Pair Of Modules Research Articles

Real-time 100-GbE fiber-wireless seamless integration system using an electromagnetic dual-polarized single-input single-output wireless link at the W band.

This Letter demonstrates a real-time 100-GbE fiber-wireless seamless integration system operating at the whole W band (75-110 GHz). Based on a pair of commercial digital coherent optical modules, the real-time transparent transmission of 125-Gb/s dual-polarized quadrature phase-shift keying signal has been successfully achieved over two-spans of 20-km fiber and up to 150-m electromagnetic dual-polarized single-input single-output wireless link. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first real-time demonstration of 100-GbE signal transmission over >100-m wireless distance at the millimeter-wave band based on photonics. We believed this real-time and high-speed fiber-wireless seamless integration system with a wireless coverage up to hundreds of meters can significantly accelerate the progress of upcoming 6G.

Effect of module operating temperature on module efficiency in photovoltaic modules and recovery of photovoltaic module heat by thermoelectric effect

One of the parameters affecting the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules and PV systems is the temperature. The factors that increase the temperature in PV modules cause loss of efficiency. In this study, experiments have been conducted with the aim of re ducing the module temperature. For this purpose, four polycrystalline and four monocrystalline PV modules, all with the same features, were used. A pair of polycrystalline and monocrystalline modules were used as reference modules. The aim of this study is to reduce the operating temperature of the modules, while also decreasing the transient temperature fluctuations in the system, in order to prevent the loss of efficiency. For this reason, current, voltage and power values of PV modules have been examined and the relationship between these values and module temperature has been explained. As a result, temperature values were measured at 30-80°C in reference modules, 30-50°C in heat pipe modules, 30-37°C in modules using heat pipes and phase-changing material, and 30-66°C in modules using phase-changing material with flexible surfaces. If the PV module operating temperature is increased by 35°C, the module efficiency decreases by 10%. Heat pipe and PCM balance the temperature in PV/T/PCM monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules. In PV/T/PCM modules, efficiency loss caused by temperature increase is 1%. In addition, electrical energy is produced from the heat accumulated on the surface of the PV module by means of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG). When the temperature difference between the surfaces is 15°C, the naturally cooled TE provides 0.45V energy output, while the forced-cooled TEG provides 0.97V energy output. As the temperature gap between the surfaces increases, the voltage and current values of the TEG also increase. Briefly, TEG’s power values increase up to 5W depending on the temperature gap between surfaces.

Computation of extension spaces for the path algebra of type Ã(n - 1,1) using planar curves

Q is a quiver of type if its graph is of affine type and if its arrows have a certain orientation. We develop a bijection between the set of indecomposable kQ-modules whose dimension vectors are positive real roots of the root system associated to Q and a certain set of planar curves. We prove that the number of self-intersections of the curve which corresponds to the module M is equal to the dimension of . We also prove that, for many pairs of modules (M, N), the number of intersections between the corresponding two curves is equal to the dimension of , where C is the cluster category of kQ-mod.

Specific gene module pair-based target identification and drug discovery.

Identification of the biological targets of a compound is of paramount importance for the exploration of the mechanism of action of drugs and for the development of novel drugs. A concept of the Connectivity Map (CMap) was previously proposed to connect genes, drugs, and disease states based on the common gene-expression signatures. For a new query compound, the CMap-based method can infer its potential targets by searching similar drugs with known targets (reference drugs) and measuring the similarities into their specific transcriptional responses between the query compound and those reference drugs. However, the available methods are often inefficient due to the requirement of the reference drugs as a medium to link the query agent and targets. Here, we developed a general procedure to extract target-induced consensus gene modules from the transcriptional profiles induced by the treatment of perturbagens of a target. A specific transcriptional gene module pair (GMP) was automatically identified for each target and could be used as a direct target signature. Based on the GMPs, we built the target network and identified some target gene clusters with similar biological mechanisms. Moreover, a gene module pair-based target identification (GMPTI) approach was proposed to predict novel compound-target interactions. Using this method, we have discovered novel inhibitors for three PI3K pathway proteins PI3Kα/β/δ, including PU-H71, alvespimycin, reversine, astemizole, raloxifene HCl, and tamoxifen.

High speed, high power 2D beam steering for mitigation of optomechanical parametric instability in gravitational wave detectors.

In this paper, we propose what we believe to be a novel strategy to control optomechanical parametric instability (PI) in gravitational wave (GW) detectors based on radiation pressure. The fast deflection of a high-power beam is the key element of our approach. We built a 2D deflection system based on a pair of acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) that combines high rapidity and a large scan range. As a fast frequency switching configurable AOM driver, we used a Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) combined with a high-performance personal computer (PC). In this way, we demonstrate a 2D beam steering system with flat efficiency over the whole scan range and with a transition time of 50 ns between two arbitrary consecutive deflection positions for a beam power of 3.6 W.

The technology of creating a fault-tolerant multi-module software complex based on the procedure of mutual internal checks

The article considers the problem of creating a fault-tolerant multi-module software complex based on the procedure of mutual internal checks. This problem is especially acute in cases of use of critical computer systems, where the requirements for software security are extremely high. The main idea of the article is that a multi-module software complex, as a system based on computing resources, both at the stage of creation and at the stages of operation, can independently carry out diagnostics between individual modules, thus ensuring its operability. The purpose of the article is to develop a procedure of mutual internal checks for its implementation in the technology of creating a fault-tolerant multi-module software complex. The diagnostics model is based on the assumptions that the connections between modules can be represented by a fully connected undirected graph and each pair of modules can exchange messages. Each module uses self-diagnostic tools to determine its status "good" or "bad") and transmits it to another module. After accumulating the results of checks, a collective decision is made regarding the serviceability of the modules. An original algorithm for the implementation of diagnosis technology has been developed. The correctness of the developed concept of ensuring resistance to failure of software complexes by diagnostics was verified by mathematical modeling. Graphs of dependences of diagnosis reliability on the number of modules in the program and the number of permissible failures were obtained. Confidence intervals were estimated, which show that as the number of failures increases, the confidence interval expands, and when it decreases, it narrows. It was concluded that the developed algorithm requires less redundancy of the system and allows to obtain the result of only two rounds of message exchange between the program modules. At the same time, it provides diagnostics of a multi-module software complex when almost half of its modules fail.

Sensitivity enhancement in laser self-mixing nano-particle sizer with linear current tuning based frequency shifting method

Laser self-mixing interferometry (SMI) has been widely researched and applied to the field of traditional physical quantities (such as displacement, distance, velocity and vibration) detection due to the well-known merits of compact structure, low-cost and high sensitivity, additionally, it has also shown great potential in nano-particle sizing during the last two decades, primarily depending on the incoherent stochastic superposition of laser beam’s interaction with each particle in the illuminating volume, and the particle diameter can be determined from the power spectra of self-mixed signals through Lorentz fitting. SMI particle sensing generally uses constant current driving laser diodes (LD), so the power spectrum peak occurs around zero-frequency and merely exhibits the right-hand half. Some other particle sensors using solid-state lasers (SSL), however, prefer to employ a pair of acousto-optic modulators (AOM) as frequency shifters, which pronouncedly increases the complexity and the cost of the whole system. In this paper, linear modulation current is applied to a LD to achieve laser frequency tuning and conveniently shift the concerned Lorentz peak to any desired spectrum position. Moreover, higher-order harmonics of the shifted Lorentz peak, arising from intrinsically tilted SMI fringes, exhibit wider spectrum broadening than the main peak and can be employed to improve the sensitivity in nano-particle recognition. The technique proposed has been validated by simulation and experimental results, and it is beneficial to developing low-cost, compact and highly sensitive SMI particle sensors or instruments.

A polycatenated hydrogen-bonded organic framework based on embraced macrocyclic building blocks for fluorescence detection of nitrobenzene in water

A polycatenated HOF has been constructed from supramolecular embraced pairs of macrocyclic modules, featuring fluorescent detection of nitrobenzene in water.

Homological independence of infinite syzygies

We consider modules that appear as syzygies of acyclic complexes of flat modules and examine a certain condition on pairs of such modules, that generalizes the vanishing of Tate homology. If this condition is satisfied for two modules over a commutative ring , then (a) the tensor product of the two modules is also a syzygy of an acyclic complex of flat modules and (b) the tensor product of the corresponding acyclic complexes of flat modules is an acyclic complex of flat modules as well, whose syzygies can be expressed in terms of the syzygies of the factor complexes. We also examine the analogous (dual) case of homomorphism groups of infinite syzygies.

Integral closure, basically full closure, and duals of nonresidual closure operations

We develop a duality for operations on nested pairs of modules that generalizes the duality between absolute interior operations and residual closure operations from [5], extending our previous results to the expanded context. We apply this duality in particular to integral and basically full closures and their respective cores to obtain integral and basically empty interiors and their respective hulls. We also dualize some of the known formulas for the core of an ideal to obtain formulas for the hull of a submodule of the injective hull of the residue field. The article concludes with illustrative examples in a numerical semigroup ring.

Quantifying the Energy Impact of Soiling—Thanks to the Tool SoilRatio

Herein, a soiling measurement tool, termed “SoilRatio,” and its software is presented. The originality of this fully integrated device lies in its standalone feature and its sensors on a module scale. It is able to quantify precisely, quickly, and regardless the type of soiling, the production loss of a photovoltaic plant. Most soiling measuring devices consist of two similar modules mounted side by side, one is cleaned frequently and the other is left soiled. Other systems use a photodiode optical sensor that has to be calibrated according to the type of soiling targeted or a cell protected and another exposed as sensors. The sensor surface is too small to generate results representative of commercial modules and should therefore, be processed and interpreted. The concept chosen by the CEA is to use a pair of modules and cover one of them to keep it clean. In this way, it does not require any cleaning, which ensures better accuracy and lowers operating costs. Various experiments are performed to assess its performance and improve the SoilRatio device. The specifications document of the next version is already written to integrate modules with multiple measurement areas so as to identify the soiling patterns.

Asymptotic behavior of Ext for pairs of modules of large complexity over graded complete intersections

Let M and N be finitely generated graded modules over a graded complete intersection R such that \({\text {Ext}}_R^i(M,N)\) has finite length for all \(i\gg 0\). We show that the even and odd Hilbert polynomials, which give the lengths of \({\text {Ext}}^i_R(M,N)\) for all large even i and all large odd i, have the same degree and leading coefficient whenever the highest degree of these polynomials is at least the dimension of M or N. Refinements of this result are given when R is regular in small codimensions.

Cofiniteness of torsion functors of a pair of cofinite modules (II)

Let I be an ideal of a commutative Noetherian ring R such that the R-modules are I-cofinite, for all finitely generated R-modules U and all . Also, assume that the category of all I-cofinite modules is an Abelian subcategory of the category of R-modules and R-homomorphisms. It is shown that for each pair of I-cofinite modules M and N the R-modules are I-cofinite for all . Also, some applications of this result will be included.

A comparison of dust impacts on polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar photovoltaic performance: an outdoor experimental study.

Solar cells are considered one of the most important and widespread solar applications in the world. However, the performance of the PV modules is significantly affected by the dust in the air. This paper, therefore, presents a comparison of an outdoor experimental study of dust effect on monocrystalline, and polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) modules. For analysis, four 100W PVs were installed horizontally in Sohar, Oman. For each pair of PV modules, one was left dusty due to environmental impact, and the second was cleaned daily. PV performance and environmental parameter measurements were conducted every 30min for 35days. The effects of dust on current, voltage, power, and energy were discussed in terms of time and normalized values. Also, cleaning methods were tested to determine the optimum one. It is found that power degradation of monocrystalline (20%) is higher compared with polycrystalline (12%) due to dust accumulation. For monocrystalline, the current, voltage, and power losses ranged between 10.0-24.0%, 2.0-3.5%, and 14.0-31.0%, respectively. However, for polycrystalline, the degradation rates were 16.88-27.92%, 0.455-0.455%, and 17.14-28.1% for current, voltage, and power losses after exposure to outdoor conditions for the same period, respectively. The dust accumulation on the PV surface found after 5weeks is 0.493mg/cm2, which can be considered the lowest accumulation rate compared to other Gulf countries, but which, however, leads to less energy degradation as well. It is found that water is sufficient to clean PV in the study area. However, sodium detergent as a cleaner introduced better results compared to water, especially when there is high pollution in the location.

Artificial Neural Network Modelling and Experimental Evaluation of Dust and Thermal Energy Impact on Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Modules

Many environmental parameters affect the performance of solar photovoltaics (PV), such as dust and temperature. In this paper, three PV technologies have been investigated and experimentally analyzed (mono, poly, and flexible monocrystalline) in terms of the impact of dust and thermal energy on PV behavior. Furthermore, a modular neural network is designed to test the effects of dust and temperature on the PV power production of six PV modules installed at Sohar city, Oman. These experiments employed three pairs of PV modules (one cleaned daily and one kept dusty for 30 days). The performance of the PV power production was evaluated and examined for the three PV modules (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and flexible), which achieved 30.24%, 28.94%, and 36.21%, respectively. Moreover, the dust reduces the solar irradiance approaching the PV module and reduces the temperature, on the other hand. The neural network and practical models’ performance were compared using different indicators, including MSE, NMSE, MAE, Min Abs Error, and r. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is used for evaluating the accuracy of the ANN machine learning model. The results show that the accuracy of the predicting power of the six PV modules was considerable, at 97.5%, 97.4%, 97.6%, 96.7%, 96.5%, and 95.5%, respectively. The dust negatively reduces the PV modules’ power production performance by about 1% in PV modules four and six. Furthermore, the results were evident that the negative effect of the dust on the PV module production based on the values of RMSE, which measures the square root of the average of the square’s errors. The average errors in predicting the power production of the six PV modules are 0.36406, 0.38912, 0.34964, 0.49769, 0.46486, and 0.68238.

Pairwise Compatibility for 2-Simple Minded Collections II: Preprojective Algebras and Semibrick Pairs of Full Rank

Let \(\Lambda \) be a finite-dimensional associative algebra over a field. A semibrick pair is a finite set of \(\Lambda \)-modules for which certain Hom- and Ext-sets vanish. A semibrick pair is completable if it can be enlarged so that a generating condition is satisfied. We prove that if \(\Lambda \) is \(\tau \)-tilting finite with at most three simple modules, then the completability of a semibrick pair can be characterized using conditions on pairs of modules. We then use the weak order to construct a combinatorial model for the semibrick pairs of preprojective algebras of type \(A_n\). From this model, we deduce that any semibrick pair of size n satisfies the generating condition, and that the dimension vectors of any semibrick pair form a subset of the column vectors of some c-matrix. Finally, we show that no “pairwise” criteria for completability exists for preprojective algebras of Dynkin diagrams with more than three vertices.

PV-soiling field-assessment of Mars™ optical sensor operating in the harsh desert environment of the state of Qatar

We report on the field assessment of the Mars™ optical soiling sensor performance for PV-soiling measurement under harsh conditions of a desert environment. Mars™ was installed in a hot, sunny, and dusty climate in the Outdoor Test Facility, managed by Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute, located in Doha (state of Qatar). Mars™ is a compact system, easy to install at different geographical sites, and it is designed to allow an efficient and cost-effective PV-soiling measurement with lower labor and operation & maintenance requirements, compared to conventional soiling measurement requiring conventional clean/soiled reference module pair method. Despite some discrepancy in the soiling measurements that were more pronounced during certain periods of time than the others, overall, a good fit was noticed between the two methods. A mismatch of less than ∼ 0.1 %/day between the light transmission loss estimated by the MarsTM sensor and from a PV array is identified, and results are discussed accordingly. We demonstrate thus the feasibility of Mars™ to be deployed in different geographical locations and it’s potential in measuring wide range of PV-soiling in commercial-scale PV installations.

Frequency-shifted nano-particle sizing using laser self-mixing interferometry under linear current tuning

In addition to the traditional physical quantities (such as displacement, distance, velocity and vibration) detection that has been widely researched and reported, laser self-mixing interferometry (SMI) has shown great potential in nano-particle sizing during the last two decades, primarily depending on the incoherent stochastic superposition of the laser beam’s interaction with each particle in the illuminating volume. Particle diameter can be determined from the power spectra of self-mixed signals through Lorentz fitting. SMI particle sensing using laser diodes (LDs) always adopts direct current (DC) driving, so the spectrum peak occurs around zero-frequency and merely exhibits the right-hand half. Some other particle sensors using solid-state lasers (SSLs), however, prefer to employ a pair of acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) as frequency shifters, which pronouncedly increase the complexity and the cost of the whole measurement system. In this letter, linearly injected current is applied to a LD to achieve laser frequency tuning and conveniently shift the concerned Lorentz peak to any specified spectrum position, which simplifies the measurement setup and greatly avoids the influence of DC or low-frequency disturbance. The technique proposed is beneficial to developing low-cost, compact and precise SMI particle sensors or instruments.

Cohomological supports of tensor products of modules over commutative rings

This works concerns cohomological support varieties of modules over commutative local rings. The main result is that the support of a derived tensor product of a pair of differential graded modules over a Koszul complex is the join of the supports of the modules. This generalizes, and gives another proof of, a result of Dao and the third author dealing with Tor-independent modules over complete intersection rings. The result for Koszul complexes has a broader applicability, including to exterior algebras over local rings.

Versatile free-running ADC-based data acquisition system for particle detectors

A high-density and low-power (<300 mW/channel) data acquisition (DAQ) system integrating 2240 readout channels inside a single OpenVPX crate is presented. It is intended to be used in various applications, e.g. gaseous or scintillator-based particle detectors. 14 payload slots, controller and data concentrator communicate via a multi-gigabit backplane. Each payload slot consists of a front module for digital and a rear transition module for analog processing. A pair of modules implements 160 full readout chains including amplification/shaping, sampling, and feature extraction. The sampling rate and ADC resolution are configurable for 100–1000 MS/s and 14–8 bit, respectively. To extract the pulse arrival time we used a proper shaping of signals and a timing algorithm based on a non-linear rise approximation, which strongly reduces the sampling phase error, thus providing a good performance at moderate (100–250 MS/s) sampling rates. This allows raw data acquisition, arrival time extraction, energy calculation, and pile-up reconstruction for all 160 channels to be implemented in a single FPGA. It occupies less than 30% of its processing resources. The system was tested using the proton beam at COSY (Cooler Synchrotron) at Juelich Research Center (Germany). An off-detector DAQ with a 12-m long cabling was investigated. It introduces considerable additional thermal noise and crosstalk affecting the timing performance. For a sampling rate of 150 MS/s, the time resolution was found to be about 270 ps.