Analysis Of Parameters Research Articles

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome in women of reproductive age: An observational cohort clinical ultrasound study

Background. The annual number of new cases of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in women of reproductive age is increasing worldwide. The high prevalence of this condition among the able-bodied female population leads to higher state expenditures on the treatment of this category of patients. New methods of diagnosis and early prophylaxis contribute to reducing economic burden associated with chronic pelvic pain syndrome in women and improving health of the female population as a fundamental demographic factor.Objectives. To determine somatic, obstetric-gynecological, anatomical, and psycho-emotional predictors of chronic pelvic pain syndrome.Methods. An observational cohort clinical and ultrasound study involved 60 patients of reproductive age. The study was conducted on the basis of the clinic for women, Voronezh City Outpatient Clinic No. 1 — clinical base of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 2, Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko, Russia. According to clinical and laboratory data, the participants were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n = 30) included women of reproductive age without clinical manifestations of chronic pelvic pain syndrome; Group 2 (n = 30) enrolled women of reproductive age clinically diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain.Results. The mean age of the study participants in the main group comprised 27.4 ± 6.30 and 26.3 ± 7.25 years in the control group, p > 0.05. Diseases of gastrointestinal tract, endocrine, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and urinary systems, as well as neurocirculatory and vegetative disorders prevailed in the structure of somatic pathology in the main group, p < 0.001. Analysis of obstetric and gynecologic anamnesis revealed no statistically significant differences in the incidence of gynecologic pathology in the study groups. However, according to the detailed analysis of the delivery history of the participants, 23 patients of the main group (76 %) and 3 patients (6.6 %) of the control group underwent episiotomy during labor, p < 0.001. The evaluation of the comparison groups in terms of pain component in myofascial syndrome involved the pain rating index, number of selected descriptors, sensory index of the selected descriptors, emotional index of the selected descriptors, and pain intensity. Statistically significant differences were revealed for all of the above indicators, thereby confirming a reliable picture of pathopsychological changes in the compared groups of women. The analysis of the ultrasound parameters of topographic and anatomical relationships demonstrated the relevant change in the following parameters: urethral length, diameter of the external urethral sphincter, angle between the external urethra and the body of the bladder, direct and transverse dimensions of the levator hiatus in the studied groups under the muscle tension.Conclusion. An issue of early diagnosis and prophylaxis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in women of reproductive age remains urgent and requires interdisciplinary participation of medical specialists. The development of new approaches to ultrasound evaluation of pelvic floor will increase the effectiveness of therapeutic and prophylactic measures and reduce the economic burden of this nosology in the morbidity structure of the able-bodied female population.

Redefinition of precision in finishing milling: Exploring the influence of tool margin and edge micro-radius on surface roughness

This article presents an analysis of microgeometry parameters, specifically the radius of cutting edge rounding, margin width, and rake angle influence on surface roughness in the milling of 7075 alloy. The study is underpinned by a set of 243 cutting tests conducted using 27 mills, each with a unique combination of geometry, feed, and radial infeed. Experimental mathematical models of the roughness parameters were developed. The findings reveal that while the influence of the cutting edge rounding radius on surface roughness is nonlinear and non-monotonic, the margin width has a monotonic effect and is the most significant factor impacting roughness.

BIOMECHANICAL INFLUENCE OF RUNNING SHOES WITH MIDSOLE HOLLOW STRUCTURE ON LOWER LIMBS DURING RUNNING

The objective was to investigate the effects of running shoes with midsole hollow structure span and height on the biomechanics of the lower limbs during running. We collected 21 adults with running habits who wore two pairs of running shoes with different midsole hollow structures and ran at a speed of 3.3[Formula: see text]m/s on a force-measuring treadmill. The lower limb kinematics, ground reaction force (GRF) and lower limb muscle activation characteristics were simultaneously captured by a motion capture system, a 3D force treadmill, and a surface electromyography (sEMG) system. Paired t-tests were performed on data for the two shoe conditions that fit the normal distribution assumptions; otherwise, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used. The statistical parameter mapping (SPM) technology was used for the analysis of 1D parameters of kinematic, dynamic, and sEMG activation characteristics. The result showed that the time to the peak impact force at touchdown of Hollow shoe2 was significantly increased ([Formula: see text]), the maximum loading rate ([Formula: see text]) and average loading rate ([Formula: see text]) were significantly reduced, braking time ([Formula: see text]), push time ([Formula: see text]), contact time ([Formula: see text]) of Hollow shoe2 were significantly increased compared with Hollow shoe1. Hollow shoe2 push phase of the tibialis anterior muscle activation characteristics was significantly lower (SPM, [Formula: see text]) than Hollow shoe1. Our conclusion is that running shoes offer the solution as they have the advantage of the complex structure of the hollow midsole.

Thermodynamic analysis and multi-objective optimization of different gas turbine configuration strategies for an atmospheric SOFC system

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) play a critical role as a key technological component in the utilization of hydrogen energy. Extensive research has been conducted on pressurized SOFC hybrid systems, focusing on performance enhancement and novel system configurations, etc. However, the planar SOFC suitable for commercial application exists limitations that confine its operation solely to atmospheric pressure. Moreover, SOFC exhaust contained considerable potential for energy recovery. In light of these limitations, two hybrid power generation systems of SOFC and GT have been proposed: direct and indirect utilization of SOFC cycle exhaust. Parameter and exergy analysis has been conducted to investigate the characteristic of SOFC-GT system. Multi-objective optimization is performed by setting exergy efficiency and output power as objective. The results reveal that the combustion process contributes significantly to system losses, with exergy efficiency reaching a maximum of 49.48% and 41.61%, respectively. Additionally, the system's maximum output power reaches 92 kW. Notably, the indirect SOFC-GT system demonstrates an 8% increase in exergy efficiency compared to the direct SOFC-GT system at the same output power. To improve the overall system fire efficiency, it is recommended to develop planar SOFCs suitable for high pressure and slow down the reaction process inside the combustion chamber.

Bubble behavior parameters extraction and analysis during pool boiling based on deep-learning method

The nucleate pool boiling plays an important role in thermal and chemical engineering applications. Analyzing bubble dynamics at nucleation site is crucial to improve the understanding of boiling heat transfer mechanism. Quantitative extraction of bubble parameters from high-speed visualized images is a labor-intensitive and time-consuming task making it necessary for automatically detect single bubble growth and measure boiling characteristic parameters.In the present work, we proposed a deep learning based self-adaptive statistical algorithm for extraction of bubble behavior parameters quickly and automatically from numerous high-speed visualization images looking from the side view of a boiling chamber. A dataset was constructed for training and performance evaluation based on experimental data of saline solution pool boiling. The StarDist and U-Net convolutional neural network were combined in the algorithm so that more exact segmentation of the bubbles can be identified. Based on the segmentation results, a post-processing program was developed to extract the sequential variation of bubbles during consecutive cycles at nucleation sites. The dynamic characteristic parameters that affect heat transfer, such as nucleation density, bubble departure diameter, departure frequency, and wait time under different heat flux were obtained quantitatively. The comparison of automatic extraction algorithm and manual processing proves the reliability and superiority of our method. This work indicates that the proposed method has great potential to be widely applied as an efficient and universal tool for processing different types of bubble shadowgraph images.

Development of multilevel cascade layouts to improve performance of SCO2 Brayton power cycles: Design, simulation, and optimization

The multilevel cascade SCO2 Brayton cycles are developed based on the conventional recompression-reheat cycle to enhance thermodynamic performances using the multilevel cascade scheme. Mathematical models are proposed to characterize their thermal cycle efficiency. The results show that for three typical cases, the proposed multilevel cascade cycle with 3 compressors × 3 reheats × 2 turbines improve cycle efficiency by 2.56 %, 3.17 %, and 3.44 % in absolute change, while the other with 3 compressors × 3 reheats × 3 turbines further enhance by 3.17 %, 4.19 %, and 4.17 % in absolute change over the conventional cycle. The latter cycle as the optimal layout is chosen to perform the key parametric analysis. The cycle efficiency increases with increasing high-pressure turbine inlet temperature, while the main compressor inlet temperature has the opposite effect. It increases and then decreases with the high-pressure turbine inlet pressure, the main compressor inlet pressure, and the split ratio of the recompressor, respectively. Finally, the parametric global optimization is conducted to improve the cycle performance more deeply. It is demonstrated that the absolute efficiency can be further increased by 2.62 %, 1.81 %, and 1.09 % for the responding cases. The integrated configurations are also suggested for power generation systems with different applications.

3D printed tinidazole tablets coupled with melt-extrusion techniques for formulating child friendly medicines

This study investigates the feasibility of fabrication of poly(1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (Kollidon®25)-mediated filaments for producing tinidazole (TNZ)-loaded, customizable, child-friendly tablets (with varying shapes and sizes) using hot melt extrusion (HME) coupled with fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. Kollidon®25, chosen for its ability to enhance the dissolution of TNZ (a BCS Class II drug), was evaluated for polymer-drug compatibility through Hansen solubility, polarity, and interaction parameter analyses, confirming good miscibility and affinity between TNZ and Kollidon®25. Placebo- and TNZ-loaded filaments were prepared in different ratios using HME, followed by the development of 3D-printed tablets via FDM. The fabricated batches of placebo and TNZ-loaded 3D tablets were characterized, and it was found that they had an average weight variation of 270.41 ± 7.44 mg and 270.87 ± 9.33 mg, hardness of 155.01 ± 11.79 N and 265.3 ± 7.62 N, and friability of 0.1583 ± 0.0011 % and 0.2254 ± 0.0013 %. Amorphization was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a layer-by-layer pattern with tiny fractures on the tablet surfaces, which enhanced media penetration, resulting in improved dissolution profiles. The TNZ release profile showed complete 100 % release within 2.0 h in a gastric acidic medium. These findings support the potential of Kollidon®25 to create customizable, child-friendly, 3D-printed dosage forms with different shapes and sizes for TNZ delivery, offering a unique approach to paediatric medications.

Nonlinear Vibrations of the Piezoelectric-Laminated Composite Cantilever Rectangular Plate Subjected to the Transverse and Parametric Excitation

The intelligent structure will be the key to the industrial manufacturing field in the future, piezoelectric materials are the most commonly used active materials in many mechatronic and vibration control systems. In this paper, we illustrated the nonlinear vibration behaviors of the piezoelectric-laminated composite cantilever rectangular plate subjected to transverse and parametric excitation. Two piezoelectric layers are attached to the upper and lower surfaces of graphite/epoxy composite laminated plate. The nonlinear dynamic equations are derived via the classical laminated plate theory, von Karman large deformation theory, the constitutive equation of the piezoelectric materials, and the Hamilton principle. Considering the Galerkin method, the nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the two-order vibration mode of the piezoelectric laminated composite cantilever rectangular plate are achieved. The multiple scale method is applied to obtain the average equations to study the nonlinear vibration characteristic of the stable motion. The primary resonance and the 1:1 internal resonance of the piezoelectric laminated composite cantilever rectangular plate are investigated. The amplitude-frequency response curves, force-amplitude response curves, time histories, phase curves, and bifurcation diagrams are given to investigate the nonlinear dynamic characteristic of the piezoelectric laminated composite cantilever rectangular plate. The detailed parametric analyses show that bubble response curves are separated from the amplitude-frequency response curves with the continuous increase of the external excitation due to the internal resonance. In addition, the results reveal the energy transform between the various order vibration modes of the system. This work is expected to provide theoretical guidance for the nonlinear vibration of the smart piezoelectric laminated composite structure.

Fatigue performance of innovative open-rib orthotropic steel deck for super-long suspension bridge

This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on the fatigue performance of an innovative orthotropic steel deck (OSD) with open-ribs, apple-shaped cut-outs, and additional transverse ribs, which is employed by the Zhangjinggao Yangtze River Bridge. This bridge is set to become the world's longest suspension bridge upon completion. A full-scale section of the OSD was fabricated and subjected to fatigue loading with a total cycle of 12.3 million times. The interested cracking-prone fatigue details include rib-to-deck and rib-to-crossbeam welded joints, along with the apple-shaped cut-outs of the crossbeam. Experimental results indicated that fatigue cracks initiated separately beneath the deck plate, on the flange of the rib, and at the rib-to-crossbeam welded joint, with equivalent stress amplitudes of 159 MPa, 148 MPa, and 99 MPa at 2 million cycles, respectively. In addition, detailed finite element model of the OSD was developed using ABAQUS and validated against the experimental results. The effects of the geometry dimensions and structural details of the bridge deck, longitudinal ribs, crossbeams and transverse ribs that influence the fatigue performance of this OSD were analyzed and discussed. Parametric analyses revealed that increasing the thickness of the deck plate, the thickness or the height of the longitudinal rib, and the number of transverse ribs can effectively reduce the stress amplitudes at corresponding fatigue details, which therefore improves their fatigue performance. This study provides useful references for the fatigue evaluation and design of OSDs with open-ribs and apple-shaped cut-outs.

Novel solar-based cogeneration system: Parabolic trough integrating supercritical Brayton and organic Rankine cycles with membrane distillation

This research addresses advancements towards third-generation concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, highlighting the critical need for improved system efficiency through advanced power cycles and optimized waste heat utilisation. By integrating a direct parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) with a supercritical CO₂ (sCO₂) Brayton cycle and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), coupled with a bottoming organic Rankine cycle (ORC), this study proposed a novel solution for the co-generation of power and clean water. Innovative design and optimisation methodologies for the integrated system were introduced, and a comprehensive mathematical model was developed and validated, facilitating a comparative analysis of various ORC fluids' techno-economic performance. The investigation revealed that under baseline conditions, neopentane and isobutane demonstrated slightly better cycle's net-work, whereas toluene showed significantly higher water production due to the higher mass flow rate of seawater needed, resulting from the lower condenser inlet temperature. Furthermore, parametric analysis revealed that varying ambient temperatures resulted in different optimal fluids, with cyclohexane, n-octane, n-nonane, and n-heptane achieving the highest thermal efficiency of around 36.52% at 10°C. Additionally, this study highlighted substantial exergy destruction in the DCMD desalination process, accounting for 63.12% of the exergy destruction in the bottoming cycle, predominantly at the membrane where approximately 67% occurred. Moreover, the second compression and expansion stages, especially at higher Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) levels, contributed the most to exergetic destruction in the topping cycle. Significantly, the double cycle showed exergetic efficiency improvements between 0.12% and 0.35% across different DNI levels while in contrast, single cycles demonstrated marginally superior water production capacity. Economic analyses using bare module costing to assess the levelized cost of electricity and water, along with net present value calculations, revealed that varying ambient temperatures resulted in different optimised fluids. Notably, n-octane achieved the highest net present value, approximately 4.53% above baseline conditions, at an ambient temperature of 10°C. Finally, recommendations for organic fluids for each ambient temperature based on techno-economic optimisation were detailed.

Determination and structural analysis of process parameters for combined rolling and extrusion of rods from magnesium ingots

Determination and structural analysis of process parameters for combined rolling and extrusion of rods from magnesium ingots

Catalase activity in milk and its correlation with milk productivity of cows depending on the duration of lactation

Relevance. The purpose of this work is to study the activity of catalase in the milk of healthy cows with different levels of productivity and to find a correlation between the studied indicators, which is important and relevant in terms of assessing the antioxidant activity of cows’ milk.Methods. The analysis of biochemical parameters of cow’s milk was carried out using the “CombiFoss 7” system (Denmark). The analysis of the total amount of water-soluble antioxidants (TAWSA) was performed on the device “Tsvet-Yauza 01-AA”. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out in the Microsoft Excel programs using the “Data Analysis” package, the “R” program (“Psych” package). Milk samples were obtained from black-and-white cows during a whole year.Results. The entire sample of animals (N = 280) is divided into 6 groups by lactation days: 11–30, 31–60, 61–90, 91–120, 121–180 and 180–300 days (groups 1–6). In the first 11–30 days of lactation (group 1), the value of SKVA is significantly higher (17.2 mg/ml) than in the following months. Moreover, the values of the SKVA fluctuate quite strongly. Significant changes were observed for catalase activity: from 1.41 and 1.32 rel. units (groups 1 and 6) to 0.44 rel. units (group 3). During the period of bloating and lactation decline (groups 1 and 6), the highest correlation coefficients between catalase and fat are observed — 0.51 and 0.57, respectively. For all periods of lactation, there is a negative correlation of catalase with true protein. Thus, the activity of catalase in the milk of healthy cows at different periods of lactation was studied and correlations between the studied indicators were found.

Comparative study on groundwater quality assessment of Chennai District, Tamil Nadu during 2019-2020

The groundwater usage for household, industrial and agricultural needs is largely depends upon the nature and composition of various dissolved components present in the water. A comparison of groundwater quality of Chennai district in 2019 and 2020 for its potability and its hydrogeochemical characteristics were studied using the physicochemical data of representative samples from 36 observation wells obtained during pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons. The chosen wells are spatially distributed in the study region. The present work was carried out using the water quality data consisting of various physicochemical parameters and major ions concentration pertaining to groundwater analysis of the study location obtained from State Groundwater and Surface Water Resources Data Centre (SGSRDC), Taramani, Chennai, India. Water quality parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids(TDS), total hardness(TH), total alkalinity(TA), Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl‒, SO42‒, and NO3‒,were used to calculate the water quality index (WQI) by weighted arithmetic method. The groundwater quality is ascertained from the calculated WQI values with reference to Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The results of WQI calculation reveals that in the pre monsoon period of both 2019 and 2020, around 30 % samples fall under good category and 55 % samples fall under poor quality. In the post monsoon period of 2019, 70 % samples are of good quality, whereas for 2020, 61 % samples are of poor quality. Correlation analysis of water quality parameters and bivariant plots of major ions were plotted to decipher the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater. TDS, TH and electrical conductivity (EC) exhibits a strong positive correlations with Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl- and SO42- ions. The Piper diagrams of the ground water samples of the study area reveal its hydrochemical facies as Na-Cl type. The Gibbs diagram of the groundwater samples shows that water-rock interactions and evaporation are the predominant factors in controlling the ground water chemistry.

Measurement and Characteristic Analysis of Skeletal Geometric Parameters in Chinese humans

Measurement and Characteristic Analysis of Skeletal Geometric Parameters in Chinese humans

Fatigue damage evolution behaviors and fractional fatigue mechanical model of monzogabbro under true triaxial disturbance test

The disturbance wave caused by excavation or blasting of underground surrounding rock causes fatigue degradation effect of rock and eventually leads to disasters. However, the fatigue damage characteristics and fatigue models of rock under true triaxial disturbance are scare. Therefore, a series of true triaxial disturbance tests were conducted to investigate the rock fatigue deformation, strength and damage behaviors under different conditions. The evolutions of static damage and fatigue damage are separated and investigated respectively. Fatigue deformation and damage of rock under true triaxial stress undergoes three stages: attenuation, constant velocity and acceleration stage. The crack initiation stress can be as the initial condition of the fatigue deformation; the fatigue critical stress σdc of rock entering the acceleration failure stage was proposed and explored, with increasing frequency, σdc increase slightly and with increasing σ2, σdc increase obviously. Then, a novel fractional fatigue mechanical model considering the fatigue damage and intermediate principal stress effects of rock under true triaxial disturbance was proposed. The theoretical results of the model agree well with the results of the tests. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of stresses and model parameters and the model predictions under other untesting conditions were carried out to improve the understanding and prediction level of fatigue failure in underground engineering.

Experimental study and model analysis on the seismic and resilient performance of RAC precast walls with UHSB

This paper aims to investigate and compare the seismic behavior of precast resilient wall and cast-in-situ resilient wall with different shear-span ratios, and to explore the reliability of the proposed precast wall in practical engineering. For this purpose, quasi-static tests were conducted on the precast walls and cast-in-situ walls with two shear span ratios of 2.2 and 1.5. The experimental variables also involved in the presence of steel fibers, and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) strength. The seismic responses of tested walls, including damage state, load-displacements curves, stiffness degradation, and strain development were analyzed. In addition, residual drift ratio, and damage index were used to assess the resilient performance and damage degree. The comparison results indicated that precast walls can exhibit seismic and resilient performance comparable to that of cast-in-situ walls. Ultimately, considering the weak bond performance, the model analysis was conducted based on OpenSees platform, and parameter analysis of boundary longitudinal reinforcement has been carried out.

Microconfined High-Pressure Transcritical Channel Flow Database: Laminar, Transitional & Turbulent Regimes

The potential of comprehending and managing microscale flows to enhance energy processes, especially in heat transfer and propulsion applications, remains largely untapped particularly for supercritical fluids, which have gained increased interest over the past years due to the higher power and thermodynamic efficiencies they provide. This work, therefore, presents the first comprehensive, open-source dataset carefully curated and structured for studying microconfined high-pressure transcritical fluid channel flows under various regimes. Particularly, the dataset contains 18 direct numerical simulations of carbon dioxide at different bulk pressures and velocities confined between differentially-heated walls. For all cases, the thermodynamic conditions selected impose the fluid to undergo a transcritical trajectory across the pseudo-boiling region. The data collection comprises an array of physical quantities that enable comprehensive parametric analyses spanning laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow regimes. This data repository is poised to provide access to the detailed study and modeling of the complex flow physics observed in high-pressure transcritical fluids, especially those closely linked to improving microfluidics performance.

The impact of discontinuities on spalling failure in excavations under high-stress conditions

The Continuum Voronoi Block Model (CVBM), a pseudo-discontinuum modeling technique based on the Finite Element Method, was employed to investigate the impact of discontinuities on spalling phenomena around excavations in rocks under high-stress conditions. The CVBM’s ability to produce numerical results consistent with spalling was demonstrated through a case study of the Mine-by tunnel. The results show that the model can explicitly capture the formation of macro-fractures parallel to excavation walls, intact rock slabs, and V-shaped notches. The results of this case study support the application of CVBM for parametric analyses to investigate the role of discontinuities in spalling failure, integrating discrete fracture network (DFN) into the model. The influence of DFN parameters such as dip angle, spacing, persistence, position, and mechanical properties is also evaluated. It was found that discontinuities promote stress relief due to shear, thereby altering spalling damage around the excavation in highly stressed rock. This finding highlights the crucial role of discontinuities in influencing the behavior of excavations under such conditions.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the in-plane performance of nail-laminated timber floor

Existing research has shown that the nail-laminated timber (NLT) floor has the potential to achieve considerable out-of-plane flexural performance at a relatively lower cost. However, though the in-plane performance of structural floors greatly impacts the seismic resistance of the overall structure, research on the in-plane behavior of NLT floors is still insufficient. In this paper, an in-plane shear test was carried out on twelve NLT floor specimens of four subgroups. A finite element model (FEM) method was established and verified using the experimental results. A parametric analysis was performed based on the FEM method to quantify the influence of sheathing nails on the in-plane performance of the NLT floor in both planar directions. Experimental results indicate that sheathing nail spacing and loading direction showed significant influence on the in-plane performance of NLT, while the orientation of sheathing did not. Main failure modes include dislocation of adjacent sheathings, sheathing nail failure, and lamina nail failure. Verification of the proposed FEM method showed good agreement with the experimental results, both on performance characteristics and deformation patterns. Parametric result indicates that the elastic stiffness and shear strength were linearly correlated to the quantity of sheathing nails.

Fully coupled hydromechanical study of tunnel excavation considering leachate leakage from a high water-level landfill

The Jigongshan Mountain Tunnel was constructed beneath a high water-level landfill in Shenzhen, China. Previous studies could not fully capture the hydraulic interactions between the tunnel excavation and the landfill leachate seepage. In this study, a fully coupled hydromechanical numerical model, considering the unsaturated properties and the changing permeability of the waste and geological materials, was established to simulate the landfill leakage and the tunnel excavation simultaneously. Parameter analysis was conducted to explore the effects of the configuration and dimensions of the leakage pathway and leakage points on the seepage field. Results indicate the landfill leakage has a minimal effect on tunnel displacement. The leakage width and the leakage path in the clay significantly affect the pore pressure of the tunnel. In scenarios of severe leakage, the pore pressure of the tunnel can reach as high as 0.615 MPa. Three defensive lines and the fully cover waterproofing layer were suggested for the tunnel waterproofing system under the Xiaping landfill. This research contributes valuable insights for the design and construction of subsurface structures in proximity to landfills.