Paradigmatic Relations Research Articles

ПАРАДИГМАТИЧНА СИСТЕМА ЛЕКСИЧНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ПОЕТИЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ)

Paradigmatic relations between units of poetic text have been a matter of researcher interest for a long time. But scientists usually focus their attention on the semantics level. Commonly, systems of synonyms, antonyms, and lexical and semantic groups are being analysed in terms of the function they have in the text. The holistic paradigmatic system of text lexical units was never the subject of special study. This article purpose is a description of specific paradigmatic systems, that are formed by lexical units functioning in a poetic text. The research is conducted within the framework of functional linguistics, which involves considering the content of the text to be an active mental activity of the author and the perceiver, interacting in the communicative act AUTHOR - TEXT - READER, from the standpoint of the recipient. In the chosen anthropocentric model, paradigmatic text analysis is an attempt to model the process of text perception by the recipient. In contrast to the traditional description of lexical paradigms, the subject of paradigmatic analysis are words and more voluminous intertextual verbal complexes that form a system series as a definition of one or similar concepts or form interconnected perceptual “subject” images in the process of a text or group of texts perception. The study is based on a comparative analysis of Sergei Yesenin's poems “The grove of golden trees has fallen silent” and “Birch”. The presented analysis of the poems shows that the strengthening of the conceptuality entails an increase in the dependence of private paradigms in the hyper paradigm of the text. If we follow a strict analogy with syntax, we can say that the paradigmatic organization of projective texts is closer to parataxis, and conceptual is closer to hypostasis. The study of the paradigmatic organization of the works of Sergei Yesenin proves the expediency of lexical units paradigmatic analysis of the literary text, which opens up the possibility for a more complete interpretation.

MULTIMODALITY OF A PRECEDENT TEXT IN THE RESEARCH OF THE CULTURAL SPACE OF A LITERARY TEXT

The article aims to describe the phenomenon of “precedence” in its multimodal specificity, which is realized in the process of recreating cultural space in a literary text. The authors rely on the achievements of modern linguocultural studies of the relationship between language and culture, which focus on the consideration of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations of linguistic units, modelling the cultural space in the texts. At the same time, the possibility of realization by language units of their semiotic nature is taken into account, the peculiarities of its manifestation are determined by this or that context in the structure of precedent texts. The novelty of the research lies in the application of the theory of multimodality to the study of the precedent text as an element of cultural space in a literary text. One of the main questions is which units of a precedent text create prerequisites for its multimodality and how these units are interconnected with each other. Taking into account the denotative meaning of lexical units that verbalize the “channel” of information transmission and the recipient’s perception of this information, we can identify in the empirical material explicit and implicit ways of implementing the multimodality of precedent texts. The results of the analysis of the key lexemes of precedent texts served as the basis for characterizing multimodality, they are descriptive and were obtained with the help of comparative method, as well as the method of semantic, contextual and linguocultural analysis. The article suggests the multimodality of the precedent text not only contributes to the transmission of additional culturally significant information, due to which the cultural space in the literary text is modelled, but also allows the literary text itself to reveal its multimodal character. The material for the study is the novels “Der Weltensammler” by I.Trojanow, “1913: Der Sommer des Jahrhunderts” by F.Illias, and “Tyll” by D.Kehlmann, whose plots are set against the background of culturally significant historical events.

POLYSEMY IN THE TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE GERMAN PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

The article highlights main aspects of paradigmatic (polysemic) relations on the basis of the terminological system of the German professional language of architecture and construction. Using complex techniques of a structural method, a group of polysemant terms of the German professional language of architecture and construction is distinguished, the nature of polysemic relations in the studied terminological system is outlined, and the etymological status of proposed polysemants and their morphological indicators are established. The comprehensive analysis of GLSPAC polysemants showed that out of about 35,000 terms, 1,343 terms are polysemic and belong to different types of polysemy (intra-industry, inter-industry and external industry) based on the transfer of names by similarity, function and contiguity. The most common catalysts for the emergence of polysemy in the GLSPAC are metaphorical and functional transfer of the name. The study presents typical metonymic models of polysemy in the GLSPAC terminology: action – process – result, (final) stage – result, process – result, building structure – material, part – whole, property – object, founder's name – subject. The proposed terminology is characterized by an area of active polysemy (971 terms have 2 meanings, 372 terminological units – from 3 to 8). The overall rate of polysemy is low. Polysemous relations are also formed by borrowed terms and internationalisms (91 terms in total) from Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Irish, Semitic and ancient Indian languages. We have identified cases of interlingual polysemants and interlingual homonyms. According to the morphological structure, the most frequent in the GLSPAC terminology are nouns (1036 terms), followed by verbs (202 terms) and adjectives (66 terminological units). Participles and terminological compounds are sporadically presented in the sample. The results of the study represent the state of polysemous relations at the present historical stage and will help in the retrospective analysis of the stages of formation and development of the GLSPAC.

Фундаментальные модели образования будущего

Overcoming a discord with representations of the phenomenon lies in ontological roots of education of the future. Hence, problem-cognitive and memory-based models that shape approaches to the truth of the phenomenon and completeness of its image through epistemological and cultural-historical dimensions are identified as fundamental models of education of the future. With regard to problem-cogni­tive education, its conceptual foundations are formulated; differences from collec­tive, problematic and traditional (translational) methods of learning are shown; the content of paradigmatic relations is revealed: functions, forms, methods and imper­ative of being. When explicating the memory-based education, the “memory-based cognition” and “memory-based knowledge” concepts are defined. An epistemic thing containing a cultural implant and an epistemic collection is presented as a model of “memory-based knowledge”. Memory-based learning is described, and its relation to the “chronotope” concept introduced by A.A. Ukhtomsky is shown. The conclusion is drawn that the truth of being of education is achievable by leav­ing the track of centuries-old class-lesson (lecture-seminar) system and transition to a new ontological onset beginning – its anticipatory image is given by problem-cognitive and memory-based models of education.

Peculiarities of the figurative meanings of the nouns denoting good in modern Ukrainian

The paper deals with the study of the nouns’ denoting good figurative meanings in modern Ukrainian. The research has been carried out with the help of the formalized lexical semantics analysis and a thorough analysis of the “Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language” in 11 volumes. The conducted study enables the classification of the lexical units denoting good, disclosing their common and distinctive semantic features in the language under study. The shared peculiarity of the nouns denoting good in modern Ukrainian is their figurative meanings. The lexis under study characterized by figurative meanings takes a special place in the Ukrainian lexico-semantic system. The former reflects universal values of the world community and nationally-specific features of Ukrainian ethnoculture. The lexico-semantic analysis of the nouns’ figurative meanings denoting good in modern Ukrainian has shown that figurativeness is typical of polysemantic lexical units. In contrast, monosemantic words are devoid of the assigned property. Furthermore, the words in question not only complement the aspects of good realization expressed by direct meanings but extend their semantics by additional shades of meaning. Figurative meanings verbalize good as an anthropocentric and socio-pragmatic notion in modern Ukrainian. Thus, the groups denoting a person as a good-doer, his/her inner world, character traits, wishes and desires, personal achievements and success, social recognition, deeds for the sake of others, benefits and advantages, comfortable living conditions, and material values have been singled out. The lexical units under study establish diverse paradigmatic relations with both the words within the lexico-semantic group “good” in Ukrainian and another related lexis.

Синтагматический подход к дифференцированному маркированию прямого дополнения в тувинском и хакасском языках

This paper presents a comparative study of differential object marking in the Tuvan and Khakass languages in terms of the syntagmatic approach for determining syntagmatic factors suitable for highlighting morpho-syntactic direct object marking. With the standard arrangement of the components of the sentence structure in the Tuvan and Khakass languages, there is no need for explicit marking of the syntagmatic relations between the direct object and the predicate due to their syntactic, semantic, and communicative unity resulting from the evident syntactic relations between the components of the verbal syntagma. The direct object, located immediately before the predicate, can be part of the topic, thus receiving accusative marking. The thematization of the direct complement “distances” it from the group of the predicate that is usually rhematized. Therefore, the loss of communicative unity causes the need to mark the syntagmatic relations of the object and predicate. With the predicate preceded by the rhematized member of the sentence, the direct object receives accusative marking. Given a high degree of similarity of the word order in the Tuvan and Khakass languages, there are differences in the number of possible arrangements of the linear structure components: in the Khakass language, the word order is more free, with the general Turkic principle of placing only topicalized components of a sentence in the postproposal position being observed. However, there are cases falling outside of this theory, involving the paradigmatic relationship of the direct object with other members of the sentence, suggesting the need for a paradigmatic-syntagmatic approach to considering the differentiated marking of the direct object.

Literal and metaphorical usages of Babanki EAT and DRINK verbs

In Babanki, a Grassfields Bantu language of North-West Cameroon, two of the numerous consumption verbs, namely the generic verbs ʒɨ́ ‘eat’ and ɲʉ́ ‘drink’, constitute a major source of metaphorical extensions outside the domain of ingestion. Setting out from a characterisation of the basic meanings of these two lexical items as they emerge from their paradigmatic relations within the semantic field of alimentation processes, this paper explores the figurative usages of the two verbs and their underlying semantic motivations. Semantic extensions that radiate from eat can be subsumed under two closely related structural metaphors, i.e. APPROPRIATION OF RESOURCES IS EATING and WINNING IS EATING. The first metaphor construes the acquisition and exploitation of non-food items such as material possession as eating, while the second metaphor casts the acquisition of immaterial advantage in the mould of eating. Both metaphors have further entailments, i.e. the derivation of pleasure from consumption of resources, the depletion of resources via consumption and the deprivation of a third party from access to these resources. Semantic extensions that radiate from drink can be accounted for in two structural metaphors, i.e. INHALATION IS DRINKING and ABSORPTION IS DRINKING. Remarkably, some metaphorical extensions of consumption verbs attested in other African languages, such as extensions of EAT for sexual intercourse and for killing, and the extensions of DRINK for undergoing trouble and enduring painful experiences are absent in Babanki.

Semantic Field of Stres and Depression on Psychologycal Korean Drama

Korean dramas with the psychological genre are very popular nowadays. Through this psychological Korean drama genre, people begin to get to know some psychological terms, such as stress and depression. Unfortunately, there are many people who have not been able to interpret these two terms correctly. The aims of this study are to find out how the words stress and depressions influence the audience of psychological Korean dramas and to know the difference of semantic field between the word stress and depression. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The steps taken are (1) data collection with interviews, surveys through questionnaires, and readings text in psychological Korean dramas genre; (2) see the relevance between the data available and the semantic field theory; (3) and draw conclusions from the results of the research. This study uses semantic studies by looking at semantic field of the words stress and depression in psychological Korean dramas and how these words influence the audience. The semantic field is part of semantic system which is looking at the meaning of lexical elements that relate to spoken language used in reality. The subject of this study is a psychology Korean drama and psychology Korean drama audience. The results of this study showed that some respondents who watched the Korean drama misinterpret the meaning of stress and depression. Semantic field of the term stress and depression is set semantic field. Set semantic field refers to paradigmatic relationships because words or elements are in the same set and can replace each other. These two words are still in the same set, namely psychic problems. The writers hoped that it can reduce public misunderstanding of the meaning of the words stress and depression

Language Bite-by-Bite: The Design of Second Language Learning Application Using Lexical Approach

The ability to use languages to communicate distinguishes humans from other living things. In language production, two sources of information play a crucial role: a conceptual (semantic) message and a sequence of syntactic states mapped onto an ordered sequence of words. This concept of language production applies to both the native language of the speaker and the second language. Therefore, one question arises as to why second language learners cannot equally master both their second language (L2) and first language (L1). In our research, we investigate second language learning within the linguistic and language production framework. We explain language competence by knowledge of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations, and we can apply the lexical approach for language learning to reach such competence. With this basis, we have designed an educational web application for second language learning, Bite-sized English, that incorporates the learning of words and phrases hands-in-hands with grammar. Bite-sized English consists of two parts: “Take a Bite”, where users learn lexical chunks from authentic texts, and “Lingua Kitchen”, where learners can build their own lexicon and practice usage in contexts.

Лексика иноязычного происхождения: арабизмы со значением «украшения и оккультные предметы»

In the article six lexemes of the thematic group ‘Clothes and household items’, the subgroup ‘Jewelry and occult objects’: diamond, fringe, beads, sultan, amulet, and mascot are considered according to the methodology proposed earlier by the authors, including the lexicographic, etymological and semantic aspects of the study of Arabisms, analysis of their syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, adaptation processes in the receiving language and use in its functional styles. Based on the materials of the National Corpus of the Russian language, the specific character of their functioning in the Russian speech is revealed.

Paradigmatic relations between lexical-semantic groups of adjectives in the scientific style of the english language

The article is dedicated to the study of paradigmatic relations of adjectives on the semantic level in the scientific style. Paradigmatic ties in the nucleus and the first periphery are determined and compared. The object of study is adjectives in the scientific style. The subject of the study is paradigmatic ties on the semantic level. The goal is to investigate and compare paradigmatic ties of adjectives in the scientific style. The topicality is caused by the necessity of study of paradigmatic ties of adjectives in the scientific style as they have not been investigated yet. In our study the statistical method was used such as the correlation analysis which helps to determine intensity and character of ties. The more there is the dependence between signs, the more the quantity of coefficient of correlation will approach to 1. In case of the absence of the statistical dependence the quantity of coefficient of correlation will be about zero or equals zero. Using the quantity of usage LSG of adjectives were divided into the nucleus and the first periphery. Due to the correlation analysis paradigmatic ties of LSG of adjectives within the nucleus and within the first periphery and between them were found and analyzed. In our study the statistical method was used such as χІ -which shows presence or absence of a tie. The coefficient K indicates the force (intensity) of ties. Due to it the ties are divided into strong, mean and weak ones. Statistically meaningful ties of lexical-semantic groups (LSG) of adjectives were analyzed. A scientific novelty is in distinguishing the nucleus and the first periphery and investigating paradigmatic ties between them. Conclusions. LSG of adjectives within the first periphery create not a big number of ties in comparison with the number of ties with LSG of adjectives of the nucleus. LSG of adjectives “Natural and physical state” and “Space value of distance and duration” are distinguished as making up the biggest number of ties with nucleus. The study shows that LSG of adjectives within of the first periphery are more independent between themselves and are able to have free ties. Paradigmatic ties of LSG of adjectives within the nucleus have the tendency to dependence and a mutual influence.

The calculus of language: explicit representation of emergent linguistic structure through type-theoretical paradigms

ABSTRACT The recent success of deep neural network techniques in natural language processing rely heavily on the so-called distributional hypothesis. We suggest that the latter can be understood as a simplified version of the classic structuralist hypothesis, at the core of a programme aiming at reconstructing grammatical structures from first principles and corpus analysis. Then, we propose to reinterpret the structuralist programme with insights from proof theory, especially associating paradigmatic relations and units with formal types defined through an appropriate notion of interaction. In this way, we intend to build original conceptual bridges between computational logic and classic structuralism, which can contribute to understanding the recent advances in NLP.

Struktur Gerak Silek Galombang Pada Sanggar Tunas Harapan Nagari Aua Kuniang Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

This research aims to reveal and describe the structure of Gerak Silek Gelombang Sanggar Tunas Harapan Nagari Aua Kuniang Pasaman Barat. This type of research is qualitative research using content analysis methods. The data type uses primary data and secondary data. The main instrument in this study was the researcher himself and assisted with supporting instruments such as stationery, camera and flash drive. Data collection techniques are done by means of library studies, observations, interviews, documentation. The steps of analyzing data are collecting data, describing data and concluding data. The results showed that the structure of dance motion galombang silek is analyzed with three stages consisting of the system of relationships between basic elements, grammatical hierarchical relationships and syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationship systems. The relationship between the basic elements of silek galombang dance, has a basic element that relates to attitudes and motions on the head, body, hands and feet that produce motifs that overlap and alternate attitudes. Grammatical hierarchical relationship in silek galombang dance consists of 47 motifs with 27 forms of basic motifs, phrases as many as 23 phrases, sentences as many as 9 sentences and 1 cluster. In this dance there is a syntagmatic relationship system in which this dance can not be reversed because every motion is bound and overlapping and there are also paradigmatic relationships on some motifs where this dance can be reversed.

Немецкие неологизмы в период пандемии коронавируса SARS-CoV-2

The aim of the study is to determine the structural and semantic features of neologisms in the German language during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. The scientific originality of the research lies in the identification of the most productive word-formation elements of this period and the semantic (paradigmatic) relations between the lexemes that have appeared. As a result, the criteria of neologisms and the sources of their appearance in the German language were established; the most productive word-formation components and the features of synonymy in this vocabulary group were determined.

УТВОРЕННЯ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНИХ ЛАНЦЮЖКІВ І ПАРАДИГМ КОМБІНУВАЛЬНИМИ ФОРМАМИ

The article is dedicated to analysis of terminology chains, terminological paradigms, terminological families, terminological rows formed by combining forms. Typically the process of filling terminological families exceeds the speed of formation of new ones. Analysis of the material showed that the studied classical word forming elements are characterized by creating the chains of two, three and even four units. Such mini families (2-3 members paradigm) make up a small number in modern terminological systems but have a high potential and provide further “growth” of terms families. Structurally and semantically related terms form terminological series in which terminological elements enter into syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The final forms enter into the paradigmatic relations as a part of the terminological paradigm built with using a common prepositional component. Acting as a prepositional component they indicate individual features of an object or phenomenon and are a variable value. They become a constant value in the role of postpositive formant and are the indicators of a class of objects or phenomena performing a systematizing function. Classical terminological elements form open terminological rows, chains, families and can enter into paradigmatic relations, which is an important system-forming factor used in terminology to reflect the systemic nature of scientific concepts. The very process of the new terminological families, chains, paradigms creation can be considered both as a process and as a result of terminological derivation.

PRAGMASEMANTIC STUDY OF POETRIC TEXT (on the example of Erkin Vahidov’s poetry)

In this article, the units expressing the pragmatic and poetic features used in the works of Erkin Vahidov are studied as the object of study on the example of the poet's poems. Also, potential semantics formed an analysis of the poetic text through lines that revealed pragmatic meaning. The semantics expressed by polysemantic lexemes in creative poetry are analyzed in the direction of pragmatics. Keywords: pragmatic, semantic, verse, paradigmatic relations, lexical units, occasional meaning, semantic connection, associative field, lingvopoetics, lingvopragmatics.

Антонімія у парадигматичних відношеннях англомовної термінології сфери біотехнології

Introduction. The terminology of biotechnology is a relatively new area of linguistic research that requires comprehensive scientific study. The study, classification, description of terms that emerge in new fields of knowledge, which undoubtedly includes biotechnology, is one of the relevant areas of modern linguistic research, which led to the emergence of numerous works by linguists. It should be emphasized that the study of English terminology in the field of biotechnology is no longer at an early stage. Numerous works testify to the relevance of the study of the language of biotechnology, which have recently paid some attention to this problem. However, despite the large number of scientific papers devoted to the study of English terminology of biotechnology, the phenomenon of antonymy, characteristic of its terms, has not yet been the subject of a separate study. The lack of comprehensive coverage of antonymous connections in the biotechnological vocabulary determines the relevance of the study. The purpose of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of antonymy in the context of paradigmatic relations in the terminology of the biotechnological sphere. Objectives of the study: 1) to identify antonymous pairs in the terminology of biotechnology; 2) classify antonyms according to paradigmatic components; 3) to find out the semantic structure of antonyms; 4) analyze the ways of creating antonyms. Materials and methods of research. The source base of the work were texts from scientific literature in English (publications of scientific journals, materials of the Internet) and biotechnological dictionaries. During the analysis we relied on the methods of continuous sampling of language material, classification, definition and comparative analysis. Results of the research. The author focuses on the generalization of theoretical views on the essence of the phenomena of antonymy in terminology in general. The example of terminological units in the field of biotechnology shows the peculiarities of the use of antonymous units in English. Antonymous pairs and series are selected for analysis. Antonyms of the studied terminology are classified according to several criteria; 1) by conceptual and semantic connections; 2) according to the plan of expression. The structure, composition and semantic types of antonyms are analyzed. According to the semantic criterion, i.e. conceptual-semantic connections (depending on the type of opposite), antonyms were divided according to the classification of antonyms developed by V. Tatarinov, who distinguishes the following types of antonyms: contrarian, contradictory, complementary and conversion. This classification gives grounds to assert that in the studied terminology the antonymous relations of the contradictory and much less often of the complementary, counter and convertible types are most widely represented. According to the structure, or according to the plan of expression of the antonyms of the English biotechnology terminology is divided into multi-rooted and common-rooted antonymous pairs. Conclusions. It is concluded that antonymy in the terminology of biotechnology performs the function of systematization, which provides a comprehensive description of concepts, phenomena, processes of the biotechnology field. Analysis of biotechnological terms-antonyms of the English language at the semantic level indicates the presence of contradictory, contraral, complementary and convertible antonymous relations. Terms-antonyms of the contradictory type, formed with the help of negative prefixes, are presented in the studied terminology much more widely than other types. It is established that in the terminology of the field of biotechnology cognate antonyms predominate, and the most regular are two-component phrases.

Paradigmatic Relations Interact During the Production of Complex Words: Evidence From Variable Plurals in Dutch.

A growing body of work in psycholinguistics suggests that morphological relations between word forms affect the processing of complex words. Previous studies have usually focused on a particular type of paradigmatic relation, for example the relation between paradigm members, or the relation between alternative forms filling a particular paradigm cell. However, potential interactions between different types of paradigmatic relations have remained relatively unexplored. This paper presents two corpus studies of variable plurals in Dutch to test hypotheses about potentially interacting paradigmatic effects. The first study shows that generalization across noun paradigms predicts the distribution of plural variants, and that this effect is diminished for paradigms in which the plural variants are more likely to have a strong representation in the mental lexicon. The second study demonstrates that the pronunciation of a target plural variant is affected by coactivation of the alternative variant, resulting in shorter segmental durations. This effect is dependent on the representational strength of the alternative plural variant. In sum, by exploring interactions between different types of paradigmatic relations, this paper provides evidence that storage of morphologically complex words may affect the role of generalization and coactivation during production.

"Maiden Offence is Victory’s Sister": the mythosemantics of personified names in P. G. Antokolsky’s poetry (to the 125th anniversary of the birth)

The paper explores personification of common nouns and their imaginative-philosophical semantisation in the transition to the class of proper nouns. This stylistic device is systemic for the creative work of P. G. Antokolsky, one of outstanding Russian literary artists. The aim of the study is to identify the nature and contensive-semantic parameters of the personification of names because the poet’s process and result of world perception are concentrated in these parameters. The structural-semantic, holistic-systemic, historical-functional methods in conjunction with elements of the motif and hermeneutic analyses of literary texts in a variety of contexts (mythopoetic, historical-cultural, ethico-aesthetic) were employed to achieve this goal. The phenomenon of ontologisation of the concepts micro- and macrocosm is a characteristic feature of P. G. Antokolsky’s poetry. These concepts become independent poetic images possessing anthropomorphic qualities. Such images (e. g. Life, Time, History, Tragedy) emerged as a result of the author’s artistic generalisations. They accumulated concepts which are not infrequently verbalised with abstract vocabulary. The images acquired human qualities, became a crucial part of the narrative structure and were incorporated in broader paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in the poet’s literary work. The most striking example of name personification is found in P. G. Antokolsky’s poem "Maiden Offence". In this piece, the mythosemantics of the main image (i. e. the author’s lyrical addressee) is determined in close connection with the artist’s historiosophic stance.

Формирование гипертекстового корпуса учебных словарей русского языка

This article discusses the construction of the terminological code of the Russian language in the form of information-search hypertext thesaurus. The code is developed in the form of a hypertext system in a nonlinear form, taking into account the relational, hierarchical and network paradigmatic relations through the implementation of syntagmatic relations in an interactive mode on a personal computer digitized lexicographic materials of the Russian language, which will allow on the basis of digital technologies through appropriate classification and systematization, digitalization and retrodigitization of dictionaries, reference books and encyclopedias and other lexicographic materials of the Russian language to structure, to systematize and unify the lexicographical material in a single body, thus providing operational input in a scientific turn with the purpose of optimization of scientific research in modern lexicography.