffeine concentration of 23.96 μg/mL ± 0.278%, with an RSD of 1.1602%. The parametric Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a significance value of 0.000 (p &amp;lt; 0.05), indicating a significant difference in caffeine levels between hot-brewed and cold-brewed coffee. These findings suggest that the choice of Robusta coffee processing technique can be crucial for individuals with specific health conditions seeking to manage their caffeine intake.

The association between nursing students’ perceptions of their clinical reasoning ability and their background of clinical experience: A cross-sectional correlation study

Background and objective: Nursing students tend to show poor clinical reasoning skills and incompetence in clinical performance. This study aimed to explore nursing students’ perceptions of their clinical reasoning ability in relation to their different background of academic program and clinical experience.Methods: A cross-sectional correlation study was conducted in a private tertiary professional training institute. Nursing students (n = 508) were surveyed with demographic details and a self-reported Nurse Clinical Reasoning Scale (NCRS) questionnaire about their perceptions of clinical reasoning in relation with their clinical experience.Results: Descriptive statistic, parametric analyses of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationships between variables. The mean NCRS score was lower for paid student nurse externs (49.22 ± 9.2) than for participants who were not paid student nurse externs. The mean NCRS scores differed significantly between the different clinical placements that nursing students last experienced (F = 5.41, p ≤ .001), as well as between students of various academic programs (F = 11.88, p ≤ .001), with students of the sub-baccalaureate level nursing program showing the highest score (53.04 ± 10.48), followed by those of the accelerated baccalaureate level nursing program (52.93 ± 7.67) and those of the baccalaureate level nursing program (48.82 ± 10.11). The mean NCRS score showed a weakly positive, but significant, correlation with the attendance of pre-clinical training, r(506) = .12, p = .009. The free-text surveys provided rich information concerning nursing students’ preferences for future pre-clinical training.Conclusions: Different academic backgrounds and clinical experiences influence nursing students’ clinical reasoning competence. Strategies are needed to motivate earlier clinical preparedness and caring attitudes which are essential attributes of a nursing student before their exposure to real patients.

Attractiveness and palatability of feather protein hydrolysate for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The objective of the study was to determine the attractiveness and palatability of feather hydrolysate for juvenile Nile tilapia. Twelve Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings with an average weight of 9.63 ± 0.9 g were used, distributed in 12 aquariums with a useful volume of 20 liters. Six diets were formulated, as follows: T0: Control, T1: 1% feather hydrolysate, T2: 2% feather hydrolysate, T3: 3% feather hydrolysate, T4: 4% feather hydrolysate and T5: 5% feather hydrolysate. The fish went through an adaptation period to record their feeding behavior in which they were fed twice a day, for six days, with 20 pellets per aquarium. The experimental design used was completely randomized. To assess attractiveness and palatability, the following eating behaviors were observed: time taken to capture the first pellet (seconds), number of rejections after capture, number of approaches without capture and number of pellets consumed. These values were used to calculate the attractiveness and palatability index. Data were submitted to parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's multiple comparison test was also performed, with a significance level of 5%. All diets containing the hydrolysate showed a positive palatability index when compared to the control treatment. Treatment T3 had the best palatability index of 6.66%, followed by T2 4.66%, T5 4.30%, T1 3.92% and T4 0.20%. Feather protein hydrolysate can be used to replace fish meal in diets for Nile tilapia, without altering palatability and feeding behavior.

High-plasticity mineral trioxide aggregate and its effects on M1 and M2 macrophage viability and adherence, phagocyte activity, production of reactive oxygen species, and cytokines.

This study evaluated the effects of high-plasticity mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-HP) on the activity of M1 and M2 macrophages, compared to white MTA (Angelus). Peritoneal inflammatory M1 (from C57BL/6 mice) and M2 (from BALB/c mice) macrophages were cultured in the presence of the tested materials. Cell viability (MTT and trypan blue assays), adhesion, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production were evaluated. Parametric analysis of variance and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Results were considered significant when p < 0.05. The MTT assay revealed a significant decrease in M1 metabolism with MTA-HP at 24 hours, and with MTA and MTA-HP later. The trypan blue assay showed significantly fewer live M1 at 48 hours and live M2 at 48 and 72 hours with MTA-HP, compared to MTA. M1 and M2 adherence and phagocytosis showed no significant differences compared to control for both materials. Zymosan A stimulated ROS production by macrophages. In the absence of interferon-γ, TNF-α production by M1 did not significantly differ between groups. For M2, both materials showed higher TNF-α production in the presence of the stimulus, but without significant between-group differences. Likewise, TGF-β production by M1 and M2 macrophages was not significantly different between the groups. M1 and M2 macrophages presented different viability in response to MTA and MTA-HP at different time points. Introducing a plasticizer into the MTA vehicle did not interfere with the activity of M1 and M2 macrophages.

Erro tipo I familiar da ANOVA e da ANOVA on ranks em experimentos fatoriais

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the importance of a preliminary general analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the interpretation of data from factorial experiments under total nullity. For this, we evaluated the familywise type I error rate (accumulated FWER) of the F test for the unfolding of factorial ANOVA and factorial ANOVA on ranks, which were compared with the FWER for the global effect of treatments. In addition, we evaluated the FWER of the Tukey’s test under total nullity for factorial experiments in the presence or absence of preliminary ANOVA protection (omnibus F test). The study was conducted by simulating data from 2,000 experiments, which were separated into four representative agricultural research scenarios. For both the parametric factorial ANOVA and the non-parametric factorial ANOVA, the FWER significantly exceeded the nominal level of 5%, even under total nullity. While the tests that control the total FWER in the factorials are not being used, the factorial ANOVA should not be performed without the preliminary ANOVA F test showing a significant effect. This, of course, does not apply to tests that are not multiple comparisons, such as Bonferroni, Dunn-Sidak and others, which do not need ANOVA protection. The same recommendation applies to the factorial ANOVA on ranks.

Consilience of methods for phylogenetic analysis of variance.

Simulation‐based and permutation‐based inferential methods are commonplace in phylogenetic comparative methods, especially as evolutionary data have become more complex and parametric methods more limited for their analysis. Both approaches simulate many random outcomes from a null model to empirically generate sampling distributions of statistics. Although simulation‐based and permutation‐based methods seem commensurate in purpose, results from analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on the distributions of random F‐statistics produced by these methods can be quite different in practice. Differences could be from either the null‐model process that generates variation across many simulations or random permutations of the data, or different estimation methods for linear model coefficients and statistics. Unfortunately, because the null‐model process and coefficient estimation are intrinsically linked in phylogenetic ANOVA methods, the precise reason for methodological differences has not been fully considered. Here we show that the null‐model processes of phylogenetic simulation and randomizing residuals in a permutation procedure are indeed commensurate, and that both also produce results consistent with parametric ANOVA, for cases where parametric ANOVA is possible. We also provide results that caution against using ordinary least‐squares estimation along with phylogenetic simulation; a typical phylogenetic ANOVA implementation.

Efficacy of Rotary Retreatment Techniques Assisted with Passive Ultrasonic Activation of Resin Solvent in Removal of Gutta-percha with Epoxy Resin and MTA Based Root Canal Sealers: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Endodontic retreatment is indicated in cases of failed primary endodontic treatment. The main goal of retreatment is to establish conditions that will enable the healing of the periapical tissue. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of rotary retreatment with the ProTaper Universal Retreatment system supplemented with passive ultrasonic activation of solvent in retreatment of singlerooted mandibular premolar teeth obturated with gutta-percha and two different root canal sealers (AH Plus and MTA Fillapex). Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Mahatma Gandhi Mission’s Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, from January 2019 to April 2019. Total 66 freshly extracted human single rooted mandibular premolars were used in this study. Root canal preparation was done using ProTaper Next rotary files. Teeth were decoronated to get a uniform length of 18 mm and were divided into three retreatment groups based on the technique used for retreatment. Group I included rotary retreatment, Group II involved rotary retreatment with solvent and paper point wicking, and Group III involved rotary retreatment with passive ultrasonic activation of solvent and paper point wicking. Based on the sealer used for obturation, teeth in each group were further divided into two subgroups, subgroup A with AH Plus sealer and subgroup B with MTA Fillapex sealer. Teeth were stored in an incubator for 30 days to allow sealer to set after which sectioning of the specimens was done buccolingually for examination under the stereomicroscope and photographed. Statistical analysis was done by using parametric Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Post-hoc tests and Unpaired t-test. Results: No statistically significant difference in percentage area of residual root canal filling material noted between the group I and II and when obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer (subgroup A) as p-value=0.215. Whereas, it revealed a statistically significant difference between the group I, II, and III when obturated with gutta-percha and MTA Fillapex sealer (subgroup B) as p-value&lt;0.001. Conclusion: Passive ultrasonic activation of solvent after guttapercha removal using ProTaper Universal rotary files could improve the quality of endodontic retreatment.

Positive effect of immunomodulatory therapies on disease progression in Huntington's disease? Data from a real-world cohort.

Background:The role of neuroinflammation and autoimmune processes in neurodegenerative diseases is not fully understood. Activation of microglia with expression of proinflammatory cytokines supports the hypothesis that immune processes may play an important role in the pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease (HD) and thus, immunomodulating therapies might have potential neuroprotective properties. Until now, no disease-modifying therapy (DMT) is available for HD.Objective:The aim of this research was to characterize a cohort of patients suffering from both HD and autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (classified as G35-37 in ICD-10; ADD-CNS) in comparison to HD cases without ADD-CNS. In particular, we were interested to investigate potential modulating effects on disease manifestation and progression of HD over time of prescribed immunomodulating medications (DMT).Methods:We analyzed the course of HD regarding motoric, functional, and cognitive aspects, using longitudinal data of up to 2 years from the worldwide registry study ENROLL-HD. Additional cross-sectional data in the largest cohort worldwide of HD patients was analyzed using demographic and molecular genetic parameters. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for cross-sectional and repeated-measures ANOVA for longitudinal parameters in IBM SPSS Statistics V.27.Results:Within the ENROLL-HD database, we investigated N = 21,116 participants and identified n = 60 participants suffering from ADD-CNS. Molecular, genetic, and demographic data did not differ between groups. The subgroup of n = 32 participants with motor-manifest HD revealed better cognitive performance in five out of eight cognitive tests at baseline with less progression over time in two tests (all p < 0.05). Differentiation between DMT-treated and untreated patients revealed better cognitive and motor performance in the DMT group; those patients, however, tended to be younger. Pre-manifest HD patients simultaneously diagnosed with ADD-CNS (n = 12) showed lower functional scores and more decline over time when compared with other pre-manifest HD (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Patients suffering from motor-manifest HD and simultaneously from ADD-CNS have better cognitive capacities compared with other motor-manifest HD patients. Moreover, DMTs might have beneficial effects on progression of neurodegeneration including the motor phenotype. However, this effect might have been biased by younger age in DMT-treated patients. Pre-manifest HD patients showed more functional impairment as expected due to their additional ADD-CNS disease.

Ratio Selection between Six Sectors in the Visegrad Group Using Parametric and Nonparametric ANOVA

The changes that have been triggered in market economies by COVID-19 have increased the importance of assessing the financial standing of companies and sectors. It is essential for managers, lenders, and investors to properly evaluate the financial condition of companies. Therefore, it is crucial to select indicators that show the differences in the values of market sectors before, and during, the COVID-19 pandemic (checking the stability of ratios over time). We used parametric and nonparametric analyses of variance (ANOVA) to single out indicators. The sample consists of listed companies in six sectors from the Visegrad group: manufacturing, construction, retail, wholesale trade, transportation and warehousing, and energy. We applied yearly and quarterly analyses in the periods from Q1 2017–Q1 2021. The analyses take into account 82 indicators. The results of the parametric ANOVA indicate that only the ratio of the company size shows the differences between the sectors in most of the periods of quarterly analysis. In comparison, the results of the nonparametric ANOVA demonstrate that five ratios show differences between the sectors in the quarterly analysis, and nine show differences in the yearly analysis. On the basis of the results, the construction and energy sectors are the least effective in managing their assets.

Autoregressive parametric modeling combined ANOVA approach for label-free-based cancerous and normal cells discrimination

Label free based methods received huge interest in the field of bio cell characterizations because they do not cause any cell damage nor contribute any change in its compositions. This work takes a close outlook of cancerous cells discrimination from normal cells utilizing parametric modeling approach. Autoregressive (AR) modeling technique is used to fit the measured optical transmittance profiles of both cancer and normal cells. The transmitted light intensity, when passes through the cells, gets affected by their intercellular compositions and membrane properties. In this study, four types of cells: lung-cancerous and normal, liver-cancerous and normal, were suspended in their corresponding medium and their transmission characteristics were collected and processed. The AR coefficients of each type of the cell were analyzed with the statistical technique called Analysis of variance (ANOVA), which provided the significant coefficients. The poles extracted from the significant coefficients resulted in an improved demarcation for normal and cancer cells. These outcomes can be further utilized for cell classification using statistical tools.

Growth and Productivity Assessment of Short-Duration Rice (Oryza sativa L. and Upland NERICA) Genotypes in Semiarid North-Central Namibia

In semiarid regions, drought is the major threat to crop production, but climate change and variability often bring floods to the regions, forming seasonal wetlands causing damage to local, drought-adapted staple grains and, hence, low yields and food deficit. Introduction of the semiaquatic crop rice (Oryza spp.) to these semiarid wetlands could complement the dryland crop low yields and overcome the food shortage problem. A field experiment was carried out at the University of Namibia-Ogongo Campus during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 cropping seasons to assess the growth and yield of rice genotypes. Twelve short-duration rice genotypes, nine from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and three locally grown upland NERICA genotypes, were used. Parametric analysis of variance was performed to test their effects on crop growth and yield characters. The results showed significant genotype by year interaction for days to heading, plant height, the number of tillers per m2, shoot biomass, the number of panicles per m2, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, and grain yield. The IRRI genotypes produced a higher number of tillers, shoot biomass, and grain yield than the NERICA ones, which were early maturing, were taller, and had higher 1000-grain weight across the years. Generally, most of the genotypes had lower grain yield and higher shoot biomass in the first year, due to the prevailing cool, rainy, and seemingly cloudy weather conditions associated with lower temperature and lower solar radiation. Grain yield was positively correlated with most characters but negatively correlated with the 1000-grain weight. These results demonstrate the yield superiority of IRRI genotypes over their early-maturing NERICA counterparts. However, further studies on morphological characters and drought tolerance of the IRRI genotypes are warranted to ascertain production sustainability under semiarid environments.

Effect of the Strategic Supplementation for Producing Embryos of Native Hartón del Valle Heifers

Nutritional imbalances have been confirmed in other breeds, related to energy, proteins and minerals and this affects embryonic development, production of quality. In this regard, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of strategic supplementation for the production of embryos in native Harton del Valle heifers. For that purpose, 18 pure heifers were used, fed with a diet containing 0.708 kg of crude protein and 73.58 kg of ME Mjul. The economic evaluation was carried out using the partial budgeting technique. Treatments consisted of T1: Without supplementation, T2: Supplementation, 42 days before protocol, T3: 42 days of supplementation, 26 days before and 16 days during protocol. Variables evaluated were number of structures, transferable embryos, number of Non-Transferable Embryos (NTE), number of corpora lutea, follicles and embryonic quality. Non parametric analysis of variance was performed, according to a completely randomized design and comparison of proportions (chi-square). When analyzing the proportion of NTE Vs. the total, it was lower (p˂0.05) in supplemented treatments, regardless of the period in which supplementation was carried out. Supplementation, in both phases of the protocol, increased the proportions of early morulae and blastocysts (p<0.05). In the economic analysis, profits increased by 2.05 and 1.53 times in favor of the supplementation. Supplementation to Harton del Valle heifers, before and during superovulation, favored the biological response of collected structures, number of follicles and corpora lutea. Similarly, the proportion of transferable embryos, early morulae and quality one blast cells increased, in addition to achieving a higher cost/benefit relationship.

Effects of Tillage and Fertilizer Application on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Pearl Millet Field in Northen-Central Namibia

The influence of Physico-chemical properties of soil as affected by tillage systems and fertilizer applications as it hasa direct bearing on plant growth and cropping systems sustainability. The study conducted a field experiment during the 2020/2021 cropping season at the Ogongo Campus of the University of Namibia, using a split-plot design for determining the effects of different tillage systems and fertilizer applications on soil nutritional characteristics. The triangular method was applied to the settling method results to determine physical soil texture. The effects of tillage and fertilizer on different soil physical and chemical properties were tested using Parametric Analysis of Variance. The results depicted that a predominant sandy loam characteristic is possessed by the soil. Further, it was shown that tillage effects were statistically significantly different on N (p < 0.001), P (p = 0.013), K (p = 0.004). Similarly, fertilizers influenced soil N, P, and K, with respective p-values of 0.076; <0.001 and 0.044. Interaction between tillage and fertilizers has shown significant statistical differences in all three elements (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium). The study concluded that the adoption of appropriate fertilizer management combined with suitable tillage practice can enhance soil fertility and improve crop production since soil physicochemical properties are influenced by soil tillage and fertilizer practices.

Effects of ketamine or midazolam continuous rate infusions on alfaxalone total intravenous anaesthesia requirements and recovery quality in healthy dogs: a randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveTo determine the alfaxalone dose reduction during total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) when combined with ketamine or midazolam constant rate infusions and to assess recovery quality in healthy dogs. Study designProspective, blinded clinical study. AnimalsA group of 33 healthy, client-owned dogs subjected to dental procedures. MethodsAfter premedication with intramuscular acepromazine 0.05 mg kg-1 and methadone 0.3 mg kg-1, anaesthetic induction started with intravenous alfaxalone 0.5 mg kg-1 followed by either lactated Ringer’s solution (0.04 mL kg-1, group A), ketamine (2 mg kg-1, group AK) or midazolam (0.2 mg kg-1, group AM) and completed with alfaxalone until endotracheal intubation was achieved. Anaesthesia was maintained with alfaxalone (6 mg kg-1 hour-1), adjusted (±20%) every 5 minutes to maintain a suitable level of anaesthesia. Ketamine (0.6 mg kg-1 hour-1) or midazolam (0.4 mg kg-1 hour-1) were employed for anaesthetic maintenance in groups AK and AM, respectively. Physiological variables were monitored during anaesthesia. Times from alfaxalone discontinuation to extubation, sternal recumbency and standing position were calculated. Recovery quality and incidence of adverse events were recorded. Groups were compared using parametric analysis of variance and nonparametric (Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact) tests as appropriate, p < 0.05. ResultsMidazolam significantly reduced alfaxalone induction and maintenance doses (46%; p = 0.034 and 32%, p = 0.012, respectively), whereas ketamine only reduced the alfaxalone induction dose (30%; p = 0.010). Recovery quality was unacceptable in nine dogs in group A, three dogs in group AK and three dogs in group AM. Conclusions and clinical relevanceMidazolam, but not ketamine, reduced the alfaxalone infusion rate, and both co-adjuvant drugs reduced the alfaxalone induction dose. Alfaxalone TIVA allowed anaesthetic maintenance for dental procedures in dogs, but the quality of anaesthetic recovery remained unacceptable irrespective of its combination with ketamine or midazolam.

Evaluation of tube-shaped bus shelters as a noise mitigation solution for passengers

Environmental noise pollution, a worldwide problem, interferes in the physical and mental health of humans. Therefore, noise mitigation measures should be part of urban planning around the world. In Curitiba, Brazil, many bus shelters have a tube-shaped design. The purpose of this work was to ascertain if these tube-shaped bus shelters can mitigate environmental noise that reaches their users. To this end, equivalent sound pressure levels were measured simultaneously inside and outside 40 shelters and the Insertion Loss (IL) was calculated. The difference between the external and internal sound pressure measurements was determined statistically by means of a parametric analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and the nonparametric two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test). These measurements indicated that tube-shaped shelters reduced environmental noise levels, with IL varying from 2.1 to 8.9 dB(A), and an average IL of 4.9 dB(A). The one-way ANOVA and K-S significance tests, with p-values of 0.0113 and 0.0022, respectively, and with 95% certainty, indicated that IL was generated by the null hypothesis corresponding to the insertion of the tube-shaped bus shelter. Hence, it can be concluded that tube-shaped bus shelters not only enable fast passenger traffic but can also mitigate environmental noise levels.

TEK-YÖNLÜ VE İKİ-YÖNLÜ VARYANS ANALİZİNDE KULLANILAN PARAMETRİK OLMAYAN YÖNTEMLER

Non-parametric tests are done according to the hypothesis that the distribution of the population is normal. In the cases that the parametric variance analysis can’t be applied, by the help of these tests more than two samples can be tested and it can be considered whether they come from the same population or not. Kruskal-Wallis one way variance analysis test, which is used in testing more than two samples at the same time, is one of the tests delt in this article. Besides the other test is also used to test more than two samples but in randomized blocks design. This is called Friedman test.

Influence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in management anemia in patients on regular hemodialysis

Background/Aim. Anemia is a common complication in hemodialysis patients. Treatment of anemia is affected by iron deficiency, insufficient dose of erythropoietin, microinflammation, vitamin D deficiency, increased intact parathyroid hormone concentration and inadequate hemodialysis. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its impact on hemoglobin con-centration, iron status, microinflammation, malnutrition, dialysis adequacy and erythropoietin dose in patients on regular hemodialysis. Methods. The study involved 120 patients divided into three groups: severely deficient of vitamin D: 25- hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D] &lt; 10 ng/mL; deficient ? 25(OH)D within range of 10?20 ng/mL, and insufficient ? 25(OH)D &gt; 20 ng/mL. For statistical analysis Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, the single-factor parametric analysis of variance ? ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Results. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients on regular hemodialysis was 75.83%, while the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency was 24.7%. Patients with severe vitamin D deficiency had lower blood concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum concentration of total proteins and albumin, and dialysis indices were also lower compared to the other two groups of patients. The level of C-reactive protein was significantly higher in the group of patients with severe vitamin D deficiency than in the two rest groups. Conclusion. Hemodialysis patients with severe vitamin D deficiency have lower hemoglobin, lower dialysis adequacy, significant microinflammation, malnutrition, bone metabolism disorders and need higher dose of erythropoietin than patients whose vitamin D was higher than 10 ng/mL. Vitamin D is important risk factor for development of anemia in hemodialysis patients and important factor that can affect treatment of anemia in these patients.

Competency-Based Learning for Motivation and Academic Performance in a Pre-calculus Course

This research evaluated the effect of the Competency-Based Learning strategy supported by the Web on academic performance and motivation variables, in a Pre-calculus distance course. Moodle was used as the management platform for the course. The participants in the study were students of recent entry to the university in the careers of Engineering in Teleinformatics and Engineering in Works and Services at the University Center of the South Coast of The University of Guadalajara. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was applied at the beginning and at the end of the instruction to evaluate the significance of the Competency-Based Learning (CBL). Two groups were formed, the experimental group composed of students who participated under the Competency-Based Learning strategy, and the control group, who completed the pre-calculus course in a face-to-face fashion. The data provided in the present study was analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), version 9.4. t-tests were performed for independent and paired samples. Parametric Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the significance of the academic performance variables and motivation of the students submitted to the CBL strategy. The Motivation variable was evaluated through a pre-test and a post-test. The results showed that the students who participated under the instructional strategy of CBL in the Pre-calculus course obtained higher academic performance than those obtained by their peers in the traditional group. The students who took the course under the CBL showed the same levels of intrinsic motivation throughout the course. The target levels of extrinsic orientation of the students who participated in the experimental group suffered changes in their levels. The results of the analysis supported the hypothesis and showed that the experimental group reached levels of intrinsic motivation superior to those achieved by the participants in the control group.