Parameters Description Research Articles

The value of instream stable water isotope and nitrate concentration data for calibrating a travel time‐based water quality model

AbstractTransit time‐based water quality models using StorAge Selection (SAS) functions are crucial for nitrate (NO3−) management. However, relying solely on instream NO3− concentration for model calibration can result in poor parameter identifiability. This is due to the interaction, or correlation, between transport parameters, such as SAS function parameters, and denitrification rate, which challenges accurate parameters identification and description of catchment‐scale hydrological processes. To tackle this issue, we conducted three Monte‐Carlo experiments for a German mesoscale catchment by calibrating a SAS‐based model with daily instream NO3− concentrations (Experiment 1), monthly instream stable water isotopes (e.g. δ18O) (Experiment 2) and both datasets (Experiment 3). Our findings revealed comparable ranges of SAS transport parameters and median water transit times (TT50) across the experiments. This suggests that, despite their distinct reactive or conservative nature, and sampling strategies, the NO3− and δ18O time series offer similar information for calibration. However, the absolute values of transport parameters and TT50 time series, as well as the degree of parameter interaction differed. Experiment 1 showed greater interaction between certain transport parameters and denitrification rate, leading to greater equifinality. Conversely, Experiment 3 yielded reduced parameters interaction, which enhanced transport parameters identifiability and decreased uncertainty in TT50 time series. Hence, even a modest effort to incorporate only monthly δ18O values in model calibration for highly frequent NO3−, improved the description of hydrological transport. This study showcased the value of combining NO3− and δ18O model results to improve transport parameter identifiability and model robustness, which ultimately enhances NO3− management strategies.

A review on processes, mechanisms, and quality influencing parameters for puffing and popping of grains

Ready to eat expanded food grains are gaining popularity in modern days due to their ease to digest, lightness, crispiness and most importantly their ready to eat in nature. The demand for these products is increasing gradually, which tempts researchers to develop products with enhanced quality more diversifications in product and taste. An integrated study on food grain expansion helps to understand these processes. Puffing and popping process expands the grain by many folds. The expansion of grains depends upon heat and mass transfer rates, which take place in the counter direction. Therefore, optimal heat and mass transfer conditions affect the final quality and play an important role. Processing methods and grain characteristics influence these processes. Processing parameter levels and grain characteristics are interrelated. Optimum levels of processing parameters differ with changes in processing methods. This review article explains the effect of processing parameters on product quality and influencing mechanisms. Novelty impact statement This review covers the varietal effect of grains, their conditioning processes, heating methods for expansion, and the effect of these such parameters on the quality of the final product. Quality characteristics such as texture, nutrition, and other organoleptic properties play an essential role in selecting puffing or popping methods and preconditioning parameters for enhancing consumer acceptability. This review summarizes optimal processing conditions and the various quality parameters description to evaluate the quality of the final product.

Study of stability of anti-scarring ointment with water-soluble proteinpolysaccharidic complex of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus during the storage

The problem of the treatment of scar tissue of the skin is quite relevant.The most affordable, convenient and comfortable way to treat scar formation is the use of soft dosage forms.So developing an effective ointment with anti-scarred activity is an urgent task of pharmaceutical technology. One of the important tasks in the process of creating original medicines is obtaining stable storing and using pharmaceutical products. For establish the shelf life it was necessary to determine the time during which the created medicine will be able to maintain stability and meet all the requirements stated in the regulatory documentation.
 The aimisthe study of stability of experimental samples of ointment composition with anti-scarred activity with water-soluble protein-polysaccharide complex of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom and determination of the optimal shelf life of the created ointment.
 The object of the study was an original ointment composition based on an emulsion, the active component of which was a water-soluble protein-polysaccharide complex of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. Ointment samples were placed in polymer containers, which were hermetically sealed and stored in a dark place at room temperature (+15–25 °C) and in a refrigerator (+2–8 °C). Studies of the stability of the soft dosage form were performed on organoleptic and physicochemical parameters (description, homogeneity, pH, identification, colloidal and thermal stability, quantification and signs of microbial contamination). Measurements were performed on five lots of ointment samples after preparation and every 6 months for 3 years.
 The results of the study of the quality of anti-scarring ointment with water-soluble protein-polysaccharide complex of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom indicate a rational choice of auxiliary substances and their concentration, the choice of the optimal technological process and the lack of interaction between the components of the medicine.
 On the basis of the conducted researches it is proved that anti-scarring ointment with water-soluble protein-polysaccharide complex of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom remains stable for 2 years at the temperature from +2 to + 25 °С.Thus, it was found that the study samples of ointments during this period have satisfactory technological parameters.

Multitone Multiharmonic Scattering Parameters for the Characterization of Nonlinear Networks

This work describes a generalized multitone multiharmonic scattering parameters ( $\mathbf {M^{2}S}$ -parameters) measurement approach suitable for multiport nonlinear network characterization in the wave-variable domain. Based on the incommensurate (or offset) frequency concept, the $\mathbf {M^{2}S}$ -parameters are directly measurable quantities independent of the incident wave phases and display a mild nonlinear dependence on the incident wave amplitudes. They feature a well-defined relationship with the frequency-domain nonlinear transfer functions derived from the Volterra theory, representing a generalization to the multiinput multiharmonic case of the widely used single-input single-frequency describing function approach. The proposed framework allows to capture the nonlinear steady-state behavior from a reduced set of measurements and can be effectively exploited for performance prediction in application-like scenarios. The approach is here applied to RF transistor and power amplifier load-pull measurements, as well as to the case of broadband modulation, showing that the performance assessment of the device can be obtained in a straightforward way from the $\mathbf {M^{2}S}$ -parameters description.

A proposed method for mathematical quantitative description of fractures from borehole wall images

Fractures from borehole wall images are different from those from surface outcrop in trace pattern, distribution pattern, parameters description and so on. Focus on the geometric parameters of fractures from borehole images, a method for mathematical quantitative description of these fractures is proposed. The fracture from borehole images is described into a point in spatial coordinate system, and this point is defined Fracture Feature Point. The key parameters including dip direction, dip angle and position depth of fractures from borehole wall images are converted into coordinates of fractures feature points. The related calculation equations are deduced in local coordinate system and spatial coordinate system. Furtherly, the space distribution regularities of the fractures based on the distribution characteristics of fracture feature points are summarized. Typical application in multiple boreholes of this description method is studied and an analysis method for any two fractures’ connectivity is established based on Fracture Feature Point. The results of an engineering example research show that the method is effective in fractures connectivity analysis. The mathematical quantitative description method of fractures from borehole wall images will provide new ideas of the research on deep rock mass structure.

Использование геометрической прогрессии для определения параметров функций принадлежности при настройке нечеткого регулятора ПИ-типа

In the issue we consider the possibility of geometric series application for fuzzy logic controller tuning. Triangular and trapezoidal membership functions are often used for fuzzy controller parameters description, and determination of those functions bases is a common way to tune the controller. Our related publications review revealed that there is no universal fuzzy controllers tuning method, and that approaches to the problem are usually quite difficult and not sufficiently described to understand and reiterate. Aim. So for the purpose of our research we assumed that bases of fuzzy controller input and output parameters membership functions could be described with a numerical sequence. In that case the entire tuning procedure may be reduced to mere selection of such numerical sequence parameters. Materials and methods. Geometric series with unit as a first member were chosen to avoid ambiguity, different ratios from 1.5 to 3.5 with an increment of 0.2 were chosen for second and third series members calculations. Calculated values were used as membership functions term bases for eleven subsidiary linguistic variables. Then we obtained ranges of control, control error and its time integral values variations for a specific control object using automatically tuned PI-controller. Using MATLAB FIS-editor we constructed PI-type fuzzy controller assuming that both of its input and an output parameters has five terms. By projecting the subsidiary linguistic variables gained earlier on each parameter range we obtain eleven different types of PI-type fuzzy controller tunings. They then were applied for time delay technological object controlling, seven of which proved to be functioning. Results. Comparison of functioning fuzzy controllers’ transient processes with corresponding ordinary PI-controller transient process allowed us to determine that all seven PI-type fuzzy controllers’ quality criteria values are much better that those of ordinary PI-controller. Conclusion. Our research showed that usage of geometric series can be an effective and easy way to obtain fuzzy controllers tunings of satisfactory quality.

CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL THERMAL PROPERTIES FOR DESIGN OF UNDERGROUND CABLE ROUTES AT THE WIND FARM POWER PLANT AREA, PANYIPATAN AND PELAIHARI SUB-DISTRICT, SOUTH KALIMANTAN

The estimation of soil thermal resistivity is essential for many types of big engineering projects because of the required knowledge about subsurface transmission of either heated fluids or high power currents. Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out at 12 locations, eight measurement point locations in South Kalimantan, the Sapu Angin hill region, sub-district Penyipatan and four points in the area of Kampung Baru, sub-district Pelaihari made at 2-3 variations in depth of 50 to 100 cm, which adjusted to the ability of the soil drilling support equipment to make holes in the soil. Samples were also collected from the locations for physical parameters description that influences thermal resistivity, subjected to grain size distribution and compaction analysis. The calculation of thermal conductivity is done by using CT-Lab software ver. 1.0.2 with a sensor resistance value of 82.69 ohms / m, heater voltage 4.0 V, and heater power 4.3857 W/m. The results show that the thermal conductivity values range from 0.593 to 3.239 W/mK. For the Sapu Angin hill region, sub-district Penyipatan, soil layers are generally in the form of sandy-clay (λ> 1.2 W/mK), but at some points, the value of thermal conductivity in these layers have decreased (λ <1.2 W/mK) due to rainwater infiltration (BH-02, BH-03, BH-04, BH-05, and BH-07). The infiltration causes weakening or loosening of bonds between the constituent particles of the soil. While in the area of Kampung Baru sub-district Pelaihari, the soil layer is generally in the form of sandy-clay, which has not well compacted (BH-08, BH-10, BH-12) with high water content (BH-09).

A method to quantify waviness measurement capability of a gear measurement machine

Waviness is an important surface parameter in gears and the capability of measurement machines to capture this is largely unknown. The wavelengths of interest relate to transmission error (TE) and contact stress, both of which depend on a pair of gears and their geometry. TE directly relates to the noise and vibration during operation and contact stress drives failure of gear teeth. Accurately capturing the waviness wavelengths related to these parameters is consistent to geometric product specification (GPS) which requires: (i) specification of functional parameters (ii) description of how to measure each parameter and (iii) evaluation of parameter measurement uncertainty. A GPS compliant method is outlined with verification by two workpiece-like artefacts; one gear finished by surface grinding and one finished by a superfinishing process. The method evaluates a gear measurement machine (Klingelnberg P65) against a reference surface measurement instrument (Talysurf Intra 50). Results show that waviness measurement depends on measurement speed, probe choice, and strategy relating to different gear manufacturing methods. Actions to improve the characterisation method, such as including other key performance indicators and quantification of uncertainties, are suggested.

Modified and generalized full cubic polynomial response surface methodology in engineering mixture design

This paper presents the modified and generalized full cubic polynomial Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in engineering mixture design. It provided comprehensive parameters definitions that enable development of adequate regression of dependent – independent variables in mixture design with ease. Necessary equations and useful insights were identified and their application outlined. Step-by-step and parameters description necessary in statistical model validation and adequacy using the student’s t -test and the fisher test were provided. NULL and ALTERNATE hypotheses based on standard statistical values techniques were also elaborated. These comprehensive principles and applications in mixture design were based on an extensive review of literature. Hence, difficulties usually experienced by numerous researchers in mixture models development to third degree would be overcome, while model validations and adequacy techniques are made handy. It is believed that this study would motivate vigorous research on the applications of non-conventional materials such as vegetable fibers, soil, wastes from industry, mining and agriculture, alongside the traditional materials, such as: cement, lime, earth, stone, sand and water for engineering applications. Keywords: Mixture Design, Simplex Lattice, Cubic Polynomials, Scheffe’s Model, Adequacy Tests

A bulk kinetic, burial history and thermal modeling study of the Albian Kazhdumi and the Eocene-Oligocene Pabdeh formations in the Ahvaz anticline, Dezful Embayment, Iran

The Ahvaz anticline which is located in the middle region of the Dezful Embayment is certainly one of the most important oilfields in Iran. Burial history reconstruction and one-dimensional thermal maturity modeling of the Late Jurassic to Present-day successions have been conducted in the Ahvaz anticline. The petroleum generation bulk kinetic parameters of the Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations were computed by a non-isothermal open system pyrolysis at different heating rates. Bulk kinetic experiments reveal that a relatively narrow distribution of activation energies, range from 40 to 52kcal/mol for the Kazhdumi samples and from 42 to 54kcal/mol for Pabdeh shales, are directly related to the homogeneity in the organic matter. The principal activation energies of 46kcal/mol and 48kcal/mol, frequency factors of 4.36×10+11s−1 and 1.91×10+12s−1 and hydrogen indexes (HI) of 123 and 351mg/g TOC have been computed for the Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations, respectively. The lithology composition (percentages of shale, marl, gypsum, limestone and sandstone) of the Late Jurassic-Present formations in the selected wells was determined by using cutting samples and wireline well log data. The computed kinetic parameters and derived lithology composition of strata were applied to thermal maturity modeling. Thermal maturity modeling and burial history reconstruction which is calibrated by vitrinite reflectance data and formation temperature indicate that the palaeo-heat flow ranges from 37mW/m2 to 41mW/m2.The Kazhdumi Formation entered the main stage of oil generation during the Late Miocene (6.5Ma) and the Pabdeh Formation reached early stage of oil window from the Early Pliocene (3.5Ma). Our results provide the bulk petroleum generation kinetic parameters description of the Kazhdumi and Pabdeh formations and demonstrate the thermal maturation state of source rocks, especially the Albian shales, that has been recognized as most important source rock in the Dezful Embayment.

A 35-GHz Polarimetric Doppler Radar for Long-Term Observations of Cloud Parameters—Description of System and Data Processing

AbstractA 35-GHz radar has been operating at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg (Germany) since 2004, measuring cloud parameters continuously. The radar is equipped with a powerful magnetron transmitter and a high-gain antenna resulting in a high sensitivity of −55 dBZ at 5-km height for a 10-s averaging time. The main purpose of the radar is to provide long-term datasets of cloud parameters for model evaluation, satellite validation, and climatological studies. Therefore, the system operates with largely unchanged parameter settings and a vertically pointing antenna. The accuracy of the internal calibration (budget calibration) has been appraised to be 1.3 dB. Cloud parameters are derived by two different approaches: macrophysical parameters have been deduced for the complete period of operation through combination with ceilometer measurements; a more enhanced target classification and the calculation of liquid and ice water contents are realized by algorithms developed in the framework of the European CloudNet project.

Model-based clustering for multivariate partial ranking data

This paper proposes the first model-based clustering algorithm dedicated to multivariate partial ranking data. This is an extension of the Insertion Sorting Rank (isr) model for ranking data, which has the dual property to be a meaningful model through its location and scale parameters description and to be a kind of “physical” model through its derivation from the ranking generating process assumed to be an insertion sorting algorithm. The heterogeneity of the rank population is modeled by a mixture of isr, whereas a conditional independence assumption allows the extension to multivariate ranking. Maximum likelihood estimation is performed through a SEM-Gibbs algorithm, and partial rankings are considered as missing data, that allows us to simulate them during the estimation process. After having validated the estimation algorithm as well as the robustness of the model on simulated datasets, three real datasets were studied: the 1980 American Psychological Association (APA) presidential election votes, the results of French students to a general knowledge test and the votes of the European countries to the Eurovision song contest. The proposed model appears to be relevant in comparison with the most standard competitor ranking models (when available) and leads to significant interpretation for each application. In particular, regional alliances between European countries are exhibited in the Eurovision contest, which are often suspected but never proved.

Bilingual and multilingal Russian-English phraseological dictionaries

AbstractThe paper looks into macrostructural and microstructural parameters of bilingual and multilingual Russian-English phraseological dictionaries. The dictionaries are considered in chronological order, beginning from the very first to the latest ones. Macrostructural parameters description includes the number of head phrases presented, their choice, order of their presentation. Analysis of microstructural parameters of dictionaries pays special attention to introducing head phrases from the formal viewpoint, revealing their grammatical valiency and lexical collocability, stylistic labels, giving examples illustrating the ways of their use and presentation of synonyms and antonyms. The paper also analyzes the volume and quality of the information unit of dictionary entries. The conclusions are that their volume is constantly extended and the quality of each parameter description is enhanced. Authors of dictionaries published later try to add still more parameters of phraseological unit meaning to be described in bilingual dictionaries.

The Interactive Driving Profile Generation System

This paper presents the interactive driving profile generation system, which generates setpoint position’s signal, provided to the position and speed regulators. The system based on three equations, which create S-Function. The shape of each part of S-Function is calculated according to desired kinematic parameter values of a driven object. All the parts are connected together in such a way, that keep the parameters description of total movement’s time and total movement’s distance. The system works in interactive and real-time mode, which allows to set all kinematic parameters of movement in a fully dynamic way. The result of this work is an auxiliary block of Simulink software library.

Biological Notes on Limnonectes limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae) in India

The paper includes studies on several biological parameters (diagnosis, description, distribution, species complex, polymorphism, food, size, sex ratio, breeding, and population dynamics) of Limnonectes limnocharis (Anura: Ranidae). The species is widely distributed in most of the Asiatic countries and is polymorphic in nature. So far, 15 species have been included in L. limnocharis species complex. The major habitats of the species are wetlands and agricultural fields and the food primarily consists of insects. Random sampling of 2427 individuals revealed the sex ratio (male: female) as 1.889:1. Breeding activity of the species is confined to monsoon period and clutch sizes range from 1125 to 1950. The study also reports population dynamics of the species which is correlated with sex ratio (more males than females).

Two-step Method and Its Parameters Description for Distortion Compensation in Video Coding

为了减少视频编码失真，论文提出了一种新颖的视频编码失真补偿方法两步补偿法。该方法优先补偿解码恢复图像的直流失真，再利用直流补偿后的恢复图像设计维纳滤波器，进一步减弱解码恢复图像中的交流失真。实验数据表明两步补偿法的编码效率优于现有自适应环路滤波方法，提高H.264/AVC的编码效率最高可达26.31%。此外，利用分析得到的交流补偿滤波器系数和为1的特点，提出相应的滤波器系数的量化编码方法，去除了滤波器系数表示方法中的冗余。

A cognitive map and fuzzy inference engine model for online design and self fine-tuning of fuzzy logic controllers

An integration of a cognitive map and a fuzzy inference engine is presented, as a cognitive–fuzzy model, targeting online fuzzy logic controller (FLC) design and self fine-tuning. The proposed model is different than previous proposed fuzzy cognitive maps in that it presents a hierarchical architecture in which the cognitive map process, available plant, and control objective data on represented knowledge to generate a complete FLC architecture and parameters description. Online assessment of measured data is processed for linguistic characterization of performance to determine the required FLC parameter's adjustments, the process is repeated until the control objective is reached. A mathematical model of the proposed approach is presented, and sample numerical data illustrate the following: (a) cognitive map construction, (b) start-up self fine-tuning, and (c) system's response to error of plant descriptive data. Simulation results demonstrate model interpretability, which suggests that the model is scalable and offers robust capability to generate near optimal controller, emulating human iterative design flow, and fine-tuning within the knowledge domain of cognitive map. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Calculation of electronic spectra of semiconductor nanostructures using the “mirror” boundary conditions

The problem of an electron in a quantum well is treated using the new (“mirror”) boundary conditions implying that the particle has a specular reflection from the well's boundaries. Solutions of the Schrödinger equation are obtained for some particular well's geometries when the variable separation method is applicable. The resemblance between the “mirror” and periodic boundary conditions is discussed. Comparison of the results with some experimental data shows that this approach can provide a reasonably accurate (without any adjustable parameters) description of nanosystems, including those with non-traditional geometry.

Experimental determination of the surface photometric contribution in the spectral reflectance deconvolution processes for a simulated martian crater-like regolithic target

We produce bidirectional reflectance experimental measurements in the visible and near-infrared range of a macroscopic target simulating the case of a martian crater. Using Hapke's equation of radiative transfer, we compare the performance, in terms of mineralogical abundance determination, of different deconvolution processes on a multispectral image of the experimental target. In particular, we study the effects of the topography and the physical properties of natural rocky surfaces (e.g., local variations of incidence and emergence angles, grain size variations, mixtures of materials) on the data interpretation. For this purpose, we increase progressively the amount of quantitative knowledge available in terms of Hapke parameters description, textural properties and topography for the target. We estimate the accuracy of results in comparison with the known ground truth as a function of the level of knowledge we have of the target and carry out a critical assessment on the relative applicability of the different processes. This study shows that the more important parameters to take into account are (in decreasing order): (1) the textural roughness which is shown essential for the accurate determination of mineralogical abundances; (2) the disparity of Hapke parameters across the target (3) the topography (DEM) that has a limited influence on the results. These findings have obvious implications for interpreting planetary regolith reflectance properties in terms of photometry, spectroscopy and mineralogy, measured either from spaceborne (e.g., Io observations from Galileo, Mars from Mars-Express/HRSC and OMEGA) or in situ (Mars Pathfinder, MER) instruments.

Molecular Modeling Study of Leflunomide and Its Active Metabolite Analogues.

Leflunomide is known as a compound with various sorts of biological activity, which found a practical application in medicine. Search of current literature revealed an active metabolite of Leflunomide together with its eight analogues synthesized as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. Accurate description of the molecular structure of these compounds is valuable. The detailed geometrical parameters description was performed using DFT theory. The conformational analysis and intramolecular proton transfer were considered. Using the most stable conformation the detailed electronic structure description was obtained by analysis of electron density and electrostatic potential distribution in the first step. Next, the topological analysis of the electron density by AIM method and electron localization function (ELF) theories supplemented this study. The AIM and ELF theories were applied to study the topology of the molecules, atomic charges distribution, and details of bonding...