Pandanaceae includes Monocotyledoneae plants that have shrub, tree and liana habitus. This study aims to determine the types of members of the Pandanaceae family that live in the Sibayak II Forest Area in North Sumatra, as well as the diversity index and key identification of these members. The method used in this research is an exploratory survey method with a purposive sampling quadrat plot technique with 10 plots measuring 10m x 10m. The results obtained 6 species from the Pandanaceae family, namely Freycinetia javanica Blume, Freycinetia sumatrana Hemsl., Freycinetia sp., Pandanus furcatus Roxb., Pandanus houletti Carriere, Pandanus sp. The diversity index of the Pandanacaeae family is 2.504 which is classified as moderate. The identification key for the Pandanaceae family has common characteristics. The Pandanaceae family is found in highland tropical forests with high rainfall and reproduces vegetatively (budding) under favorable environmental conditions.

Fragrant pandanus (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) is the only plant in the Family Pandanaceae that has fragrant leaves. This study aims to find out if pandan leaf extract is fragrant. can be formulated into a stable toothpaste gel preparation and has the cause of dental plaque. The test material used pandan leaf extract is fragrant for concentrations of 2%, 3% and 5%. The results of the evaluation of preparations in the form of organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability test, adhesion test, viscosity and frezee-thaw cycling of each formula did not undergo significant changes from week 0 to week 3 which indicates that the preparation has good stability. The data is obtained with results indicating a significant difference between formula 1, formula 2 and formula 3. It is necessary to make formulations using active substances from the partition of fragrant pandan leaf extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.)

Otto Warburg (1859–1938) had a great interest in tropical botany. He travelled in South-East Asia and the South Pacific between 1885 and 1889 and brought back a considerable collection of plant specimens from this expedition later donated to the Royal Botanical Museum in Berlin. Warburg published the first comprehensive monograph on the family Pandanaceae in 1900 in the third issue of Das Pflanzenreich established and edited by Adolf Engler (1844–1930). The aim of this article is to clarify the taxonomy, nomenclature and typification of Warburg's contributions to the Pandanaceae. Considerable parts of Warburg's original material was destroyed in Berlin during World War II but duplicates survived, shared by Engler and Warburg with Ugolino Martelli (1860–1934). Martelli was an expert on the family and he assembled a precious herbarium of Pandanaceae that was later donated to the Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze. Warburg published 86 new names in Pandanaceae between 1898 and 1909 (five new sections, 69 new species, five new varieties, two new combinations and five replacement names). A complete review of the material extant in B and FI led to the conclusion that 38 names needed a nomenclatural act: 34 lectotypes, three neotypes and one epitype are designated here. Twenty new synonyms are also proposed. One Freycinetia name and six Pandanus names are considered as incertae sedis. A total of 21 names published by Warburg are accepted: 11 in Freycinetia and ten in Pandanus. In addition, four names published in Pandanus by Warburg serve as the basionyms of accepted names in the genus Benstonea.Citation: Callmander M. W., Vogt R., Donatelli A., Buerki S. & Nepi C. 2021: Otto Warburg and his contributions to the screw pine family (Pandanaceae). – Willdenowia 51: 5–31.Version of record first published online on 15 February 2021 ahead of inclusion in April 2021 issue.

The objectives of the study were: 1) to determine the types of high-level plants that make up the coastal vegetation in Tanjung Setia Krui Beach, 2) to determine the diversity and dominance of high-level plants at Tanjung Setia Krui Beach, 3) to determine the results of research on the inventory of high-level vegetation on Tanjung Setia Krui Beach to be used as a source of learning biology in high school in the form of an encyclopedia. This research method is sampling using purposive sampling method with a plots. The higher plants that were found were then identified in that place. The results showed that 20 species from 12 families. Family Hydrocaritaceae, Family Potamogetonaceae, Family Convolvulaceae, Family Poaceae, Family Arecaceae, Family Pandanaceae, Family Combretaceae, Family Asteraceae, Family Malvaceae, Family Portulaceae, Family Leguminosae, Family Lecythidaceae. The three stations have a value of 1≤H'≤3 which means that they show moderate diversity. The conclusion of this study is that the inventory of high-level plants that makes up coastal vegetation at Tanjung Setia Krui Beach was used as a learning resources for high school biology class X on Biodiversity material in the form of an Encyclopedia.

Population genetic structure and diversity analysis in economically important Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze accessions employing ISSR and SSR markers

Abstract The Paleotropical monocot family Pandanaceae includes ca. 700 species assigned to four genera: Pandanus (ca. 500 spp.), Freycinetia (ca. 200 spp.), Martellidendron (6 spp.) and Sararanga (2 spp.). The most speciose genus, Pandanus, was classically subdivided into eight subgenera. Previous cladistic analyses revealed that several key morphological characters might have evolved independently several times, thus highlighting the need for a robust molecular phylogenetic framework to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and infrafamilial and infrageneric classification within this group. In this study, three plastid DNA regions (matK, trnQ­rps16, trnL­trnF) and 200 individuals (representing 134 species and 609 newly produced sequences)—spanning the taxonomic and biogeographic diversity of the family—are analyzed to test the monophyly at the familial and generic levels, and to infer phylogenetic relationships within the family. Particular emphasis is devoted to Pandanus with the aim of recognizing key morphological characters that reflect the evolutionary history of the genus. Phylogenetic inferences support the monophyly of Pandanaceae and establish Sararanga as sister to the rest of the family, with Freycinetia as sister to the Pandanus­Martellidendron pair. Although relationships are not well­resolved within the latter clade, three supported lineages are retrieved: (1) the Acrostigma clade comprising taxa of P. subg. Acrostigma, (2) the Martellidendron clade including taxa assigned to the genus Martellidendron and (3) the core Pandanus clade including taxa of all other subgenera of Pandanus. Morphological and biogeographic evidence supporting clade definitions are discussed in detail. This study provides the first phylogenetic backbone for Pandanaceae, which is sufficiently robust to serve as a springboard for future research into the evolutionary history of this neglected family.

Pandanaceae Specimens Relocated from the University of Neuchâtel (NEU), with Two New Synonymies

(1991) Proposal to conserve the name <i>Pandanus pervilleanus</i> against <i>P. boucheanus</i> (<i>Pandanaceae</i>)

Summary To date the most important contribution to the taxonomy of the family Pandanaceae in Madagascar has been the description of 38 species by U. Martelli and R.E.G. Pichi-Sermolli in 1951 in the Memoires de l'Institut scientifique de Madagascar. These new species were all based on the 83 collections made by H. Perrier de la Bâthie between 1898 and 1928, most of which require lectotypification in accordance with the ICBN. We have made a complete study of all material available at the two most relevant herbaria: The Herbarium Centrale Italicum in Florence (FI) and at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris (P), following extensive field and laboratory studies of the genus Pandanus by two of us (MWC & MOL). Comments on the material seen and the reasons for the nomenclatural decisions are provided for each species.

Pandanus tectorius Parkinson (P. fascicularis Lam.) of the family Pandanaceae constitutes one of the major bioresources of Ganjam coast, Orissa; used mainly in small scale perfume industry for aromatic compound extracted from the male inflorescences. In order to establish genetic diversity, if any related to perfume yield, samples of P. tectorius representing male populations from seven locations representing populations I–VII along the coastline of Orissa, India, were analysed for somatic chromosome number, 4C genomic DNA content, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) as well as phytochemicals. The somatic chromosome number in all the populations I–VII was 2n = 60. The chromosomes were of minute size without showing any remarkable structural variation. Like wise the average 4C DNA content was 5.09 pg (≅4,912 Mbp) that showed no intra- or inter-population differences. Out of 54 decamer primers tested, a total of 1,260 amplicons were obtained from 34 primers accounting 43.49% polymorphism. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the seven populations revealed two distinct branches, with populations II and III in one and the rest populations in the other branch of the phylogenetic tree. It was important to note that the unique populations II and III confined to the Ganjam coast of Orissa having RAPD markers: OPA 09–940 bp, OPA 09–705 bp, OPC 14–1,500 bp, OPC 14–700 bp, OPC 20–1,475 bp, OPC 20–1,350 bp, OPC 20–920 bp and OPC 20–700 bp, were distinguished form the rest of the populations. The aforesaid populations (II and III) are well known to produce aroma of high quality and yield, composed of primarily phenyl ethyl methyl ether (66.8–83%) and terpinen-4-ol (5–12%) along with a number of other phyto-chemical compounds that support the flourishing perfume industry and livelihood of the local people in the region. The findings underscored the possible role of local eco-geography in contributing to the micro-evolution of unique high perfume yielding genotypes of P. tectorius that represented populations II and III at Ganjam coast, which were genetically distinct from the rest of the populations revealed by RAPD analysis.

Abstract A major problem in establishing effective protocols for conserving Madagascar's biodiversity is the lack of reliable information for the identification of priority sites in need of protection. Analyses of field data and information from herbarium collections for members of the plant family Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction assessments can inform conservation planning. Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria showed that 91% of the species are threatened. Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar's existing protected area network. Protection of 10 additional sites would be required to encompass the 19 species currently lacking representation in the reserve network, within which east coast littoral forests are particularly under represented and important. The effect of scale on assessments of risk of extinction was explored by applying different grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy. Using a grid cell size within the range suggested by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried countries such as Madagascar measures of range size based on such data should be complemented with field observations to determine population size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific threats to habitat and therefore potential population decline. The analysis of such data can make an important contribution to the conservation planning process by identifying threatened species and revealing the highest priority sites for their conservation.

Microfungi on the Pandanaceae : a revision of the hyphomycete genus Balaniopsis with two new species

Contribution to the flower structure of Sararanga (Pandanaceae)

The family Pandanaceae is paleotropical and consists of three genera, Pandanus L. ex Stickm. with the most species (over 600) and the widest distribution, from W. Africa eastward throughout the tropical areas to the Pacific Islands; Freycinetia, with about 180 species and the next largest distribution, from Ceylon (but not India, except the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) eastward through the Malesian area into the Pacific and New Zealand; and Sararanga, a restricted small genus of two species, one in the Philippines and the other in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. All species of Freycinetia are woody lianas; among these there occur some relatively large plants, with stems reaching perhaps 6-7 cm diameter and leaves of perhaps 150 cm length and a width of perhaps 10 cm; but most species are rather smaller and some are really quite small plants, the extreme perhaps being Freycinetia elegantula with leaves only 2-3 cm long. Both species of Sararanga are arboreous, branched, with rather massive leaves 200 cm long or more, and erect trunks. They have, unlike all other pandans, compound paniculate inflorescences that are pendulous and may be well over 100 cm long. The genus is readily recognized by its quadrifarious spiral phyllotaxy, and concomitant squaresection inflorescence rachises. The flowers and fruits are also unique in the family, the latter being irregularly globular many-seeded berries. The true pandans, Pandanus species, have a rather wide range of form and size, with tall arboreous plants such as Pandanus antaresensis of New Guinea, which may reach 33 m height and have massive proproots 10 m long and 20 cm thick, at one extreme, and diminutive shrubs such as Pandanus herbaceus, P. toei, or P. unguiculatus, which have short slender stems reaching at most 2 m height, and 2-3 cm or less in diameter (and in examples such as P. toei, are cespitose with little stem development) at the other extreme. Besides these examples, pandans have developed into epiphytic shrubs, some with a pseudo-lianous type of growth, others cespitose and stemless and most of these are small shrubs, although one species (P. epiphyticus) is, apart from its reduced stem, quite massive. The family is important in several regions wherein it has developed a high degree of endemism and contributes to the fundamental structure and physiognomy of the vegetation. In other regions its presence is limited to coastal areas. Only in the Philippines, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands can all three genera be found occurring together. Outlying posts of the family include New Zealand, which has only Freycinetia, and only one species; and Sao Thom6 Island (off Angola, W. Africa), where one species of Pandanus occurs. Central areas of endemism are Madagascar, which has only the genus Pandanus but about 100 endemic species; Thailand, which has both Freycinetia (but only two or three species) and Pandanus, the latter with perhaps over two dozen species; Malaya, with eight species of Freycinetia and about fifty of Pandanus; Borneo, with two dozen species of Freycinetia and more than fifty of Pandanus; the Philippine archipelago, with about the same numbers of both genera as Borneo; New Guinea, with probably about 60 species of Freycinetia and 70 or more of Pandanus; the Solomon Islands, with about 23 species of Freycinetia and 28 species of Pandanus; and New Caledonia, with about 14 species of Freycinetia and 21 species of Pandanus. Some important secondary centers include Australia, especially Queensland, with only four species of Freycinetia but a somewhat richer Pandanusflora (possibly 15-20 species); Fiji; Mauritius; the Seychelles; Burma and the Himalayan foothills; Sumatra; and East Africa. Besides these, several small regions have one or a few local endemic species, usually of Pandanus to the exclusion of the other genera; examples are Lord Howe Island, Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Hainan, etc.

The phylogenetic position of the monocotyledons, in general, and of the family Pandanaceae, in particular, is reviewed. Recent work on the Pandanaceae, and some general considerations, suggest that there is need for a reassessment of the family. It does not appear as advanced as some recent authors have suggested, although a return to the Englerian position is not recommended. General systems of the monocotyledons do not seem satisfactory as yet; it is suggested that a concentrated effort be made to rectify this situation. The role of the tropics, in particular the Indo-Malaysian-Melanesian region, in furnishing living fossils is mentioned. Some recent data on the three genera of the Pandanaceae which assist in establishing an arrangement are reported. The genus Freycinetia appears to have the most advanced position, whereas Pandanus and Sararanga are, on the whole, more primitive, the latter perhaps retaining the greatest number of archaic features. In conclusion, attention is drawn to the need to reco...