The optimal hot water extraction process for a polysaccharide from Euphorbia trigona Mill. was established using single-factor and orthogonal experiments, yielding the best conditions of a 1:30 (g/mL) solid-to-liquid ratio at 90 °C for 3.5 h, with a polysaccharide yield of 5.89%. Sulfated (ETM-S) and phosphorylated (ETM-P) derivatives were successfully prepared, with degree of substitution of 0.32 and 0.48, respectively. Structural analysis confirmed the polysaccharides were acidic with complex monosaccharide compositions. Bioactivity assessments revealed that both modifications markedly improved functional properties. ETM-P exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 2.16, 1.57, and 1.79 mg/mL against DPPH, ·OH, and O2·–, respectively. Sulfation boosted inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, suggesting hypoglycemic potential, and also increased pancreatic lipase inhibition, indicating a synergistic role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, ETM-S showed the strongest in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells, achieving an inhibition rate of 45.00% at 800 μg/mL, outperforming ETM-P (33.37% at 400 μg/mL) and the native polysaccharide (27.92% at 800 μg/mL). Both modified polysaccharides promoted RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation, enhanced phagocytosis, and stimulated NO release, demonstrating immunomodulatory capacity. In summary, chemical modification, especially sulfation, effectively enhances the bioactivities of polysaccharides, showing promise for regulating glycolipid metabolism and immune modulation.

Kinetic and spectroscopic studies on the inhibitory mechanisms of deoiled egg yolk hydrolysate against pancreatic lipase

Precise recognition and isolation of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Rubus irritans fruits

Gliadin hydrolysate-chitosan bilayer nanoparticles for berberine delivery: Controlled release, enhanced antioxidant activity, and lipid digestion regulation.

Phytochemicals - natural compounds such as synephrine, curcumin, capsaicin, and saponins - have gained significant attention for their potential anti-obesity effects through modulation of lipid metabolism and adipogenesis. Synephrine derived from Citrus aurantium exerts its anti-obesity effects by inhibiting adipogenesis (3T3-L1) and enhances fat oxidation through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase - forkhead box protein O1 signaling pathway. Similarly, curcumin, which is a polyphenolic compound from Curcuma longa, promotes fatty acid oxidation, inhibits preadipocyte differentiation, and modulates insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Capsaicin from Capsicum species, induces the browning of adipose tissue and enhances fat oxidation by activating channels, increasing sirtuin-1 expression, and promoting lipid catabolism. Saponins regulate fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase and modulate adipogenesis through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, further contributing to the suppression of obesity. However, the clinical application of these phytochemicals is often limited by factors such as bioavailability, solubility, and potential toxicity. In this narrative review, the mechanisms by which these compounds affect metabolic pathways related to adipogenesis and lipid metabolism are discussed, as well as the challenges faced in their therapeutic use and potential strategies to overcome these limitations.

This study investigated how harvest timing within the growing season and lactic acid bacterial fermentation influence the phytochemical composition and biological activities of mountain-cultivated ginseng sprouts (MCGS). Various nutritional and bioactive constituents were examined, and in vitro assays were conducted before and after lactic acid bacterial fermentation. Although all samples were derived from 5-year-old plants grown under the same cultivation conditions, differences in harvest timing within the same season may be associated with progressive environmental variation rather than plant age. Nevertheless, harvest timing exerted a relatively limited effect on overall metabolite variation, whereas fermentation significantly enhanced functional properties across all harvest stages. Fermentation increased total phenolic content (4.27 → 7.21 mg/g), total flavonoid content (0.47 → 1.38 mg/g), and Maillard reaction products (2.02 → 2.84 OD420nm), contributing to enhanced antioxidant capacity and increased inhibitory activities against pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase. Notably, the levels of bioactive ginsenosides Rg3 and compound K increased markedly after fermentation (0.67 → 1.62 mg/g and 0.68 → 3.37 mg/g, respectively), despite a decrease in total ginsenoside content, indicating selective bioconversion during fermentation. Overall, these findings suggest that fermentation serves as the primary driver of functional enhancement in MCGS, while harvest timing within the growing season may play a secondary modulatory role.

To address the limited functional diversity of traditional kombucha, this study utilized red yeast rice (RYR) as an alternative substrate and prepared three samples: black tea kombucha (KBT), black tea-red yeast rice mixed kombucha (KBL, at a 1:1 ratio), and red yeast rice kombucha (KRY). After 9 days of fermentation, KRY exhibited the lowest pH, the highest total acidity, and notable sugar metabolic activity. It exhibited in vitro inhibition rates of 82.8%, 78.2%, 70.3%, and 76.9% against cholesterol esterase, pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase, respectively, indicating potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. In contrast, KBT maintained the strongest antioxidant capacity, with scavenging rates exceeding 90% against both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS). A total of 72 volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) were identified, with 7 key compounds enriched in KRY, which enhanced its sensory acceptance and received the highest scores in color, clarity, and aroma. Microbial community analysis revealed the post-fermentation dominance of Komagataeibacter, Acetobacter, and Saccharomyces, which correlated positively with key VFCs. These findings indicate that RYR as a substrate enhances functional microbial growth, sugar metabolism, organic acid production, flavor enrichment, and in vitro inhibitory activity of enzymes associated with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.

Pancreatitis is the most frequently diagnosed disorder of the exocrine pancreas in dogs, yet its etiology remains poorly understood. Early and frequently cited studies suggest an association between high dietary fat and onset of pancreatitis, leading to the long-standing recommendation to restrict dietary fat in affected dogs. However, these studies are limited by the use of experimental models, small sample sizes, variable diagnostic methods, failure to isolate fat-specific effects, and the use of diets that do not reflect current formulations. Anecdote also suggests that dogs can relapse or have persistently elevated pancreatic lipase concentrations despite strict adherence to a low- or ultralow-fat diet, indicating that fat restriction may not be the key to prevention of pancreatitis in all cases. In recent years, a small but growing body of work has revisited the relationship between dietary fat and pancreatitis. These studies have generally failed to confirm a consistent or straightforward association between dietary fat content and disease onset. This narrative review summarized the current literature on the role of dietary fat in canine pancreatitis, identified knowledge gaps, and outlined priorities for future research to advance our knowledge of this clinically important condition.

Obesity is a multifactorial, chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation arising from prolonged energy imbalance. It is strongly associated with an increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neoplastic disorders, thereby constituting a major global health burden. The pathogenesis of obesity involves complex mechanisms, including adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and chronic low-grade inflammation, further influenced by genetic predisposition, behavioral patterns, and environmental factors. Epidemiological data reveal alarming prevalence trends, with more than one third of the global population considered as overweight or obese. Conventional management strategies such as lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery are limited by suboptimal efficacy and poor long-term sustainability, highlighting the urgent need for more effective therapeutic approaches. This review emphasizes recent advances in the cellular and molecular understanding of obesity, with a focus on adipogenesis and adipose tissue dysfunction as critical therapeutic targets. Particular attention is directed toward the complementary use of in vitro, in silico, and in vivo models in antiobesity drug discovery. In vitro assays, including pancreatic lipase inhibition and adipocyte differentiation studies, provide mechanistic insights into adipose biology. In silico approaches, such as molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, enable the prediction of molecular targets and optimization of candidate compounds. In vivo rodent models, which recapitulate human metabolic disturbances, remain indispensable for evaluating preclinical efficacy and safety. Emerging evidence also underscores the potential of natural bioactive compounds as safer, multi-targeted therapeutic interventions. Future perspectives advocate the integration of advanced 3D tissue models, computational systems biology, and personalized medicine to improve translational relevance, reduce reliance on animal experimentation, and accelerate the development of next generation antiobesity therapeutics.

To serially evaluate the serum pancreatic lipase and trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentrations in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Serum pancreatic lipase and trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentrations, specific for each species, were measured in surplus serum samples from 52 dogs and 19 cats previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The samples were collected at initial presentation and at re-examinations. Serum pancreatic lipase concentrations were indicative of pancreatitis (>400 μg/L in dogs and >8.8 μg/L in cats) in 16/52 (31%) dogs and 5/19 (26%) cats with diabetes mellitus at initial presentation, respectively, and in 22/52 (42%) dogs and 7/19 (37%) cats at least at one re-examination, respectively. Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentration was indicative of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (≤5.5 μg/L) in 2/52 (4%) dogs at initial presentation and in 3/52 (6%) dogs at least at one re-examination. Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentration was indicative of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (<8 μg/L) in none of the cats. Serum specific pancreatic lipase concentrations indicative of pancreatitis were relatively common in both dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentrations indicative of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency were less common and were only observed in dogs. Repeated testing for concurrent exocrine pancreatic disorder in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus may be indicated even if the patient is subclinical.

The fruit of Hippophae rhamnoides L. is not only an edible fruit, but also an important medicinal plant. Therefore, it has potential research and development value. Twelve new phenylpropanoid-homoisoflavonoid derivatives (1-12), including (9 → 1″)-rutinosyl-12-methyl-6,7-furan-phenylpropanoid-homoisoflavonoids (1-3), (9 → 1″)-(3″-O-(3‴'-methoxy-4‴'-cinnamic acid))-(6″ → 1‴)-diglucosyl-phenylpropanoid-homoisoflavonoids (4-6), (9 → 1″)-glucosyl-phenylpropanoid-homoisoflavonoids (7-9), 10-methylol-9-rutinosyl-(2″ → 1‴')-glucosyl-phenylpropanoid-homoisoflavonoids (10-12), and eleven known phenylpropanoid-homoisoflavonoid derivatives (13-23) were isolated from the fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides L. for the first time, and their structures were identified by extensive spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), MS (Mass Spectrometry), IR (Infrared Spectroscopy), UV (Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy), etc.), physical and chemical properties, and comparison with references. Among them, compounds (3-5) (12 μM) exhibited moderate hepatoprotective activities with survival rates of 62.40 ± 1.44%, 72.52 ± 1.16%, 65.31 ± 1.21%, respectively. Moreover, compounds (3-5) increased the GSH (Glutathione) level, and lowered ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) levels. Meanwhile, compounds (7-9) (120 μM) displayed moderate inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity with inhibition rates of 67.75 ± 2.03%, 71.81 ± 1.32%, 64.11 ± 1.37%, respectively. Moreover, compounds (7-9) decreased FFA-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 liver cells, and inhibited triglyceride and intracellular neutral lipid accumulations at the concentration of 60 μM with inhibition rates of 52.93 ± 1.73% and 64.23 ± 1.87%, 44.47 ± 1.16% and 51.62 ± 1.05%, 75.08 ± 2.52% and 74.04 ± 2.39%, respectively. In addition, compounds (3-5), which mainly possessed 3'/4'-furan ring or 4'/5'-pyran ring in their structures, showed moderate hepatoprotective activities, and compounds (7-9) showed moderate hypolipidemic activities because their structures contained 7'-alkene fragment. Compounds (1-12) were classed into four different types of phenylpropanoid-homoisoflavonoid derivatives according to their structural characteristics and complex biogenetic pathways. The molecular docking simulations of compounds (3-5) with hepatoprotective activities and compounds (7-9) with hypolipidemic activities were analyzed and discussed in the work.

Fat plays a key role in maintaining energy balance and supporting various physiological processes. HuAge-related disorders in fat utilization are increasingly prevalent, contributing to impaired energy balance, heightened metabolic disease risk, and increased cardiovascular dysfunction. The mechanism of age-induced disorders of fat utilization remains unclear. This study aims to explore the key factor affecting fat digestion and absorption during aging. Mice of different ages were used to analyze the changes of physiological and metabolic parameters with aging, including metabolic rate, energy expenditure, lean mass and apparent digestibility. Results showed that respiratory energy metabolism declined and fat apparent digestibility decreased significantly by more than 4% with aging. Fat is initially hydrolyzed in the intestine through combined actions of digestive enzymes and bile acids. Thus, the pancreatic lipase activity and total bile acids content were measured. The results revealed no significant changes in these factors. Furthermore, factors affecting fat absorption including intestinal structure and transporters expression were assessed. It was found that the crypt depth and villi height did not change significantly with age. Notably, intestinal proteomics analysis indicated that the expression of fatty acid transporter protein 4 (FATP4) was reduced by more than 50% in aged mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that age-related decline in FATP4 expression is linked to impaired intestinal fat absorption. This association may underlie the decreased fat apparent digestibility and impaired fat utilization during aging. These findings reveal the intrinsic mechanisms of age-induced dysregulation of fat utilization and providing a theoretical basis for enhancing fat utilization in older adults.

Unraveling novel pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory peptides in Oryza Sativa L. and their mechanism by peptidomics, molecular dynamics simulations, and cell study

Lactic acid bacteria fermentation improves the physicochemical properties, bioactivity, and metabolic profiles of lychee pulp.

To investigate the inhibitory effect of isoquercitrin on pancreatic lipase and its mechanism based on enzyme inhibition, multispectral analysis, molecular simulation and in vivo animal experiments

Dual intestinal-hepatic modulation by phenolic acids improves metabolic-dysfunction associated steatohepatitis.

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of multiple digestive enzyme biomarkers in detecting and characterizing laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). Patients with LPRD at the 24-h hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH testing (HEMII-pH) were consecutively recruited from January 2020 to May 2024 from two European hospitals. The control group consisted of adults without symptoms. Prospective clinical data collection included demographics, gastrointestinal endoscopy, HEMII-pH, reflux symptom score (RSS), and reflux sign assessment (RSA) findings. At baseline, pepsin, elastase, cholesterol, bile acids, trypsin, pancreatic, and gastric lipase were measured in saliva samples of LPRD patients and asymptomatic individuals. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC)) were evaluated. One hundred and twenty-three patients and forty-eight asymptomatic individuals were prospectively recruited. Patients exhibited significantly elevated salivary pH and elastase levels, but decreased cholesterol compared to controls. Salivary cholesterol demonstrated superior diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.989), with a 2.05 mg/dL threshold yielding excellent sensitivity (100%), specificity (94.3%), and predictive values. Elastase showed moderate-to-high diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.811, threshold > 49.2 μg/mL). Combined RSS > 13 and salivary pH demonstrated robust diagnostic accuracy (SE = 88.8%, SP = 97.1%). Cholesterol positively correlated with 3-month RSS (r = 0.538). Salivary cholesterol, elastase, and the salivary pH emerge as promising diagnostic biomarkers for LPRD, demonstrating superior accuracy to other digestive enzymes and potential value in predicting treatment outcomes. III.

Liubao tea (LBT), a traditional dark tea, is recognized for its health-promoting properties, particularly its potential to mitigate obesity. However, differences in functional efficacy among distinct aroma types remain unexplored. In this study, we systematically compared the anti-obesity activities and phytochemical characteristics of three aroma-type LBTs, namely, ginseng (GA), betelnut (BA), and stale (SA), to clarify the compositional and functional distinctions. Phytochemical analysis showed that all three teas were rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, organic acids, and other compounds, with GA-type LBT containing the highest polyphenol (477.32mg/g) and flavonoid (240.83mg/g) contents. In vitro, all LBT extracts displayed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, GA exhibited the strongest effects, scavenging over 60% of free radicals, inhibiting pancreatic lipase by 89.27%, and reducing nitric oxide production in macrophages by 67.95%. In a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model, GA-type LBT also showed the most pronounced anti-obesity outcomes, reducing weight gain by 52.98%, alleviating hepatic steatosis and systemic inflammation, and improving serum lipid profiles. Mechanistic studies revealed that LBT extracts modulated the gut microbiota by increasing beneficial microbes and decreasing harmful ones, while also regulating lipid metabolism pathways related to glycerophospholipid, glycerolipid, and arachidonic acid. In conclusion, although all three aroma types possess anti-obesity potential, GA-type LBT stands out due to its unique bioactive composition and consistently strong efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This study identifies GA-type LBT as a promising candidate for anti-obesity dietary supplements and provides a scientific basis for the aroma-specific selection of LBT.

A combined TLC-GC approach for the regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols in Yarrowia lipolytica.

Comparative study of Pogostemon benghalensis extracts using different methods: chemical profiling, antibacterial, in vitro pancreatic lipase and diabetic enzyme inhibition activities