Pairwise Comparison Method Research Articles

A neutral comparison of statistical methods for analyzing longitudinally measured ordinal outcomes in rare diseases.

Ordinal data in a repeated measures design of a crossover study for rare diseases usually do not allow for the use of standard parametric methods, and hence, nonparametric methods should be considered instead. However, only limited simulation studies in settings with small sample sizes exist. Therefore, starting from an Epidermolysis Bullosa simplex trial with the above-mentioned design, a rank-based approach using the R package nparLD and different generalized pairwise comparisons (GPC) methods were compared impartially in a simulation study. The results revealed that there was not one single best method for this particular design, because a trade-off exists between achieving high power, accounting for period effects, and for missing data. Specifically, nparLD as well as the unmatched GPC approaches do not address crossover aspects, and the univariate GPC variants partly ignore the longitudinal information. The matched GPC approaches, on the other hand, take the crossover effect into account in the sense of incorporating the within-subject association. Overall, the prioritized unmatched GPC method achieved the highest power in the simulation scenarios, although this may be due to the specified prioritization. The rank-based approach yielded good power even at a sample size of , whereas the matched GPC method could not control the type Ierror.

Incomplete pairwise comparison matrices: Ranking top women tennis players

The method of pairwise comparisons is frequently applied for ranking purposes. This article aims to rank top women tennis players based on their win/lose ratios. Incomplete pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs) were constructed from data obtained from the WTA (Women’s Tennis Association) homepage. The database contains head-to-head results from the period between 1973 and 2022 for 28 players who had the position No. 1 in the official rankings of WTA. The weight vector was calculated from the incomplete PCM with the logarithmic least squares method and the eigenvector method. The results are not surprising: Serena Williams, Steffi Graf, and Martina Navratilova stand in the first three positions, and Martina Hingis, Kim Clijsters, and Justine Henin follow them. We also tested the frequently used probability-based Bradley-Terry method and found high rank-correlation values. Using graph representations, the results gave us a deeper insight into the properties of incomplete PCMs. Special attention was given to the nontransitive triads. A data modification was necessary to remove ties in order to apply the commonly used tests. The results indicate that ordinally nontransitive triads are not significant in the data we analysed.

Comparison analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and frequency ratio (FR) method in assessment of landslide susceptibility. A case study in Van Yen district, Yen Bai province

Landslides are a natural disasters that frequently occur in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam. This study aims to compare the efectiveness of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) modeling in mapping susceptibility to landslides with the support of a Geographic Information System (GIS). The study area is Van Yen district in Yen Bai province, which experiences a high frequency of landslides annually. Ten factors were used as variables in the model, including the lithology map, slope, aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index, fault network, river network, road network, and land cover data. The study used a landslide statistical report that including 211 landslide points to create the frequency ratio model, while the pairwise comparison method based on expert opinion was used to establish the weights for the AHP method. The results produced a spatial distribution of landslide susceptibility with five levels: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The study used the Area Under the Curve (AUC) to evaluate the performance of both models. The results indicated that the model using the Frequency Ratio method outperformed the Analytical Hierarchy Process model by 4.7% in addition to the similarity between landslide susceptibility maps and past landslide locations.

The Social Sustainability of the Infrastructures: A Case Study in the Liguria Region

One of the indicators that measures the economic development of a territory is its infrastructural endowment (road, rail, etc.). The presence of roads, railways, and airports are essential elements in creating the optimal conditions for the establishment or development of productive activities and economic growth; and also to generate benefits. However, the presence of infrastructure can have strong impacts on the environment and the living conditions of the population and infrastructure can be subject to actions related to contrast and opposition. Therefore, in parallel with the economic and environmental sustainability assessment, it is essential to decide whether or not to build new infrastructure. In addition, social sustainability is also pursued on the basis of an assessment that takes into account various aspects that relate the work to the population, also in order to identify the most satisfactory design solution. Alongside the adopted methodology, the assessment must be identified suitable criteria which are capable of taking into account the various impacts generated by the infrastructure, not only of an economic and environmental type, but also social and attributed relative importance (or weight) that is congruous with the correct balance of the three aspects of sustainability. This contribution deals with the identification of criteria for assessing the social sustainability of infrastructure projects, by taking as reference the 24 infrastructure projects in the planning and construction phase in the Liguria Region that make use of the Regional Law n. 39/2007 on the “Regional Strategic Intervention Programs—P.R.I.S.” (Regional Strategic Intervention Programs); which guarantees citizens affected by the infrastructure. In this research work, the selection is performed through the involvement of local stakeholders as well as the subjects and institutions that operate within the decision-making process of a work (designers, technicians from public administrations). The selected criteria are then weighted through the pairwise comparison method used in the multi-criteria technique of ThomasSaaty—Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The goal is to identify the useful criteria for assessing social sustainability and the weights attributed by the various parties involved in the decision-making process by citizens directly or indirectly affected by the infrastructure.

КВАЛІМЕТРИЧНА ОЦІНКА ЕКОСТЕМНИХ ПОСЛУГ ДЛЯ РЕКРЕАЦІЇ І ТУРИЗМУ В ПРОСТРОВО-ЧАСОВІЙ ГЕОСИСТЕМІ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ FUZZY LOGIC ТА QFD

The paper proposes a comprehensive method of qualitative evaluation of services provided by various providers, which are expressed by characteristics that avoid a quantitative representation. The research foresees the application of the well-known method of deployment of quality functions, the development of which consists of the possibility of determining the coefficients of the weighting of technical characteristics of cultural ecosystem services for recreation and tourism of the spatiotemporal geosystem. To take into account the priority of consumer requirements, the expert method of pairwise comparisons was introduced, which was modified so that possible conclusions could be considered, in particular, the evaluation of the equivalence of characteristics was applied. To obtain the degree of correlation between the characteristics determined by experts based on consumer requirements and the technical characteristics of cultural ecosystem services for recreation and tourism, it is proposed to utilize the fuzzy logic method. Since both the presence of correlations links and the degree of correlation between consumer requirements and technical characteristics are the result of the interaction of a set of various factors, among which a significant number may be random, based on the central limit theorem, as well as the experience of applying correlation coefficients in other areas, a conclusion is drawn, that the probability distribution function of correlation degrees is properly described by a Gaussian curve. The value of the technical characteristics of the specified ecosystem services for three spatiotemporal geosystems was also obtained with the help of the fuzzy logic method.

Tо Ecological Monitoring of Self- Propelled Field Sprinklers

An improved method for making a decision on choosing the best self-propelled sprayer from alternative options is proposed. It refers to new developments in various fields of environmental monitoring and analysis of field self-propelled sprinklers, but which substantiate the studied factors characterizing each unit. The factors are taken with real values of calculated parameters, for which the desirability function and weighty coefficients are developed using the method of pairwise comparison of calculated parameters of absolute and relative rank places and the percentile function. The dependence of the transfer of calculated parameters of the unit from real values to dimensionless ones for the y’ scale is clarified, according to which the desirability function is calculated, and then a generalized parameter characterizing the complex evaluation of the unit in respect to the weighting coefficient of each estimated parameter. The decision is made according to the maximum value of the parameters of integrated assessment of the sprinkler, in this task for the sprinkler TUMAN-1 (Russia), for which the value of the parameter of integrated assessment is obtained.

Determination of Farmer Satisfaction Levels in Terms of Sustainability in Dairy Cattle Farming: A Case Study From Turkey

The main purpose of this research is to determine the benefits and satisfaction levels enabled by the agricultural aids for dairy cattle farms that are members of S.S. Çavuşlu Village Agricultural Development Cooperative in the Derince district of Kocaeli province and to provide policy proposals for ensuring the sustainability of farms. For this purpose, the data collected from 61 dairy farmers, who are members of the S.S. Çavuşlu Village Agricultural Development Cooperative, through the face-to-face questionnaire method were analyzed. The dairy farms\' activities in 2020 were analyzed under three groups based on the number of dairy cows. Farms with 5 or fewer dairy cows were designated as Group I (19 farms), farms with 6-10 dairy cows as Group II (21 farms), and farms with 11 and more dairy animals as Group III (21 farms). While evaluating the data, simple average and percentage calculations were performed. The Five-Point Likert Scale was used to evaluate the farmers’ opinions, expectations, and satisfaction levels regarding livestock support programs in the farms examined. The research employed the fuzzy pairwise comparison method to determine the support preferences of farmers in dairy cattle breeding. According to the results of the research, the average farm age was determined as 52.41 years, the average education level was 6.60 years, and the agricultural experience was 38.46 years. The average farmland size was 151.41 decares. The average number of dairy cows on the farms was 8.64. The average daily milk yield per animal was 12.68 kg. The average milk selling price was 0.37 USD/kg. According to the Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison, six different support tools were provided to farmers, and they chose milk and forage crop aids as priority support tools. High production costs, especially high feed prices, the inability to sell milk at an affordable price, and lack of support were the most significant problems identified in the farms. As a result, support policies for dairy cattle should be reviewed, payments should be made earlier, the amount of support provided should be increased, and farmers should be made aware of the organization.

Modeling the designs in terms of logistics service center placement: a case study

Suggesting the proper location for logistics facility can be considered as a decision making problem, wherein the final solution/decision is affected by multiple external or even internal circumstances. In order to address the decision making issues, various multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques may be implemented; and hence, they can be applied even when making a decision about an adequate logistics service center (LSC) placement in an examined territory (i.e., national logistics network of the selected territory), which is an aim of this manuscript. Following the statements above, as for the individual instruments of MCDM to be implemented in terms of the crucial objective of this research, the definite decision making process will be carried out by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) followed by the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), on the basis of criteria weights defined by the Saaty pairwise comparison method. The methods used appear to be ideal instruments towards decision making on the most suitable location which is represented by the region in our case. Subsequently, these will be ordered from the most preferred to least one by using a preference ranking. As a result of the application of AHP and TOPSIS approaches, based on the conducted calculations in regard to decision making on identifying the proper LSC location out of eight selected regions, one specific region will be defined as the most suitable (so-called compromise) scenario. Individual tools allow for reducing the number of assigned criteria that are taken into account in searching process for individual solutions. In order to objectify the entire decision making procedure, ten topic-involved experts having practical experience with a subject of logistics object allocation will be asked to participate in the process. Preferences differ from one decision maker (expert) to another; hence, the outcome depends on who is making decisions and what their goals and preferences are.

Planning of Resource Support for the Management System of the Process of Increasing the Level of Competitiveness in the Environment of the Functioning of the Socio-Economic System

The main purpose of the article is to determine the best planning option for resource support of the management system for the process of increasing the level of competitiveness in the environment of the functioning of the socio-economic system. The relevance of the research topic is added by the fact that the ecology industry is extremely difficult and constantly needs innovation. The activity of an ecological socio-economic system depends on its competitive advantages, level of competitiveness, and resource support. The basic methods that form our methodology are the method of system analysis and pairwise comparison. Based on the results of the study, a structuring of all possible options for resource support for increasing the level of competitiveness of an ecological socio-economic system was formed on the example of Ukrainian ecological enterprises PJSC "Odessa Ecological Enterprise". So, for the ecological socio-economic system selected as an example, a choice of the most rational of the possible options was presented, resources for planning the management system in the process of increasing its competitiveness. The study has a number of limitations and they are related to the impossibility of applying the proposed approach to a larger number of ecological socio-economic systems. Further research should be aimed at expanding the practical aspect and covering more and more socio-economic systems of this sector.

COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTERPRISE'S FINANCIAL STABILITY

One of the most important characteristics of a company's development is its financial stability, formed by complex impact of a large number of external and internal factors. At the same time, the assessment of financial stability in some cases is ambiguous and requires the use of a combined approach. The article evaluates the main financial indicators characterizing liquidity and financial stability of organizations, which are calculated according to the accounting (financial statements) for 2000-2021, published by the Federal State Statistics Service. Some of the indicators calculated on average for organizations of the Russian Federation, on the whole, positively characterize the level of financial stability (equity ratio) and liquidity (current liquidity ratio) and their good dynamics, but, as the data reviewed show, it is usually impossible to comprehensively assess the financial stability of an enterprise using one or even several particular indicators. It is necessary to use several indicators, both financial and those characterizing the efficiency of using resources by the enterprise (material, labor, fixed assets). It is likely that such indicators will include several external factors of financial stability formation that do not imply a quantitative assessment, for example, such as political, legal and socio-cultural indicators. The relevance of assessing the financial stability of an organization is due to the fact that the main methods of such assessment are mainly focused on using only quantitative data, which are considered, as a rule, in isolation from each other, which makes it impossible to unambiguously assess the dynamics of an organization's financial stability. Using the method of pair-wise comparisons, the author obtained the results that led to the following conclusions: the list of evaluation indicators should include not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively varying indicators, which requires the use of more universal methods of criteria convolution, for example, the method of pair-wise comparisons used in the method of hierarchy analysis.

Evaluation of PC-FMEA Using Network Analysis

PC-FMEA is a method that combines the pairwise comparison and basic FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) methods. Using the pairwise comparison, which of the risks is more severe, common or noticeable can be determined. The results evaluated by the pairwise comparison can be modeled with networks, where the risks can be ranked according to the criteria using the PageRank and weighted in-degree values. Applying these two solutions together, a form of risk assessment can be created where risks are assessed by pairwise comparisons and the results analyzed using network research tools. The resulting method also provides two types of evaluations to rank the risks and also facilitates visualization. This study aimed to develop the application of PC-FMEA in network research.

Development of Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using GIS Modeling in Jordan's Northern Highlands

The purpose of this study is to develop landslide susceptibility mapping using the GIS Technique of areas at risk of landslides in Jordan's Northern Highlands within the regions of Jerash and Ajloun, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), harmonious with GIS layout. The main factors considered in this study were geological structure, slope, flood susceptibility, rain intensity, runoff, aspect, elevation, and land use/land cover, which were reclassified and weighted for mapping the levels of landslide hazards in the study area. Each factor/criterion was weighted and assigned a rank or score by using the Pairwise Comparison method for making a decision about the severity of the landslide. Consequently, landslide risk areas can be categorized into five risk levels namely very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. The landslides risk map obtained for the study area shows that the landslides phenomenon is threatening the road network clearly, the percentage of road network; lengths located within the high and very high landslide risk areas was about 53.8% of the total road network length. Also, the results show that about 44.2%, of these, are high and very high landslide risk areas.

Computational research on flat image design and style based on perceptual feature quantification

Abstract In order to solve the problem that a large number of low-value and easy-to-consume graphic designs consume the human and financial resources of the society and also waste the inherent value of design resources, by dividing the layers of pixels, elements, relations, planes and applications, this article defines the corresponding feature representations and studies related methods for quantifying geometric features, perceptual features and style features. The content includes the extraction method of element colour, the calculation method of layout-aware feature and colour-match-aware feature, and the pairwise comparison method of style feature. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this article has lower complexity and is significantly better than other algorithms. Comparing the method proposed in this article with other methods, the average time of this algorithm is 2.6 s under the condition of guaranteed images. The study of the design feature-driven graphic image style calculation method is not only of great significance for solving repeated design problems but also provides a basis and reference for the future development of intelligent design.

Evidence synthesis analysis with prioritized benefit outcomes in oncology clinical trials

ABSTRACT Overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response/complete response, and duration of (complete) response are frequently used as the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints for designs and analyses of oncology clinical trials. However, these endpoints are typically analyzed separately. In this article, we introduce an evidence synthesis approach to prioritize the benefit outcomes by applying the generalized pairwise comparisons (GPC) method, and use win statistics (win ratio, win odds and net benefit) to quantify treatment benefit. Under the framework of GPC, the main advantage of this evidence synthesis approach is the ability to combine relevant outcomes of various types into a single summary statistic without relying on any parametric assumptions. It is particularly relevant since health authorities and the pharmaceutical industry are increasingly incorporating structured quantitative methodologies in their benefit-risk assessment. We apply this evidence synthesis approach to an oncology phase 3 study in first-line renal cell carcinoma to assess the overall effect of an investigational treatment by ranking the most clinically relevant endpoints in cancer drug development. This application and a simulation study demonstrate that the proposed approach can synthesize the evidence of treatment effect from multiple prioritized benefit outcomes, and has substantial advantage over conventional methods that analyze each individual endpoint separately. We also introduce a newly developed R package WINS for statistical inference based on win statistics.

Comparative assessment of groundwater vulnerability using GIS-based DRASTIC and DRASTIC-AHP for Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu India.

The groundwater is very precious in the world. Rapid urbanization and industrialization create tremendous stress on groundwater quality and quantity. Unscientific groundwater extraction and waste disposal methods impact the groundwater aquifer's susceptibility in the coastal area. This research examines how industrial waste, seawater intrusion, and solid waste dumping affect the Thoothukudi District, located on the southwest coast of Tamil Nadu, India. The groundwater vulnerability potential is determined using the DRASTIC and analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-based DRASTIC model. DRASTIC-AHP method's weights and ranks are determined using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)-based pairwise comparison method. Remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are implemented to prepare the input layers for DRASTIC and DRASTIC-AHP. The findings reveal a very high category of vulnerability along the coastline that is covered in sand and loose sediments from an aquifer. Similar conditions exist on the southeast side, which is covered with gravel, sand, and sandstone with shale and has relatively low-slope topography. This enables higher contaminant percolation into the groundwater and raises the possibility for pollution. The DRASTIC-AHP method's results reveal that the southeast side has a significant possibility of contamination. The water table, net recharge, vadose zone, and conductivity greatly impacted the DRASTIC vulnerability assessment due to their stronger weight than theoretical weight. It may be stated that the DRASTIC technique is more cost-effective and time-efficient in analyzing a wide range of regional groundwater risks while avoiding sloppy, uncontrolled land development and other unwanted activities.

USE OF THE PAIR COMPARISON METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF ICE CREAM

The authors chose five samples of ice cream from different brands of domestic producers as objects of study. The authors used a paired method for determining desirability during testing, which is used to identify qualitative differences and the desirability of goods of the same name by the requirements of SS R (State Standard R) 53161-2008. The authors also carried out an organoleptic assessment according to SS R ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 22935-2-2011 Milk and dairy products and organoleptic analysis of paragraph 14, SS 31457-2021 Milk ice cream, cream, and ice cream. The results of the evaluation of ice cream samples by the method of pairwise comparison are also presented. The authors identified evaluation criteria that reflect the consumer properties and attractiveness of the product: packaging, labeling, and organoleptic indicators. The authors have identified evaluation criteria that reflect the consumer properties and attractiveness of the product: packaging, labeling, and organoleptic indicators. Differences in the samples were established. A comparative analysis of the composition showed that one of the samples contains annatto dye, which is not included in the list of food additives for use in the manufacture of ice cream. As a result of testing, the authors identified the most desirable sample. The obtained data can be considered reproducible, taking into account the error probability of 0.01%. The results have practical implications for manufacturers in developing new product lines to meet customer requirements, and for consumers in choosing a competitive product from a variety of product ranges that differ in price and quality.

METHOD FOR WEIGHTS CALCULATION BASED ON INTERVAL MULTIPLICATIVE PAIRWISE COMPARISON MATRIX IN DECISIONMAKING MODELS

Context. The pairwise comparison method is a component of several decision support methodologies such as the analytic hierarchy and network processes (AHP, ANP), PROMETHEE, TOPSIS and other. This method results in the weight vector of elements of decision-making model and is based on inversely symmetrical pairwise comparison matrices. The evaluation of the elements is carried out mainly by experts under conditions of uncertainty. Therefore, modifications of this method have been explored in recent years, which are based on fuzzy and interval pairwise comparison matrices (IPCMs).
 Objective. The purpose of the work is to develop a modified method for calculation of crisp weights based on consistent and inconsistent multiplicative IPCMs of elements of decision-making model.
 Method. The proposed modified method is based on consistent and inconsistent multiplicative IPCMs, fuzzy preference programming and results in more reliable weights for the elements of decision-making model in comparison with other known methods. The differences between the proposed method and the known ones are as follows: coefficients that characterize extended intervals for ratios of weights are introduced; membership functions of fuzzy preference relations are proposed, which depend on values of IPCM elements. The introduction of these coefficients and membership functions made it possible to prove the statement about the required coincidence of the calculated weights based on the “upper” and “lower” models. The introduced coefficients can be further used to find the most inconsistent IPCM elements.
 Results. Experiments were performed with several IPCMs of different consistency level. The weights on the basis of the considered consistent and weakly consistent IPCMs obtained using the proposed and other known methods have determined the same rankings of the compared objects. Therefore, the results using the proposed method on the basis of such IPCMs do not contradict the results obtained for these types of IPCMs using other known methods. Rankings by the proposed method based on the considered highly inconsistent IPCMs are much closer to rankings based on the corresponding initial undisturbed IPCMs in comparison with rankings obtained using the known FPP method. The most inconsistent elements in the considered IPCMs are found.
 Conclusions. The developed method has shown its efficiency, results in more reliable weights and can be used for a wide range of decision support problems, scenario analysis, priority calculation, resource allocation, evaluation of decision alternatives and criteria in various application areas.

Factors Affecting Construction Productivity for Steel Rebar Work in Hot Climate Country

Introduction: Construction industry is increasingly emphasizing productivity due to its effect on key performance indicators such as schedule, budget, and quality of work. This study aims to identify and rank the factors affecting the productivity of steel rebar work in construction projects in a hot climate. Among the activities involved in structural reinforced concrete work, fabricating and placing reinforced steel on a construction site is considered the most labor-intensive, outdoor, and time-consuming. Methods: In this paper, an intensive qualitative literature review is conducted to identify the factors affecting the productivity of steel rebar work in concrete construction. Initially, forty factors were identified from the literature affecting the productivity of steel rebar work in Saudi Arabia. Final list of thirty-seven factors was used in the questionnaire survey. The identical nature and core content of these factors are clustered and grouped into five categories: technical, labor, management, external, and financial. As part of this study, fifty contractors working in the Saudi Arabian construction industry are recruited to participate and complete a structured pilot study questionnaire. Results: The results of the questionnaire are weighted using the pairwise comparison method and then ranked based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process technique. The analysis of the thirty-seven factors results in a top ten list of the leading factors that directly impact the productivity of steel rebar work in concrete construction projects in Saudi Arabia. These factors are (1) humidity, (2) delay of salary, (3) sandstorms, (4) payment delay by client, (5) labor's low wage, (6) lack of financial incentives, (7) labor work experience and skills, (8) completeness of drawings, (9) poor labor relations, and (10) labor absenteeism. The general trend in these studies is that the factors tend to vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, from one construction project to another, and are directly related to the zone or country of construction. Conclusion: These findings benefit stakeholders working in the concrete construction industry in Saudi Arabia, particularly project managers, project planners, cost estimators, and civil design and site engineers working on construction projects.

Comparison of the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of the white rats sensorimotor cortex synaptic terminals reaction to common carotid arteries ligation

The aim of the research was to study the structural and functional changes in axonal terminals in layers I, III, and V of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of the brain of Wistar rats after the common carotid artery (CCA) bilateral ligation using immunohistochemical and apparatus-microscopic methods. Material and methods. Incomplete cerebral ischemia was modeled by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries (CCA - 2-vessel model of global ischemia without hypotension) in white Wistar rats (n=36). SMC was studied in the control (intact rats, n=6), 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days (n=30) after POCA. Nissl, hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemical reactions for p38, and electron microscopy were used. The total number density and relative area of axonal terminals were determined. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric methods for pairwise and multiple comparisons using the Statistica 8.0 program. Results. After CCA bilateral ligation, the content of degeneratively altered neurons in the rat brain SMC increased. Changes in the SMC neurons were accompanied by neuropil hyperhydration and reactive astrogliosis. The total number density of terminals in all SMC layers decreased statistically significantly after 1 day (by 28.6% in layer I, 46.9% in layer III, and 46.4% in layer V) and remained approximately at this level throughout the entire observation period. . The relative area of synaptic terminals differed in the compared SMC layers. In layers I and III of the SMC, the values of this indicator first (days 1 and 3) decreased, and then (days 7, 14, and 30) they increased. In layer V of the SMC, activation of the expression of this protein occurred already in the acute period (days 1 and 3), decreased after 7 and 14 days, and increased again after 30 days. Ultrastructural examination revealed more small terminal axonal branches. However, the general trend of changes in the number of terminals was similar. Conclusion. After CCA bilateral ligation, destructive and compensatory-restorative changes in axonal terminals were revealed in layers I, III, and V of the rat MMC. The reorganization of interneuronal relationships occurred against the background of pronounced manifestations of neuropil hyperhydration. The maximum destruction of synaptic terminals was noted in layer III of the SMC, and their adaptive changes were observed in layer V. The results of immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies are comparable and complement each other. All this can probably be considered as a structural basis for changes in the integrative-starting activity of the brain after CCA bilateral ligation.

Разработка квалиметрической модели прогнозирования показателей качества продукции из водных биологических ресурсов для рационов школьного питания

The analysis of school food rations was carried out in terms of satisfaction of schoolchildren and their legal representatives, as well as the state control bodies and representatives of the companies providing food services in schools in the quality, assortment, as well as in physiological needs. A questionnaire was developed to analyze the re-quests of potential consumers. The expert method of full pairwise comparison established the priority requirements of the consumers: the requirement not expressed during the survey regarding the absence of fish bones in the finished product and the expressed requirement about the presence of natural components in the food composition. The actual percentage consumption of school menu dishes was established on the example of schoolchildren in the Kaliningrad region. Based on the conducted qualimetric forecasting, recipes and technology for manufacturing a line of fish products were developed for including into the diet of schoolchildren both at school canteens and through a retail network for cooking at home.