Palustris Var Research Articles

Vaccinium majuscula (Chassagne) Fridl. in French Massif central and its related Scandinavian Oxycoccus palustris var major Lange.

Vaccinium majuscula (Chassagne) Fridl. in French Massif central and its related Scandinavian Oxycoccus palustris var major Lange.

In-Vitro EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS, HEAVY METALS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF LEAF, STEM AND ROOTS EXTRACTS OF Caltha palustris var. alba

Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites that have been found to have medicinal properties. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activities, and heavy metal analysis in different parts (leaves, stem and roots) of Caltha palustris var. alba. The phytochemical analysis for the plant was carried out in ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and deionized water extracts. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds like, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin, phenols, and saponin. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar disc diffusion method using five different extracts. The antimicrobial study revealed that the C. palustris var. alba has the ability to fight against the selected microorganism. The phytochemical and biological screenings were correlated with the presence of heavy metals in selected plant C. palustris var. alba. The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and revealed the presence of the metals like cadmium, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, and chromium. The metal concentration was compared with the permissible limit set by World Health Organization (WHO) and the result was discussed. From these studies, it is clear that plant C. palustris var. alba can be used for medicinal purposes.

The Callitriche (Plantaginaceae: Callitricheae) names published under the genus Stellaria, and notes on C. aquatica and the Linnéan name C. palustris var. bifida

Unequivocal communication of knowledge about organisms requires unequivocal names by which to refer to them. When the same name is used to refer to very distinct groups of organisms, misunderstanding and problems are certain to follow. In this work we discuss the complicated issues linked to the use of the name Stellaria to refer to species of Callitriche and make the necessary clarifications and amendments. Furthermore, the Linnéan name C. palustris var. bifida is lectotypified and its identity is discussed, and nomenclatural aspects pertaining to the name C. aquatica are also discussed.

КОНСПЕКТ ВЫСШИХ ВОДНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article presents the results of generalizing the factual material on the diversity of hydromacrophytes from the divisions Marchantiophyta, Bryophyta and Magnoliophyta in the territory of the Omsk region. For each species the geographical frequency of occurrence in natural zones, the group of halobility and trophicity are indicated. For the region 176 species of higher hydromacrophytes have been identified. The division Magnoliophyta is distinguished by the greatest species diversity, which includes 116 species (65.9% of all higher hydromacrophytes), the division Bryophyta accounts for 49 species (27.9%), Marchantiophyta – 7 (4.0%), the divisions Equisetophyta and Polypodiophyta include only 2 species each (1.1%). Currently in the region 24 species of higher hydromacrophytes are included in the number of protected species with an established category of protection or as species that need special attention to their state and natural environment. In total, the following moss species are known from several habitats: Riccia fluitans, R. frostii, R. rhenana, Ricciocarpos natans, Fissidens adianthoides, Paludella squarrosa and vascular plants: Ceratophyllum platyacanthum subsp. oryzetorum, Elatine hydropiper, Veronica beccabunga, Najas marina, Sagittaria trifolia, Potamogeton rutilus, including brackish Ruppia maritima, Althenia orientalis, Zannichellia palustris var. repens.

Traffic-emitted metal status and uptake by Carex meyeriana Kunth and Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Fernald growing in roadside turfy swamp in the Changbai Mountain area, China

Six traffic-emitted metals (Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni) were determined in soil and plants for below- and aboveground parts along different distances from highway to evaluate their behavior and uptake by Carex meyeriana Kunth and Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Fernald growing in turfy swamps. The results indicated that the different plant tissues showed significantly different levels of metal content. Nonlinear regression analysis indicated that metal contents leveled off at constant values before they decreased as the distance from the roadside increased. The high R2 values of the regression model indicated good fit of the exponential function applied to depict the distribution pattern of the metal elements. It was deduced that Cr, Cu, and Cd in Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Fernald were mainly derived from the soil; Carex meyeriana Kunth and Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Fernald absorbed Pb mainly through the stomata from atmospheric depositions; Cr, Cu, and Cd in Carex meyeriana Kunth and Zn in Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Fernald were mainly affected by soil and atmospheric depositions. After excluding the effects of traffic, only the bioaccumulation factor of Cd (1.34) in Carex meyeriana Kunth and the translocation factor of Zn (1.13) in Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Fernald were greater than 1, suggesting that Carex meyeriana Kunth could be a good candidate for assimilating Cd from soils and Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens Fernald could be suitable for the phytoextraction of Zn.

OSMUNDACEAE EN ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY Y URUGUAY

Fil: Arana, Marcelo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina

MODELING TOXIC STRESS BY ATRAZINE IN A MARINE CONSUMER‐RESOURCE SYSTEM

The present study combines short-term experiments with food chain modeling to explore the long-term effects of the herbicide atrazine on consumer-resource dynamics in a marine intertidal ecosystem. Short-term (28 d) lab experiments indicated that the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and carrying capacity (K) of the marine diatom Seminavis robusta decreased with increasing atrazine exposure. This decrease did not show the concave shape expected from the lifetime productivity for nonexposed diatoms and from single-species toxicity data in the literature but instead was described best by a linear model. These experimentally observed atrazine-induced decreases of r and K were used to parameterize a Rosenzweig-MacArthur model representing a simple food chain including the tested diatom and its grazer, the harpacticoid copepod Delavalia palustris var. palustris. Stable oscillation zoo-phytobenthos systems were produced at diatom exposures of 0, 100, and 150 µg/L atrazine. An atrazine concentration of 150 µg/L contributed to a 15% increase of the oscillation periods of both diatoms and copepods as well as a 52% reduction of oscillation amplitudes compared with the control situation. Although the amplitudes of copepods increased only 7% at 150 µg/L atrazine, the maximum and minimum copepod densities at that concentration were reduced 61 and 63%, respectively. The effects of atrazine on periodicity and amplitudes were robust to 20% changes in the food-chain model parameters that represented allometric relationships. The simulations in the present study suggest food chain-mediated indirect effects on zoobenthos populations, indicating a reduced diatom and copepod availability throughout the year.

The Floristic Study in the Northern region on Mt. Deogyu National Park

From March to November, 2003, Flora in northern area of Mt. Deogyu was investigated for 44 units of investigation lattice established in a unit of 2×2 km over 9 times. As the result, it was found that total 591 taxa such as 97 families, 349 genera, 511 species, 63 varieties, and 7 forms were certified. The appearing plants by investigation lattices include from minimum 22 taxa to maximum 155 taxa and the mean value in the whole lattices was 87 taxa. In addition, it was found that the plants collected and certified in the area of Mt. Jeocksang were total 294 taxa such as 77 families, 191 genera, 261 species, and 33 varieties. The specific plants certified during this research period were 82 taxa which comprised 46 families, 70 genera, 80 species, 2 variaties. It was found that among them, V grade were 2 taxa such as Cimicifuga heracleifolia KOM., and Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Max.) HARMS, IV grade were 2 taxa such as Anemone narcissiflora L., and Lonicera chrysantha TURCZ, III grade were 13 taxa. II grade were 20 taxa such as Lilium distichum NAKAI, Caltha palustris var. membranacea TURCZ. and Phellodendron amurense RUPR., and I grade were 43 taxa such as Botrychium virginianum (L.) SW., and Cephalotaxus koreana NAKAI. Exotic plants appeared in the investigation regions were 9 families, 18 genera, and 21 taxa, and it was found that the ratio of naturalized plats among the total appearing plants was 3.3%.

Once more: Intraspecific polyploidy of Parnassia palustris var. multiseta (Saxifragaceae sensu lato) collected in the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia

Parnassia palustris var. multiseta collected in the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia showed four cytotypes with the respective chromosome numbers of 2n=18, 27, 36 and 45. They could be diploid, triploid, tetraploid and pentaploid respectively, if the basic chromosome number of x=9 was accepted. The chromosome number of 2n=45 was reported here for the first time in the Russian plants studied, while the other chromosome numbers verified the previous reports.

Intraspecific polyploidy of Parnassia palustris var. multiseta (Saxifragaceae s.l.) collected in Primorye and Altai Territories, Russia

Forty plants of Parnassia palustris var. multiseta collected in nine localities in Russia were studied in chromosome botany. They showed differentiation of the somatic chromosome numbers of 2n=18, 27 and 36, that could be diploid, triploid and tetraploid, respectively, of which the chromosome number of 2n=27 was reported here for the first time. The plants of 2n=18 and 36 chromosomes had commonly high pollen stainability and showed significantly different pollen grains in size from each other.

Genetic variability is correlated with population size and reproduction in American wild‐rice (Zizania palustrisvar.palustris, Poaceae) populations

American wild-rice (Zizania palustris var. palustris) has served as a staple for indigenous North Americans for thousands of years, but has had significant habitat losses in recent centuries. We investigated genetic variability among 17 wild-rice populations in northern Wisconsin using 13 isozyme markers. We then compared these genetic patterns to differences in habitat and population characteristics and phenotypic variation in plant growth and reproduction across sites. Wild-rice's mean genetic diversity (0.15) is moderate compared to wind-pollinated outcrossers but lower than the mean (0.20) reported for the Poaceae. Estimated inbreeding coefficients within populations (f) average 0.12 but vary greatly among the populations (from -0.44-0.52), suggesting heterogeneous population histories. Larger populations in larger lakes express higher levels of genetic variability and smaller inbreeding coefficients than smaller or more isolated populations. The number of panicles per plant is also higher in populations with greater genetic variability. Estimated genetic differentiation among the 17 populations (F(ST)) was high (0.30), suggesting limited gene flow among drainages. Wild-rice population size and degree of isolation have opposing effects on its genetic variability, and plant performance is positively associated with genetic variability.

Genetic dissection of seed shattering, agronomic, and color traits in American wildrice ( Zizania palustris var. interior L.) with a comparative map.

A comparative map of American wildrice ( Zizania palustris var. interior L.) was used to identify loci controlling seed shattering, plant height, maturity, tiller number, plant habit, panicle length seed length, and color traits. Two to six significant quantitative-trait-loci (QTLs, P < 0.05) were detected for each trait evaluated, representing the first trait-mapping in wildrice. The chosen population was designed to emphasize the mapping of loci controlling the shattering trait, which is the most important trait in the management of this newly domesticated species. Three loci were detected that controlled the discretely categorized variation between shattering and non-shattering plants. Seed-shattering loci were detected and validated among the F(2) and F(3) generations. A multiple regression model with these three loci described 49.6% of the additive genetic variation. A genetic model with the same three loci including dominance and locus interactions predicted the shattering versus non-shattering phenotype at a success rate of 87%. The comparative map was based on mapped RFLP markers used in white rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and other grass species. Anchor loci provided a reference point for the identification of potential orthologous genes on the basis of white rice mutant loci and consensus grass species QTLs. Candidate orthologous loci were identified among all traits evaluated. The study underscores the benefits of extending trait analysis through comparative mapping, as well as challenges of QTL analysis in a newly domesticated species.

ChemInform Abstract: Hepatoprotective Drugs. Part 6. Constituents of Leguminous Plants. Part 62. Structures of Three New Oleanene Glucuronides Isolated from Lathyrus palustris var. pilosus and Hepatoprotective Activity.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Structures of three new oleanene glucuronides isolated from Lathyrus palustris var. pilosus and hepatoprotective activity.

Three new saponins, named palustrosides I, II and III, together with azukisaponins II, V and soyasapogenol B monoglucuronide, were isolated from the aerial parts of Lathylus palustris L. var. pilosus Ledeb. The structures of palustrosides I, II and III were identified as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosides of soyasapogenol E, abrisapogenol E, and bredemolic acid 28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, by spectroscopic and chemical methods. As part of our studies on hepatoprotective drugs, we also examined the hepatoprotective effects of these saponins towards immunologically induced liver injury in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. The activity of the disaccharide group was greater than that of the trisaccharide group. This information regarding the structure-activity relationships substantiated previously obtained data. Structure-hepatoprotective relationships for the sapogenol moiety suggested that the hydroxyl group at C-30 reduces the hepatoprotective effect. On the other hand, the carbonyl group at C-22 may be equivalent to a hydroxyl group at C-22 in terms of hepatoprotective action. Oleanolic acid-type saponins also exhibited hepatoprotective action.

Effects of temperature on the desiccation responses of seeds of Zizania palustris

AbstractSeeds of wild rice (Zizania palustris var. interior) have been reported to show maximum survival when dehydrated at 25°C. It has also been reported that axis cells sustain least damage at this drying temperature. In the present study, a linear relationship between drying rate and dehydration temperature was established. Whereas the highest positive tetrazolium staining and lowest leakage were recorded for seeds dehydrated at 25°C, maximum germination was recorded for seeds dried at 20°C. A proportion of seeds showed glass formation irrespective of the dehydration temperatures used. Parameters of the glass to liquid transition, however, correlated with neither water content nor sugar profiles. The ratio of raffinose to sucrose was similar in all the treatments. A hydroperoxide test revealed a linear relationship between peroxide levels and drying temperature, although fatty acid amounts were not correlated with hydroperoxide amounts. Butanal amounts and total aldehydes evolved, on the other hand, showed a high negative correlation with peroxide amounts. Electron microscopy showed that the variability and relative abundance of peripheral membrane complexes (PMCs) was highest for embryonic axes dehydrated at 25°C and lowest for cells of embryonic axes of seeds dried at 10°C. Furthermore, intramembrane particles (IMPs) were evenly distributed in cells of axes dried at 25 or 37°C. In contrast, membranes of cells of axes dehydrated at 10°C showed large IMP-free areas. The relative abundance of IMPs was highest in cells of embryonic axes dried at 25°C and lowest in cells of axes dehydrated at 10°C. From these observations, it is suggested that membrane phase transitions, with the concomitant elimination of proteins, accompany dehydration of Z. palustris seeds at 10°C, whereas at 37°C peroxidation may predominate.

Development of Desiccation Tolerance during Embryogenesis in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Wild Rice (Zizania palustris) (Dehydrin Expression, Abscisic Acid Content, and Sucrose Accumulation).

The ability of seeds to withstand desiccation develops during embryogenesis and differs considerably among species. Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains readily survive dehydration to as low as 2% water content, whereas North American wild rice (Zizania palustris var interior [Fasset] Dore) grains are not tolerant of water contents below 6% and are sensitive to drying and imbibition conditions. During embryogenesis, dehydrin proteins, abscisic acid (ABA), and saccharides are synthesized, and all have been implicated in the development of desiccation tolerance. We examined the accumulation patterns of dehydrin protein, ABA, and soluble saccharides (sucrose and oligosaccharides) of rice embryos and wild rice axes in relation to the development of desiccation tolerance during embryogenesis. Dehydrin protein was detected immunologically with an antibody raised against a conserved dehydrin amino acid sequence. Both rice and wild rice embryos accumulated a 21-kD dehydrin protein during development, and an immunologically related 38-kD protein accumulated similarly in rice. Dehydrin protein synthesis was detected before desiccation tolerance had developed in both rice embryos and wild rice axes. However, the major accumulation of dehydrin occurred after most seeds of both species had become desiccation tolerant. ABA accumulated in wild rice axes to about twice the amount present in rice embryos. There were no obvious relationships between ABA and the temporal expression patterns of dehydrin protein in either rice or wild rice. Wild rice axes accumulated about twice as much sucrose as rice embryos. Oligosaccharides were present at only about one-tenth of the maximum sucrose concentrations in both rice and wild rice. We conclude that the desiccation sensitivity displayed by wild rice grains is not due to an inability to synthesize dehydrin proteins, ABA, or soluble carbohydrates.

Hydroponic culture of wild rice (Zizania palustris L.) and its application to studies of silicon nutrition and fungal brown spot disease

The mineral nutrient requirements of wild rice (Z. palustris var. interior L.) grown on flooded soils in Minnesota are poorly understood. A hydroponics culture system was developed to study the effects of silicon on the growth and fungal brown spot disease (FBS) resistance of wild rice. Wild rice was grown to maturity using a modified Hoagland’s solution. Plants attained a height of 1.4 m and had healthy roots, leaves and inflorescences containing viable seeds. Plant height and biomass were approximately 80 and 46%, respectively, of plants grown in cultivated paddies. A method was developed to reliably infect leaves and stems of hydroponically grown wild rice with Bipolaris oryzae, the pathogen causing FBS. Silicon amendments did not significantly increase growth and had no apparent effect on resistance to FBS. Key words: Bipolaris oryzae, hydroponic culture, plant nutrition, silicon, wild rice, Zizania palustris

Mechanism of Isoxaben Tolerance inAgrostis palustrisvar. Penncross

Previous work has demonstrated that isoxaben tolerant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia are most likely altered at the site of isoxaben binding. The salient question becomes whether or not species selectivity to this herbicide might also be a result of differential target site binding. Grasses are generally more tolerant to isoxaben than dicots. In this communication we show that Agrostis palustris var. Penncross, a grass, is 83-fold more tolerant in a soil incorporation test and 170-fold more tolerant to inhibition of glucose incorporation into cellulose than is Arabidopsis, a dicot. Cell wall fractionation of Agrostis shows a specific effect on cellulose biosynthesis

Expression of “Dehydrin-Like” Proteins in Embryos and Seedlings of Zizania palustris and Oryza sativa during Dehydration

Proteins inducible by dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA), termed dehydrins or RAB (Responsive to ABA) proteins, have been identified in a number of species and have been suggested to play a role in desiccation tolerance, particularly during seed development. Seeds (caryopses) of North American wild rice (Zizania palustris var interior [Fassett] Dore) are tolerant of dehydration to <10% moisture content (fresh weight basis) only under restricted dehydration and rehydration conditions. In comparison, seeds of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) readily tolerate desiccation to <5% water content. Expression of "dehydrin-like" proteins in Zizania and Oryza seedlings and embryos was examined to investigate the relationship between the presence of such proteins and desiccation tolerance. [(35)S]Methionine labeling of newly synthesized proteins showed that seedlings (first leaf stage) of both Zizania and Oryza synthesized a novel "heat-stable" protein of apparent molecular weight = 20,000 when dehydrated to <75% of their initial fresh weight. ABA (100 micromolar) induced synthesis of a protein with similar electrophoretic mobility in both species. Western blots using antiserum raised against maize (Zea mays L.) dehydrin detected a protein band from dehydrated Zizania shoots and mature embryonic axes that comigrated with the labeled 20-kilodalton polypeptide. Northern blots using a cDNA for an ABA-responsive protein from Oryza (rab 16a) showed that both seedlings and excised embryonic axes of Zizania accumulated RNA similar in sequence to rab 16a in response to water loss. Zizania seedlings and embryonic axes were also capable of ABA accumulation during dehydration. The intolerance of Zizania seeds to dehydration at low temperature is apparently not due to an absence of dehydrin-like proteins or an inability to accumulate ABA.

Imbibitional Damage and Desiccation Tolerance of Wild Rice (Zizania palustris) Seeds

Seeds (caryopses) of North American wild rice (Zizania palustris var. interior), a temperate aquatic grass, have been reported to lose viability when desiccated (i.e. to be ‘recalcitrant’ or ‘homoiohydrous’). They are also deeply dormant at maturity and require as much as six months of stratification to break dormancy. It has been suggested that wild rice seed may have been misclassified as recalcitrant in some experiments due to the presence of dormancy. We report here that wild rice seeds can survive desiccation to seed and cmbryonic axis moisture contents as low as 6–8% (fresh weight basis). However, maximum survival of desiccation to these low moisture contents is possible only if dehydration occurs at temperatures ≥25°C and a slow imbibition period (3 weeks minimum) is allowed at temperatures between 10 and 25°C prior to stratification or dormancy-breaking treatments. The reduction in survival of dehydration at temperatures <25°C appears to occur only when embryonic axis moisture contents are reduced below about 8%. We also show that various techniques to assess viability of dry dormant seeds (moisture contents <30%), such as tetrazolium tests or scarifying the pericarp above the embryo, can cause a reproducible loss of viability due to imbibitional damage that has previously been interpreted as intolerance of desiccation. Most reports of the desiccation intolerance of wild rice seeds can be explained on the basis of the temperatures of dehydration or rehydration, failure to break dormancy, or imbibitional injury during viability testing. The successful dehydration and rehydration of wild rice seeds has important practical implications for seed storage and germplasm preservation. In addition, the temperature dependence of desiccation tolerance in wild rice seeds represents a novel relationship between seed viability, temperature, and moisture content.