Paradigm Shift In Technology Research Articles

NANOTEKNOLOJİ, TOPLUM VE MİLLİ GÜVENLİK

Nanotechnology is defined as one of the most important technologies of the 21st Century. The ability of technology to deliver possibilities far beyond the known borders so far has led the debates to be multi-faceted between hopes and concerns from obscurity. Scientific success stories of mankind that take centuries on any subject now take place in the processes expressed in hours. There are always new revolutionary results that make all of the stories written so far trivial. We have to rethink the words impossible and imagination" and now dreams do not seem so far from being real. With the "nano" phase of technology, the developments that will make a significant impact on every detail of our social life. We expect nanotechnology to be a paradigm shift in technology. As such, by fundamentally changing what is possible on offensive and defensive matters, nanotechnology has the potential to either cause harm or provide strategic advantage to a nation based on its level of readiness. Similarly, with the social media revolution, we have seen a lagged impact on social fabric through the impact of a new technology. We are recently noticing of these changes could be weaponized. Thus, such long term sociological impacts must also be considered.

From the tool to the spatial metaphor: Graphical user interface and audiovisual creation in new media

This article is set within a technological paradigm shift that denotes a transition from hardware to software and that, by means of applications and operating systems, plays a central role in the sociocultural sphere, intervening in the creation, classification and distribution of cultural objects. The aim of this research is to delve into how the graphical user interface (GUI) integrates into contemporary audiovisual discourse, focusing on its potential as a spatial metaphor. To that end, a theoretical framework is built on the concept of space as a tool and its instrumentalization in the GUI throughout the years, with a view to design a taxonomy in relation to the different ways in which the GUI integrates into digital image composition. The article concludes that the ability to operate in the virtual and physical space, moving between the logic of the tool and its potential as spatial metaphor, provides the GUI with the necessary specificity to be considered a key cultural element for analysing new media’s visual identity.

A Comprehensive Review of the Evolution of Networked Control System Technology and Its Future Potentials

Networked control systems (NCSs) are attracting the attention of control system engineers. The NCS has created a paradigm shift in control system technology. An NCS consists of control loops joined through communication networks in which both the control signal and the feedback signal are exchanged between the system and the controller. However, its materialization faces several challenges as it requires the integration of advanced control and communication techniques. This paper presents an extensive review of NCSs from the perspective of control system design. The evolution of NCSs is broadly divided in three phases, namely NCSs prior to 2000, NCSs during 2001–2010, and NCSs from 2011 onwards. This division corresponds to the initial status, intermediate status, and the recent status of the developments in the design of NCSs. The advancement of different control techniques during these phases has been discussed comprehensively. This paper also describes the transition of control systems form continuous domain to networked domain, which makes it better than the traditional control systems. Some important practical applications, which have been implemented using NCSs, have also been discussed. The thrust areas for future research on NCS have also been identified.

Recent Advances on Multivalued Logic Gates: A Materials Perspective.

The recent advancements in multivalued logic gates represent a rapid paradigm shift in semiconductor technology toward a new era of hyper Moore's law. Particularly, the significant evolution of materials is guiding multivalued logic systems toward a breakthrough gradually, whereby they are transcending the limits of conventional binary logic systems in terms of all the essential figures of merit, i.e., power dissipation, operating speed, circuit complexity, and, of course, the level of the integration. In this review, recent advances in the field of multivalued logic gates based on emerging materials to provide a comprehensive guideline for possible future research directions are reviewed. First, an overview of the design criteria and figures of merit for multivalued logic gates is presented, and then advancements in various emerging nanostructured materials—ranging from 0D quantum dots to multidimensional heterostructures—are summarized and these materials in terms of device design criteria are assessed. The current technological challenges and prospects of multivalued logic devices are also addressed and major research trends are elucidated.

The Birth of the Research Field of COVID-19: Factors Determining the Evolution Supporting Discoveries and Technological Paradigm Shift with New MRNA Vaccines

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that appeared in late 2019 generating a high number of deaths and socioeconomic issues in human society. One of the fundamental questions in social studies of science is to analyze the evolution of new research fields during environmental threats, such as COVID-19 global pandemic crisis. This study analyzes the emergence and evolution of the research field of COVID-19 compared to other scientific fields concerning respiratory disorders, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Lung Cancer, to explain the dynamics of science that is generating scientific breakthroughs in a short period of time. This study shows that the scientific production of the research field of COVID-19 has increased from January 2020 with an unparalleled velocity generating manifold scientific advances, discoveries and innovative drugs for a paradigm shift in the treatment of infectious diseases with mRNA vaccines. In particular, results reveal that acceleration of science in the research field of COVID-19, measured with scientific production, is equal to a growth of 1.71% daily, which is a level much higher than evolution of a normal research field that has a growth of scientific production of about 0.5% daily (e.g., COPD and Lung Cancer). These findings are generalized in properties of the dynamics of science to explain the characteristics of science that generate scientific breakthrough in the presence of environmental threats. Overall, then, this study clarifies, as far as possible, some novel characteristics of the origin of new research fields, crisis-driven, that support discoveries and innovations for guiding scientific and technological progress in society.

Reflection of Paradigm Changein Information Technology to Library Architecture: The Helsinki Oodi Library

Abstract Since the late-20th century, there has been a transition from an industrial society to an ‘information network society’. ‘The production, organization and dissemination of knowledge’ began to change rapidly at the start of the 21st century, whereas this situation was met by the more effective search, use and evaluation of all kinds of information by library users. This work has focused on how the paradigm shift in information technology differentiates the functions and architecture of the 21st century ‘next-gen’ libraries from the traditional sort. Constituting the sample area of the study, the Oodi Library and its architectural features was examined within the context of ‘new architectural design criteria’, such as accessibility, symbolism, spatial organization, access to collections, self-study and integration, both in situ and by means of literature research. In research, it was observed that libraries need to be designed in line with new architectural design criteria, keeping the digitalization of information and integrating new information technologies in the forefront. The paradigm shift in information technology with digitalization has been the catalyst that transforms the libraries of the 21st century into centres of intellectual life, while reinforcing their role as a symbol of education, equality, transparency and civilization.

The fourth generation coaching for people and the planet (recovery and sustainability)

This paper invites participants to reflect and review the current human condition in terms of the post Covid-19 pandemic and the climate change crisis. This ‘New Norm’ calls for a new generation of language and coaching approaches to leverage a socio-cultural and technological paradigm shift. Drawing from the established art of healing, theory of planned behaviour, ecopsychology, coaching and transpersonal psychology, we shall discuss the future action and coaching practice with an intention to:Understand the fourth generation coaching (4GC) approach, its rationale, formulation and wider role in the environment.Experience the mindfulness practice that embraces motion and emotion, meaning and spirituality.Know how to integrate mindfulness, spirituality, and narrative practice in the GROW coaching process.Know how to enhance motivation to work on change in spiritual, psychosocial environmental practice for recovery and sustainability.

Data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future: An evidence synthesis approach to a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review

Abstract Sustainable cities are currently undergoing unprecedented transformative changes in light of the recent paradigm shift in science and technology brought on by big data science and analytics. These marked changes are motivated by the increased need to tackle the problematicity surrounding sustainable cities as quintessential complex systems in terms of their development planning, operational management, and fragmentary design strategies and technology solutions. That is to say, sustainable cities are increasingly embracing and leveraging what smart cities have to offer in terms of big data technologies and their novel applications in an attempt to effectively deal with the complexities they inherently embody and to monitor, evaluate, and improve their performance with respect to sustainability—under what has been termed “data-driven smart sustainable cities.” This new area is a significant gap in and of itself—as it is still in its infancy—that this paper seeks to fill together with to what extent the integration of sustainable urbanism and smart urbanism is addressed and what directions and forms it takes. Using a compelling evidence synthesis approach, this paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review of the flourishing field of data-driven smart sustainable cities. This study corroborates that big data technologies will change sustainable urbanism in fundamental and irreversible ways, bringing new and innovative ways of monitoring, understanding, analyzing, planning, and managing sustainable cities. It reveals that the evolving development planning approaches and operational management mechanisms enabled by data-driven technologies are of crucial importance to increase and maintain the contribution of sustainable cities to the goals of sustainability in the face of urbanization. However, what smart urbanism entails and the way it functions raises several critical questions, including whether the policy and governance of data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future will become too technocentric and technocratic respectively, but also with regard to other aspects of social and environmental sustainability. Addressing these important contemporary concerns is of equal importance in achieving the desired outcomes of sustainability. This review and critique of the existing work on the prevailing and emerging paradigms of urbanism provides a valuable reference for scholars and practitioners and the necessary material to inform them of the latest developments in the burgeoning field of data-driven smart sustainable cities. In addition, by shedding light on the increasing adoption and uptake of big data technologies in sustainable urbanism, this study seeks to help policymakers and planners assess the pros and cons of smart urbanism when effectuating sustainable urban transformations in the era of big data, as well as to stimulate prospective research and further critical debates on the topic.

Cognitive factors of the transfer of empirical engineering knowledge: A behavioral and fNIRS study

Knowledge transfer is a progressive method to accelerate knowledge accumulation and technological innovation of enterprises. This hot research topic remains explorative on improving knowledge transfer efficiency in employees' training and engineering practice. However, due to ambiguous cognitive structure, how concepts and knowledge are stored and utilized in employees' minds during problem-solving was poorly answered. Therefore, this paper proposed a concept-sorting test, inspired by the modified Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (M-WCST), to investigate the near/far transfer mechanism of empirical engineering knowledge (EEK) under the technological paradigm shift. Concept classification experiments were carried out for 31 participants by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore the neuroscience basis of EEK transfer. Transfer performance and cognitive load measured in concept-sorting tests showed: (1) The cognitive level of the prior technological paradigm positively increases the transfer performance. However, it causes more perseverative errors due to set patterns of thinking. (2) The transfer distance negatively decreases the performance. Hence the display materials which are different from the prior cognitive structure are not beneficial for participants to learn. (3) The transfer distance significantly impacts the cognitive load. The activation level of brain areas becomes higher when people finish the near EEK transfer and apply it to solve new problems. As an explorative study, the evidence from fNIRS can provide insights into the theory and practice of empirical knowledge management.

Rectal Cancer Care: Does One Size Fit All?

Over the past decade, rectal cancer care in the US has continued to advance rapidly. New innovations such as robotic surgery, nonoperative management, total neoadjuvant therapy, and advances in molecular diagnostics have changed the way we treat and care for rectal cancer patients. 1 Cercek A. Roxburgh C.S.D. Strombom P. et al. Adoption of total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2018; 4e180071 Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar , 2 Smith J.J. Strombom P. Chow O.S. et al. Assessment of a watch-and-wait strategy for rectal cancer in patients with a complete response after neoadjuvant therapy. JAMA Oncol. 2019; 5e185896 Crossref PubMed Scopus (137) Google Scholar , 3 Jayne D. Pigazzi A. Marshall H. et al. Effect of robotic-assisted vs conventional laparoscopic surgery on risk of conversion to open laparotomy among patients undergoing resection for rectal cancer: The ROLARR Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017; 318: 1569-1580 Crossref PubMed Scopus (419) Google Scholar Despite paradigm shifts in treatment and new technology, there continues to be persistent variation in access to high quality, guideline-concordant multidisciplinary care for patients with rectal cancer. Barriers to patient access affects both overall survival and potential surgical options. The National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer (NAPRC), the OSTRiCh Consortium (Optimizing the Surgical Treatment of Rectal Cancer), and the Commission on Cancer (CoC), a quality program of the American College of Surgeons, aim to accredit hospitals by evaluating a hospital's structure and processes for treating rectal cancer patients. 4 Monson J.R.T. Dietz D.W. Boughey J.C. You Y.N. Improving rectal cancer outcomes through advocacy, education, and research: The OSTRiCh Consortium and the new NAPRC. Bull Am Coll Surg United States. 2016; 101: 45-46 PubMed Google Scholar Accredited hospitals are held accountable for delivering multidisciplinary, evidence-based care. Enthusiasm has been strong. NAPRC is in its early phase, with 19 hospitals successfully completing the accreditation process and dozens more in the process. NAPRC is an important first step in improving rectal cancer care in the US, but the US is a complex, large, and diverse country, and truly improving access for broad swaths of the population is going to take a coordinated effort that harnesses the passions of providers, hospitals, payors, and patients. Fragmented Care in the Treatment of Rectal Cancer and Time to Definitive TherapyJournal of the American College of SurgeonsVol. 232Issue 1PreviewThe National Accreditation Program for Rectal Cancer (NAPRC) emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach for treating rectal cancer and has developed performance measures to ensure that patients receive standardized care. We hypothesized that rectal cancer patients receiving care at multiple centers would be less likely to receive timely and appropriate care. Full-Text PDF

Innovative Behaviour of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises of an Industrial Region

Small and medium-sized enterprises are the drivers of economic development of any macro-system. In the context of technological paradigm shift, successful operation of small and medium-sized enterprises largely depends on innovations. Therefore, it is advisable to examine innovative behaviour of these firms. The study aims to analyse the innovative behaviour of small and medium-sized enterprises of an industrial region, assess the funding of innovation activities, and identify factors that determine the innovation policy of small and medium-sized firms. Additionally, the paper suggests how state and municipal authorities can stimulate the innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The initial data were the results of a survey of representatives of small and medium-sized enterprises in a Russian industrial region, which was conducted from May to September 2019 in the Sverdlovsk region. I interviewed 157 small and medium-sized enterprise managers in the Sverdlovsk region from various sectors of economic activity. The applied methods include in-depth interviews with managers, the statistical analysis method, and the logical systematic approach. The conducted research allowed identifying the features of the innovative behaviour of small and medium-sized firms in the Sverdlovsk region. Based on the analysis of the reasons for the low innovation activity of small and medium-sized enterprises, I developed recommendations for its improvement in the Sverdlovsk region. To solve the problem of low innovation activity in an industrial region, it is necessary for state and municipal authorities to stimulate innovative behaviour of small and medium-sized firms. Managers of small and medium-sized enterprises can use the obtained results to increase their activity. State and municipal authorities can apply the findings to develop programmes stimulating innovative behaviour of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Cyber-Physical Systems for Water Supply Network Management: Basics, Challenges, and Roadmap

Water supply systems are dynamic in nature, owing to the effect of climate change and consumer demand uncertainties. The operation of such a system must be managed effectively to meet up with the uncertainties, thus posing a key challenge. Unfortunately, previous information and communication technology (ICT) solutions could not provide the necessary support for applications to deal with the dynamics of the changing physical environment. Nevertheless, tremendous growth in technology offers better possibilities to enhance water supply systems’ operations. As a result, development in technology in sensing and instrumentation, communication and networking, computing and control is now jointly integrated with water supply system infrastructures to enhance the water system operations. One such technological paradigm shift is the cyber-physical system (CPS). In this paper, we present the concept of the CPS in the water system context and investigate the CPS applications to water supply system monitoring. Also, the various applications of CPSs and the application domain requirements are outlined. More importantly, research studies on its application to water system monitoring are scrutinized. As such, key challenges sounding the applications in WSSs are identified. We then outline the areas of improvement for further studies.

Artificial intelligence in endoscopy: Present and future perspectives.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been attracting considerable attention as an important scientific topic in the field of medicine. Deep-leaning (DL) technologies have been applied more dominantly than other traditional machine-learning methods. They have demonstrated excellent capability to retract visual features of objectives, even unnoticeable ones for humans, and analyze huge amounts of information within short periods. The amount of research applying DL-based models to real-time computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems has been increasing steadily in the GI endoscopy field. An array of published data has already demonstrated the advantages of DL-based CAD models in the detection and characterization of various neoplastic lesions, regardless of the level of the GI tract. Although the diagnostic performances and study designs vary widely, owing to a lack of academic standards to assess the capability of AI for GI endoscopic diagnosis fairly, the superiority of CAD models has been demonstrated for almost all applications studied so far. Most of the challenges associated with AI in the endoscopy field are general problems for AI models used in the real world outside of medical fields. Solutions have been explored seriously and some solutions have been tested in the endoscopy field. Given that AI has become the basic technology to make machines react to the environment, AI would be a major technological paradigm shift, for not only diagnosis but also treatment. In the near future, autonomous endoscopic diagnosis might no longer be just a dream, as we are witnessing with the advent of autonomously driven electric vehicles.

Opioids, Polypharmacy, and Drug Interactions: A Technological Paradigm Shift Is Needed to Ameliorate the Ongoing Opioid Epidemic.

Polypharmacy is a common phenomenon among adults using opioids, which may influence the frequency, severity, and complexity of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) experienced. Clinicians must be able to easily identify and resolve DDIs since opioid-related DDIs are common and can be life-threatening. Given that clinicians often rely on technological aids—such as clinical decision support systems (CDSS) and drug interaction software—to identify and resolve DDIs in patients with complex drug regimens, this narrative review provides an appraisal of the performance of existing technologies. Opioid-specific CDSS have several system- and content-related limitations that need to be overcome. Specifically, we found that these CDSS often analyze DDIs in a pairwise manner, do not account for relevant pharmacogenomic results, and do not integrate well with electronic health records. In the context of polypharmacy, existing systems may encourage inadvertent serious alert dismissal due to the generation of multiple incoherent alerts. Future technological systems should minimize alert fatigue, limit manual input, allow for simultaneous multidrug interaction assessments, incorporate pharmacogenomic data, conduct iterative risk simulations, and integrate seamlessly with normal workflow.

Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process: A game changer of future municipal wastewater treatment?

This article is in the hope to open a fundamental discussion on what should future municipal wastewater treatment process be. A paradigm shift of treatment technology from present single functionality of removing to multiple-functionality of synergetic water-resource-energy recovery and carbon neutral for maximizing both environmental and economic sustainability. However, the current treatment technologies could hardly meet such requirements. It is elucidated in this article that a microalgal-bacterial granular sludge process could offer a promising option for achieving the multiple goals of municipal wastewater reclamation including energy generation, resource recovery and carbon reduction.

Artificial-Intelligence-Driven Management

Germany is experiencing a long overdue paradigm shift in technology and management. Here, artificial intelligence (AI) is not just an application but a basic technology encompassing a company's many functions and activities. Business models, stakeholders, processes, and management are all influenced. The competitiveness of companies also depends on the extent to which interdependent industries mutually accelerate the implementation of AI. In this article, we introduce "AI-driven management.” Immediate and disruptive use of AI in management can help organizations gain competitive advantage. AI-driven management can substitute for domain-fixed-functional-expertise.

Emerging Opportunities in Distributed Power Electronics and Battery Integration: Setting the Stage for an Energy Storage Revolution

The quantum improvement of battery technology in terms of cost, performance efficiency, and reliability paves the way for a new electric energy storage revolution. The new storage systems, when coupled with power electronics integration approaches, promise to cause a significant paradigm shift in power electronics technology, broadly expanding its application reach. Safe and reliable integration of photovoltaic (PV) panels, batteries, and power electronics in a single module is a powerful approach for meeting the challenging demands of the distributed solar energy market. Given recent advances in power electronics and battery technologies, one can now economically, reliably, and safely integrate PVs, batteries, electronics, and protection within a single module.

Robotic-Assisted Knee Arthroplasty (RAKA): The Technique, the Technology and the Transition.

There has been an exponential increase in knee arthroplasty over the past 20 years. This has led to a quest for improvement in outcomes and patient satisfaction. While the last decade of last century proved to be the decade for Computer-Assisted Surgery (CAS) or Computer Navigation wherein the technology demonstrated a clear benefit in terms of improving mechanical axis alignment and component positioning, this decade is likely to belong to Robotics. Robotics adds an independent dimension to the benefits that CAS offers. The article deals with the generation of robots, technical steps in robotics, advantages and downsides of robotics and way forward in the field of knee arthroplasty. The review article was designed and edited by six different authors reviewing 32 relevant pubmed-based articles related to robotics in arthroplasty and orthopaedics. The concept, design and the definition of the intellectual content were based on the internationally published literature and insightful articles. The review is also based on the clinical experimental studies published in the literature. The robotic arm is actively involved with surgeon to achieve the precision and outcomes that the surgeon aims for. With the concept of haptic boundaries and augmented reality being incorporated in most systems, Robotic Assisted Arthroplasty (RAA) is likely to offer several advantages. The potential advantages of these systems may include accuracy in gap balancing, component positioning, minimal bone resection, reduced soft tissue handling and trauma, patient anatomy specific resection, and real time feedback. They, however, come with their own downsides in terms of capital cost, learning curve, time consumption and unclear advantages in term of long-term clinical outcomes. To conclude, this review article offers a balanced view on how the technology is impacting current arthroplasty practice and what can be expected in coming years. The commitment of almost all major implant manufacturers in investing in robotics likely means that the evolution of Robotic technology and this decade will be exciting with rapid strides revealing paradigm shift and evolution of technology with significant reductions of cost enabling it to be available universally. For technology to populate in operating room, I think it will be result of exposure of young surgeons to these computers and robotics, as they grow in with confidence with technology from residency days to offer better precision in future.

Emerging paradigm for land records in India

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish the importance of land records for urban development. The study focuses on how traditionally land records were managed and presently what are the important parameters impacting the land record management systems in India.Design/methodology/approachThe framework adopted for the study was as follows: 1) literature study: aim to study the historical issues, to study global systems across the globe, various government reforms. 2) Present system of land management: to study the administrative, legal, economic issues, problems and potential in the present system. 3) Technology interventions: to study how technology can help to make the system more robust and trustworthy. 4) Conclusion: to study how the recommended technological measures will work and how to implement it in the system. Several pilot interviews were carried out to understand how the present system of land record management works in India, and important parameters were established through the pilot interviews of various stakeholders in the system.FindingsThe study brings out certain striking facts about the inefficiencies in the system since centuries, which are still being carried forward. Any reforms by the authorities have not been able to solve the issues and reduce the number of litigations because digitisation was only a step forward to replicate the wrong entries of records in digitised format. Thus, a paradigm shift in technology is required to bring a considerable change in the present management system.Originality/valueVarious studies worldwide have been done in several countries regarding land records, but all the studies are in piecemeal basis. Very less literature is available on the study that how land records effect large scale urban development projects. This study is an attempt to study impact of land records on urban development and to bring back transparency in the system to reduce the number of litigations on the most important ingredient of built environment, which is land.

Learning From Prototypes

Computer hardware development often involves a succession of hardware prototypes. These prototypes are often discarded once their functionality is tested, performance measured, and their faults detected and analyzed. Occasionally, functional prototypes are used for a short while for demonstration purposes during products' preannouncements or unveiling to attract the attention of investors and technology commentators. And this is where the life cycle of prototyping typically ends. Fortunately, some computer prototypes survive and end up in museums where they are preserved for research as they may still hide the seeds of the success or failure of both the final products and the firms that embarked on constructing them, of technological breakthroughs and paradigm shifts that were yet to come.