Paradigmatic Organization Research Articles

Between analytical mood and clause-initial particles – on the diagnostics of subordination for (emergent) complementizers

SummaryThe article addresses empirical and methodological issues that are of central concern for an assessment of uninflected function words doing services in clause-combining and/or in indicating the speaker’s stance toward illocutionary force or propositional content. Such units have been variably treated: either just as ‘particles’, as subordinating conjunctions or complementizers, or as auxiliaries of ‘analytic moods’ (marking directive or optative illocutionary force). Whatever they are called, all these units scope over clauses and manipulate their reality status. A discrimination of these types of units is difficult or hardly possible, first of all, because core notions (especially ‘(analytic) mood’ and ‘complementizer’) are ill-defined and their consequent cross-linguistic application suggests an almost arbitrary exchangeability: since the notional contrasts behind them are basically identical, clear criteria based on form and paradigmatic organization are warranted. Jointly, one needs to specify the format of the relevant units in terms of clines between morphemes and words, and between words and constructions, first of all for North Slavicbyand South Slavicda.Concomitantly, the delimitation of discourse coherence from syntactic subordination poses notorious problems. First, embedding is a property on a gradient, mainly because symptomatic shifts of egocentricals need not (and often do not) occur simultaneously. Second, there is an enormous grey zone of clausal complements vs adjuncts leaving ample space for indeterminacy. Both intensional and extensional approaches to determining clausal complements have their inherent and empirical weaknesses, and one wonders whether these might be recompensated by combining both types of approaches.The article gives a complex account of general theoretical and empirical pitfalls, with illustrations from a comprehensive body of data across Slavic on a typological background. The article also shows a principled divide between volition- and cognition-based clause connectives (and of their constructions), for which it points out inner-Slavic areal clines.

СТИЛІСТИЧНА ПАРАДИГМА СОМАТИЗМІВ У ЗАГАЛЬНОМОВНОМУ І ПОЕТИЧНОМУ СЛОВНИКУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ КІНЦЯ ХХ – ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТ.

У статті висвітлено сутність поняття «лінгвістична парадигма», підтверджено актуальність і методологічну обґрунтованість застосування відповідного поняття для систематизації одиниць різних мовних рівнів. Окрему увагу присвячено феноменові лексико-стилістичної парадигми. Проаналізовано співвідношення соматичної лексики у словнику сучасної української літературної мови та в поетичних текстах кінця ХХ – початку ХХІ ст.

The English lexicogrammar of violence: lexical resources

This paper is an exploratory description of the lexicogrammar of violence — of the resources provided by the lexicogrammar of English for construing our experience of violence as wordings alongside other domains of experience that are difficult to come to terms with such as pain and emotion. We give particular attention to the lexical resources within the continuum of lexicogrammar, but locate them within the grammatical “schemata” they operate in. Our exploratory account is informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). It draws centrally on certain aspects of SFL, including the primary given to paradigmatic organization, the stratification of the content plane of language into semantics (meaning) and lexicogrammar (wording), the organization of the content plane into simultaneous metafunctions, the cline or continuum between the system of language, the overall meaning potential of language, and instances in the form of texts (operating in context), and the diversification of language into different registers (functional varieties) adapted to different types of context. We present an overview of the lexical resources of verbs and nouns, and show how verbs can be classified in their different senses by reference to the grammatical system of transitivity (in particular, process type).

ПАРАДИГМАТИЧНА СИСТЕМА ЛЕКСИЧНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ПОЕТИЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ)

Paradigmatic relations between units of poetic text have been a matter of researcher interest for a long time. But scientists usually focus their attention on the semantics level. Commonly, systems of synonyms, antonyms, and lexical and semantic groups are being analysed in terms of the function they have in the text. The holistic paradigmatic system of text lexical units was never the subject of special study. This article purpose is a description of specific paradigmatic systems, that are formed by lexical units functioning in a poetic text. The research is conducted within the framework of functional linguistics, which involves considering the content of the text to be an active mental activity of the author and the perceiver, interacting in the communicative act AUTHOR - TEXT - READER, from the standpoint of the recipient. In the chosen anthropocentric model, paradigmatic text analysis is an attempt to model the process of text perception by the recipient. In contrast to the traditional description of lexical paradigms, the subject of paradigmatic analysis are words and more voluminous intertextual verbal complexes that form a system series as a definition of one or similar concepts or form interconnected perceptual “subject” images in the process of a text or group of texts perception. The study is based on a comparative analysis of Sergei Yesenin's poems “The grove of golden trees has fallen silent” and “Birch”. The presented analysis of the poems shows that the strengthening of the conceptuality entails an increase in the dependence of private paradigms in the hyper paradigm of the text. If we follow a strict analogy with syntax, we can say that the paradigmatic organization of projective texts is closer to parataxis, and conceptual is closer to hypostasis. The study of the paradigmatic organization of the works of Sergei Yesenin proves the expediency of lexical units paradigmatic analysis of the literary text, which opens up the possibility for a more complete interpretation.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE TYPOLOGY OF PRIMARY SYSTEMIC SPEECH UNDER DEVELOPMENT

The article considers the issue of the typology of speech development disorders that belong to the group of primary systemic speech underdevelopment (PSSU). The current state of science and practice development of speech-language pathology (SLP) allows us to identify within the once unified nosology several separate pathologies of speech activity which require separate study and use of differential methods for their diagnosis and overcoming. The author analyzes the historical way of forming scientific thought about alalia as a primary systemic underdevelopment of speech. He draws attention to some inaccuracies that have resulted from a certain inconsistency of the positions of individual scientists on the one hand, and the inertia of SLP practice on the other. This actually contributed to the consolidation in the SLP of somewhat outdated ideas about the nature of systemic speech underdevelopment and the variability of its expression in the speech activity of children. Outdated classifications inherited from the former USSR do not keep pace with the current pace of SLP development and do not fully reflect the state of our ideas about the nature and diversity of speech pathologies studied today. The author uses psycholinguistic approach to the analysis of PSSU, particularly for researching psychological mechanisms of speech associated with the functioning of the anterior and posterior tertiary fields of the dominant hemisphere, their role in the pathogenesis of different variants of motor alleles. This allowed the author to identify 10 separate disorders, 6 of them belonging to PSSU. Author raises the issue of making changes to the existing clinical and pedagogical classification and its coordination with the psychological and pedagogical classification of speech disorders currently used in domestic SLP practice. In particular, the author argues the necessity of introduction of speech disorders like apraxia and dyspraxia as separate nosologies into the classification as one of the variants of sound disorders; paraalalia as a separate form of PSSU and two variants of general speech underdevelopment with a predominant disorder in the assimilation of syntagmatic and paradigmatic organization of language signs, previously referred to as general speech underdevelopment of unknown etiology.

TRANSFORMATION OF THE PARADIGMATIC STRUCTURE OF VOCABULARY OF PRETEXT IN REMAKES (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF REMAKES OF THE STORY BY A. P. CHEKHOV «THE LADY WITH THE DOG»)

The purpose of this article is to identify and describe the characteristic features of a remake from the pointof view of the paradigmatic organization of its vocabulary in comparison with the organization of the vocabulary of primarytext. The object of analysis is the paradigmatic structure of remakes in comparison with paradigmatic structure of theprimary text and features of the transformation of lexical paradigms in remakes. The subject of this research is remakesof V. S. Tokareva and D. I. Rubina on the story of A. P. Chekhov «A Lady with a Dog». The article uses the methods ofparadigmatic and comparative analysis. The result of the study is the revealed differences in the paradigmatic structureof remakes compared to the primary text, consisting in a partial simplification of the paradigmatic structure, the removalof some paradigms of the primary text, or the merging of several paradigms into one. Also revealed are Features of thetransformation of the paradigmatic structure of the primary text in remakes, which consist in preserving the general featuresof the paradigm configuration, but changing specific methods for constructing this configuration are revealed also.In particular, if the original text has a paradigm contrast, expressed in a sequential alternation of opposed paradigms ele ments, the remake is preserved, however, the elements of opposite paradigms are differently located relative to each other.So, their alternation is not sequential, but chaotic, or the elements of one paradigm are extremely rare with respect to thenumber of elements of another. Thus, the general principle of paradigm configuration is preserved, however, the ways ofimplementing this principle are significantly different. Findings. While maintaining the basic paradigms of the primarytext and the basic principle of their configuration, the remake transforms the paradigms themselves and specific configurationelements. Due to such transformations, the ideas of the primary text can change significantly up to the inversion ofthe original intent of the primary text. The practical application of the research results consists in the ability to identifythe essential features of secondary texts of various types, to more clearly outline the boundaries between them.

Entre Exu e Ogum: políticas do sagrado no teatro de Abdias do Nascimento

Resumo Estudo crítico das determinantes míticas na caracterização das personagens e na composição da ação em Sortilégio II, drama de Abdias do Nascimento. O teatro de Abdias obedece a paradigmas de composição da cena que não se baseiam mais na organicidade sintagmática da fábula, mas, apresentando os complexos e paixões de Emanuel, busca uma organização descontínua e paradigmática, para dar conta da vida de uma única e dominante subjetividade em cena. Em Sortilégio II, essa configuração teatral pós-catástrofe é ideal para tecer os processos rememorativos de Emanuel, na tentativa de projetar no presente da cena o passado traumático do personagem, marcado pela violência social, pelos complexos raciais e pelas contraditórias relações eróticas com Ifigênia e Margarida. Na peça, além das definições estruturais da ação, o sagrado afro-brasileiro e a mitologia dos Orixás são importantes modulações culturais que interferem nas relações de poder entre os agentes e nos processos de subjetivação que acometem Emanuel. Uma rede social e simbólica que, sob a tutela de Exu e Ogum, concorre para a libertação e deificação do personagem. Por meio do reconhecimento da cultura negra, do pertencimento étnico-racial e do sacrifício mítico, Emanuel deixa o mundo racista dos homens para habitar o Orún, o plano divino dos Orixás.

Flexible bifunctional monoethylphosphonate/carboxylates of Zn(ii) and Co(ii) reinforced with DABCO co-ligand: paradigmatic structural organization with pcu topology

The prototypal [M2(EtBCP)2(DABCO)0.5] MOFs, compliant with isoreticular expansion in two-dimensions, show flexibility manifested by a two-step CO2 adsorption isotherm, which might be associated to the “lever-action” of the metal-phosphonate moieties.

FIELD STRUCTURE OF THE TERM SYSTEM OF GASTROENTEROLOGY IN GERMAN

The article deals with the specifics of the systematic organization of the terminology of gastroenterology on the example of the German language. In Germanistics the specialized vocabulary of this field is investigated for the first time. The scientific interpretations of linguistic concepts "terminology", "terminological system" and "terminological field" are analyzed. The terminology of the investigated branch is represented as an ordered multilevel system of special nominative units, which is based on the systemicity of the medical concepts it denotes. The criteria for the division of the terminological field of gastroenterology into separate micro-fields and the less-lexical-semantic groups are determined. The lexical composition and principles of internal structuring of each micro-field are considered. The concept of a term-semantic group in the projection of medical terminology has been identified. Examples of semantic analysis of terminological units based on vocabulary definitions are given. Attention is focused on the allocation of integral and differential features of the content structure of gastroenterological names, separation of generic and species concepts of the investigated branch. The basic types of relations between the elements of the field, which belong to different levels of the hierarchy, are determined. During the linguistic analysis it was found out that the hyper-hyponymic and meronymic relations between the terms carry out a system-forming function and play an important role in the paradigmatic organization of the investigated terminology. As an example of the German-language terminology of gastroenterology, it has been proved that hierarchical relations are the basis of the systematic organization of professional titles in the medical field.

Статья А. П. Сумарокова «Российский Вифлеем» в апрельском номере «Трудолюбивой пчелы» (1759): к проблеме определения жанра

The authors of the article adhere to the theory of ensemble structure of the first private Russian monthly magazine “The hardworking bee”. All ten sections of the April issue form a meta-text, the core of which consists of three Sumarokov’s essays of poetic character: “About Disagreement”, “About Difference between Ardent and Acute mind”, “About Unnaturalness”, which manifest the view of the magazine’s publisher on the nature of art, on the concept of literary taste, on the ratio of rhetoric and poetics in the verbal art, on the connection between reality and art. The article “Russian Bethlehem” refers to the semantic periphery of the April book of the journal. The function of this publication in the issue remained unclarified during the entire period of its study, and the article itself was usually regarded as a pseudo-historical work. The concept of the journal as a metatext, i. e. the syntagmatic connection of all 12 books of the “The hardworking bee” and the paradigmatic organization of each particular issue, made it possible to define the genre of Sumarokov’s essay “Russian Bethlehem” as a contaminated parody of the following genres: а prosaic panegyric, a historical composition and a gala ode. Prior to Sumarokov, only poetry — the poetry of individual authors — was parodied. The writer was the first to create a parody contamination of poetic and prose genres. Sumarokov himself could be a parodic personality — in this case, the essay is an autoparody, the aim of which is to show the readers the text created by the quirk of an ardent mind, not striving for perspicacity, but driven only by fervor. The second object of the parody could be M. V. Lomonosov and his two writings: “Ancient Russian history from the beginning of the Russian people to the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the First or until 1054” (1754–1758) and “A word of praise to the blessed and eternally worthy of the memory of Emperor Peter the Great... ” (1755), as well as the entire complex of rhetorical locus communis of Lomonosov’s odes. Sumarokov evaluated the poetic qualities of his opponent’s writings extremely low, and later wittily parodied his odes on the pages of “The hardworking bee”.

Effects of a nursing care program on functional outcomes in older acute medical in-patients: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background:Hospitalization often leads to long periods of bed rest and inactivity which is associated with an increase in length of hospital stay, loss of capacity for basic self-care and discharge into a nursing home.Objective:This trial aims to verify if a nursing care program centered on basic self-care and predefined physical activity, improves functional outcomes in older hospitalized patients.Methods:This is a 2-group randomized controlled trial with repeated measures: 182 older acute medical patients will be blindly randomly allocated to the control group (n = 91) or intervention group (n = 91). The intervention will consist of nursing care intervention centered on basic self-care that includes a twice daily walking training, plus privileging pre-established trips to the toilet by walking and all daytime meals seated, off the bed. The main outcome was changes in the number of independent activities of daily living from 2 weeks before admission (baseline) to discharge. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT03106064).Results:This intervention has the potential to change the outcomes of the older patient in the acute setting.Conclusion:The loss of independence in self-care is determinant in future health care needs. If our hypothesis is correct and demonstrate that this nursing care program centered on basic self-care for older acute medical patients improves functional outcomes, a change in the paradigmatic organization of hospital care may be justifiable.

Порівняльний аналіз твору Джеймса Джойса «Джакомо Джойс» та його перекладу.

Textual depth may be a mean of estimation translation quality, determining differences in understanding that depend on languages features and the quality of translator’s work. Original James Joyce’s text was determined to have the following paradigmatic organization of the text: motivated with the text, logically heterogeneous, hyperactual, monofunctional, conceptual paradigms that are united on both language and mental levels.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE RUSSIAN VOCABULARY AND TEXTS WITHIN ONE LINGUISTIC SCHOOL: EXPERIENCE OF SUMMARY AND METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTION IN HINDSIGHT. PAPER 1

The paper sums up the experimental linguistic research of Russian words and texts carried out by the group of Western Siberia linguists under the supervision of the author of this paper. The experiments were based on different materials, they used different forms and ways of experimenting. The paper presents the attempt of realizing and reflecting their set as some entity united by the main principles of making experiments and peculiarities of their realization in hindsight. The paper presents two directions: methodical and methodological. The first direction, presented in Paper 1, consists in the collection and systematization of the positive experience of particular experimenting. As a result of its realization the following principles of experimenting are pointed out and described: word inclusion into the context; seriality; paradigmatic and syntagmatic organization; approximation of the experimental situation to the real speech situations. According to the author, such generalizations can be useful for other researchers to conduct similar experiments.

The Old English Prefix ge-: A Panchronic Reappraisal

This article carries out an analysis of the Old English verbal prefix ge- that is based on a paradigmatic organization of the lexicon, which allows for the inclusion of synchronic and diachronic data into a panchronic approach. On the synchronic side, the focus is on the spread of ge- in the derivational morphology of the language and the assessment of productivity, while on the diachronic side the emphasis is on the lexicalization and grammaticalization of the affix at stake. A path of grammaticalization is described as starting from the Proto-Germanic derivational prefix *ga- and leading to inflectional ge- in Old English. Quantitative evidence is gathered in favour of a progressive loss of the derivational productivity of the prefix that is paralleled by a gradual increase in inflectional distribution. The conclusion is reached that the neuter noun which is zero derived from the strong verb contributes through its derivatives to the decategorialization of the prefix ge-, which undergoes grammaticalization for reasons of over-markedness, becomes exclusively inflectional and, ultimately, disappears.

Paradigm formation: Changes of function and structure in German and Danish mood systems

Recent studies in semantic change have agendas in common with the theory of grammaticalization and thus focus on processes of central interest to grammaticalization theory, namely generalization, bleaching and subjectification. One typical outcome of such processes is the addition of new diachronic meanings (“layering”), leading to a content side that involves more and more sprawling polysemic clusters. The study of morphological changes, however, provides instances of many other types of processes. This article discusses two such types: (1) a regrammation process, namely a change in paradigmatic organization, and (2) a specification of meaning, i.e. reduction rather than proliferation of meaning variants. Both will be illustrated with reference to the development of mood in German: it is a split from what was still in Middle High German one inflectional mood paradigm into three different mood paradigms in the modern standard High German language – and each of the separate paradigms involve a specification rather than proliferation in meaning. Our focus is on the characterization of semantic structure, but as in any usage-based grammatical model, the relation between structure and function is also considered. Former main functions of the subjunctive are promoted to the rank of structurally distinctive features between the modern paradigms, but the modern paradigm structure also contains content variation that was not grammaticalized in the older language – while other forms of content variation remains a matter of context of use. A comparison is offered with Middle Danish (showing a similar split of the older paradigm) and Modern Danish (the reverse process: loss of the distinction between the tense and mood paradigms). Again, regrammation processes like the ones studied show the importance of specification in semantic change and also of the importance of fine-grained language-specific analysis of grammatical content and its paradigmatic organization.

Lexical–Semantic Organization in Bilingual Children: Evidence From a Repeated Word Association Task

This study examined lexical-semantic organization of bilingual children in their 2 languages and in relation to monolingual age-mates. Twelve Mandarin-English bilingual and 12 English monolingual children generated 3 associations to each of 36 words. Responses were coded as paradigmatic (dog-cat) or syntagmatic (dog-bark). Within the bilingual group, word association performance was comparable and correlated between 1st and 2nd languages. Bilingual and monolingual children demonstrated similar patterns of responses, but subtle group differences were also revealed. When between-group comparisons were made on English measures, there was a bilingual advantage in paradigmatic responding during the 1st elicitation and for verbs. Results support previous studies in finding parallel development in bilinguals' 1st- and 2nd-language lexical-semantic skills and provide preliminary evidence that bilingualism may enhance paradigmatic organization of the semantic lexicon.

Literate discourse and cognitive organization: Some relations between parents' talk and 3-year-olds' thought

ABSTRACTImplicit in much work on literate discourse and its consequences is the question of what relation exists between forms of discourse and cognitive organization. The focus of this article is the relation between specific features of literate discourse and paradigmatic organization in children's thought. Nineteen parent–child dyads were videotaped during bookreading when the child was 2½ years old. Three levels of object labels and reference to propositional attitudes were coded in parents' talk during bookreading episodes with their children. Three measures of paradigmatic organization in the child's thought were obtained at age 3½. The features of parents' talk were then correlated with measures of the child's thought. A significant correlation was found between superordinate level labels in parents' talk and all three measures of children's paradigmatic organization, but basic and subordinate level labels were not correlated. Parents' use of cognitive verbs and verbs referring to labeling and interpretation were also correlated with children's paradigmatic organization. The results are interpreted as indicating situation-specific organizational preferences in talk and thought.

Science, technology and design

It is argued, through a historical review of human inquiry systems, that contemporary science is not in epistemological chaos as suggested by some authors. It should not, therefore, be overlooked as a source of constitutive knowledge relevant to the activity of design. It is suggested that the present state of scientific epistemology embodies the principles not only of science but also those of technology, industry and society, and that design should be viewed as an activity in conjunction with this paradigmatic organization and not solely as a technological activity.

The effects of paradigmatic organization on verbal recall.

Initial tests of the possible processing problems of LD children compare their functioning with that of normal learners. The suggestion that LD children do not group items by categories to facilitate memory has been made. While past studies with auditory stimuli found such a deficit, visual materials that could be related conceptually were more easily remembered by LD children. Whether such potential conceptual deficits characterize at least some LD children remains to be seen. - G.M.S.

Organization Strategies and Developmental Recall

Summary This experiment was conducted to determine whether the shift in children's organizing behavior from syntagmatic to paradigmatic is a result of changes in actual abilities. The results suggested that this shift occurs relatively independently of changes in ability. Elementary and junior high school pupils (N = 120) were stratified developmentally on the basis of their ability to conserve mass, weight, and volume, and the Ss at each conservation level studied a 16-item paired-associate list under either a category inclusive, a syntagmatic, a paradigmatic, or an unrelated organization condition. Main effects were observed for both the organization and conservation factors, but these factors failed to interact as a significant source of variance. Ss at each developmental level were able to use the syntagmatic and paradigmatic organization criteria with nearly equal success