Pair Of Modes Research Articles

New purely damped pairs of quasinormal modes in a hot and dense strongly-coupled plasma

Perturbed black holes exhibit damped oscillations whose eigenfrequencies define their quasinormal modes (QNMs). In the case of asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes, the spectra of QNMs are related to the near-equilibrium behavior of specific strongly interacting quantum field theories via the holographic gauge-gravity duality. In the present work, we numerically obtain the spectra of homogeneous non-hydrodynamic QNMs of a top-down holographic construction called the 2 R-Charge Black Hole (2RCBH) model, which describes a hot and dense strongly-coupled plasma. The main result is the discovery of a new structure of pairs of purely imaginary QNMs. Those new purely damped QNMs dominate the late time equilibration of the strongly-coupled plasma at large values of the chemical potential, while at lower values the fundamental QNMs are instead ordinary poles with imaginary and real parts describing oscillatory decaying perturbations. We also observe a new phenomenon of asymptotic pole fusion for different pairs of purely imaginary QNMs at asymptotically large values of the chemical potential. This phenomenon corresponds to the asymptotic merging of the two poles within each pair of purely imaginary QNMs, with the different pairs of merged poles being evenly spaced by a constant value of 4π in all the different perturbation channels associated to different irreducible representations of the spatial SO(3) rotation symmetry of the medium. In particular, this indicates that characteristic equilibration times for the plasma develop upper bounds that cannot be surpassed by further doping the medium with increasing values of the chemical potential.

CNOT Quantum Gate Based on Spatial Photonic Qubits Under Resonant Electro-Optical Control

A theoretical model of a quantum node that implements the two-qubit CNOT operation with use of photonic qubits with spatial encoding is considered. Each qubit is represented by a pair of modes supporting an arbitrary superposition of single-photon states. The active element of the node is a single or double quantum dot with a tunable frequency, which coherently exchanges an energy quantum with the modes. The spectral characteristics of the quantum node elements are simulated. The probability of implementation of a controlled inversion of the qubit state is calculated depending on the system parameters.

Full-field Modal Analysis of a Tensegrity Column Using a Three-dimensional Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer with a Mirror

Abstract Tensegrity structures become important components of various engineering structures due to their high stiffness, light weight, and deployable capability. Existing studies on their dynamic analyses mainly focus on responses of their nodal points while overlook deformations of their cable and strut members. This study proposes a non-contact approach for experimental modal analysis of a tensegrity structure to identify its three-dimensional (3D) natural frequencies and full-field mode shapes, which include modes with deformations of its cable and strut members. A 3D scanning laser Doppler vibrometer is used with a mirror for extending its field of view to measure full-field vibration of a novel three-strut metal tensegrity column with free boundaries. Tensions and axial stiffnesses of its cable members are determined using natural frequencies of their transverse and longitudinal modes, respectively, to build its theoretical model for dynamic analysis and model validation purposes. Modal assurance criterion (MAC) values between experimental and theoretical mode shapes are used to identify their paired modes. Modal parameters of the first 15 elastic modes of the tensegrity column identified from the experiment, including those of the overall structure and its cable members, can be classified into five mode groups depending on their types. Modes paired between experimental and theoretical results have MAC values larger than 78%. Differences between natural frequencies of paired modes of the tensegrity column are less than 15%. The proposed non-contact 3D vibration measurement approach allows accurate estimation of 3D full-field modal parameters of the tensegrity column.

Nonlinear evolution of vortical disturbances entrained in the entrance region of a circular pipe

The nonlinear evolution of free-stream vortical disturbances entrained in the entrance region of a circular pipe is investigated using asymptotic and numerical methods. Attention is focused on the low-frequency disturbances that induce streamwise elongated structures. A pair of vortical modes with opposite azimuthal wavenumbers is used to model the free-stream disturbances. Their amplitude is assumed to be intense enough for nonlinear interactions to occur inside the pipe. The formation and evolution of the perturbation flow are described by the nonlinear unsteady boundary-region equations in the cylindrical coordinate system, derived and solved herein for the first time. Matched asymptotic expansions are employed to construct appropriate initial conditions and the initial–boundary value problem is solved numerically by a marching procedure in the streamwise direction. Numerical results show the stabilising effect of nonlinearity on the intense algebraic growth of the disturbances and an increase of the wall-shear stress due to the nonlinear interactions. A parametric study is carried out to evince the effect of the Reynolds number, the streamwise and azimuthal wavelengths, and the radial length scale of the inlet disturbance on the nonlinear flow evolution. Elongated pipe-entrance nonlinear structures (EPENS) occupying the whole pipe cross-section are discovered. EPENS with $h$ -fold rotational symmetry comprise $h$ high-speed streaks positioned near the wall, and $h$ low-speed streaks centred around the pipe core. These distinct structures display a striking resemblance to nonlinear travelling waves found numerically and observed experimentally in fully developed pipe flow. Good agreement of our mean-flow and root mean square data with experimental measurements is obtained.

An Exploratory Study of Contextual Control Modes in Teamwork.

This study investigated the relationship between human team member contextual control and team performance under time constraints. Contextual control modes, which describe different strategies for action selection in dynamic environments, characterize how humans maintain performance under variable demands. Control modes have not yet been studied in teamwork settings. Modeling of the cross-level interaction between team members' control modes and emerging team behaviors can improve understanding of effective teamwork in dynamic environments. A human-subjects study explored the relationship between individual contextual control and team performance. Questionnaires about contextual control were used to elicit individual control modes. Analysis compared team members' control modes and investigated how control modes changed under varying time pressures. Participant's control modes differed in their look ahead horizon, the extensiveness of prior action evaluation, and their prior experience. Many team members shifted control modes during trials, resulting in both convergence and divergence of paired control modes. No effects on communication rate were found due to changes in team members' control modes, but partially significant findings may suggest that the control mode divergence affects performance. Teams can operate in multiple control mode configurations that change dynamically according to context. Further research with an increased sample size is warranted to analyze how time constraints influence team members' control modes and overall teaming processes and whether divergence of team control mode is favorable under time pressures. Further study of contextual control in teams may help improve team design to better support teams in coping with time constraints in dynamic environments.

Research on Safety Separation Distance in Paired Approach Based on Monte Carlo Simulation

Faced with the increasing number of flights, efficient and orderly operations have become a critical issue for busy airports. The closely spaced parallel runway paired approach technology has been proven to be an effective solution for increasing runway capacity and operational efficiency. This research focuses on determining the safety separation between paired aircraft, particularly the collision safety limit. This study refines the kinematic modeling process by constructing a three-dimensional kinematic model and advancing the starting point of paired approach, making the simulation process more aligned with reality. Subsequently, the Monte Carlo simulation method is applied, integrating the kinematic model and considering collision risks to simulate the entire paired approach process. Multiple scenarios are created, and simulation experiments are conducted to determine the safety separation between the two paired aircraft. Finally, by adjusting parameter settings and taking the example of the two closely spaced parallel runways at Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, the correlation between various influencing factors and the safety separation is analyzed. Different scenarios are simulated 100,000 times each, and the results show that the speed difference between the two paired aircraft has the most significant impact on the safety separation, followed by the paired approach mode and runway centerline spacing. The wake turbulence category matching has a minimal effect on the safety separation. The results provide a theoretical basis for airports with closely spaced parallel runways to further reduce the separation between paired aircraft, thereby enhancing airport capacity and runway operational efficiency.

Numerical Study of Vortex-Induced Vibration Characteristics of a Long Flexible Marine Riser

In ocean engineering, interactions between ocean currents and risers lead to regular vortex shedding on both sides of the riser, causing structural deformation. When the frequency of vortex shedding approaches the natural frequency of the structure, resonance occurs, significantly increasing deformation. This phenomenon is a critical cause of riser failure. Therefore, the dynamic response of flexible risers to vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) is crucial for their structural safety. This paper employs the finite-volume method to integrate over control volumes to solve for forces, such as pressure and shear stress, on the surface of the riser, while the finite-element method discretizes the continuous structural body into elements and nodes to solve for structural displacements and stresses. A strongly coupled method is utilized at each timestep to iteratively transfer load-displacement data between the fluid and structural fields, updating the boundary conditions of the fluid domain to achieve a bidirectional fluid–structure interaction simulation of vortex-induced vibrations in a seawater environment for flexible risers. The study finds that the three-dimensional flexible riser exhibits multi-frequency vibration phenomena and broadband vibration response characteristics under high flow velocity conditions. As the flow velocity increases, the vortex-shedding mode is observed to transition from the simple two single (2S) mode to the more complex pair + single (P + S) and two pair (2P) modes. In addition, the stiffness at the ends is enhanced by the fixed boundary conditions, and the coupling between the natural frequency of the ends and the vortex-shedding frequency triggers complex vortex-shedding phenomena in these regions. At higher flow velocities, these boundary effects result in more complex vortex-shedding modes and stronger vibration responses at both ends of the riser.

Reciprocal or nonreciprocal bimolecular interface and quantum entanglement

We study a hybrid system of a plasmonic cavity coupled to a pair of different molecular vibration modes with the strong optomechanical-like interactions. Here, this plasmonic cavity is considered as a quantum data bus and then assist several applications. For instance, it can first establish a bimolecular interface to ensure the reciprocal or non-reciprocal information transmission, and then engineer both molecules into the steady-state quantum entanglement of the continuous variable through the dissipative method. In contrast to the traditional optomechanical system, this hybrid system can provide the stronger optomechanical-like interactions and more convenient controls to the molecular quantum units. This investigation is believed to be able to further expand the practical application range of quantum technology.

Baroclinic instability in the Eady model for two coupled flows

ABSTRACT The linear instability of baroclinic flows in two superimposed and coupled, immiscible fluids is studied theoretically. These flows are westerlies, and they are thermally or mechanically coupled. The fluids are stably stratified, internally and mutually (the upper fluid is lighter than the lower fluid). In each fluid, two-level surface quasi-geostrophy governs the evolution of the perturbed westerly flow. The perturbations are horizontal normal modes. Firstly, the models are not coupled and the flow instability in each fluid is validated separately against the results of the classical Eady model of baroclinic instability. Secondly, the two fluids are thermally and/or mechanically coupled. With thermal coupling, and for meridionally uniform perturbations, a new mode of instability appears for long waves. This pair of unstable modes converges towards the modes of the uncoupled fluids at medium wavelengths. For perturbations with a non trivial meridional structure, the thermal coupling essentially damps the instability. For an upper flow with a larger deformation radius than in the lower flow, the growth rates of the perturbation are therefore more strongly altered in the former than in the latter. With mechanical coupling, the instability is essentially damped at large to medium scales, while the short-wave cut-off is extended towards smaller waves. When the fluids are both thermally and mechanically coupled, these effects add up. This very idealised study is a first step towards studying more realistic cases.

Bi-orthogonality relations: general formulation, conversion to the FE format, and application for analysis of homogeneous and periodic waveguides

Bi-orthogonality relations are a powerful tool to solve complicated wave propagation problems in a surprisingly simple way. For any symmetric waveguide, these relations identify so-called Class A and Class B boundary conditions, for which eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of a slice of waveguide provide dispersion diagrams of propagating waves and (for periodic wave-guides) location of pass- and stop-bands. It is a straightforward matter to convert these 'class-consistent' boundary conditions to the FE format and use standard FE modal analysis software to study properties of waveguides of arbitrary complexity. However, an application of this methodology, especially for periodic waveguides, is challenged by the necessity to track mode shapes and pair Class A and B eigenfrequencies into their modal families. A novel algorithm to resolve this issue is proposed and tested on post-processing results of modal analysis in the AN-SYS environment. Underlying theory of bi-orthogonality, analytical solutions of benchmark problems, and FE case-studies are presented and explained.

Spin-wave mode coupling in the presence of the demagnetizing field in cobalt-permalloy magnonic crystals

We present the results of studies on the non-uniform frequency shift of spin wave spectrum in a two-dimensional magnonic crystal of cobalt/permalloy under the influence of external magnetic field changes. We investigate the phenomenon of coupling of modes and, as a consequence, their hybridization. By taking advantage of the fact that compressing the crystal structure along the direction of the external magnetic field leads to an enhancement of the demagnetizing field, we analyse its effect on the frequency shift of individual modes depending on their concentration in Co. We show that the consequence of this enhancement is a shift in the coupling of modes towards higher magnetic fields. This provides a potential opportunity to design which pairs of modes and in what range of fields hybridization will occur.

Decoherence-induced formation of sub-poissonian entangled and steerable states of collective fields

The decoherence process has a tendency to yield the evolution of a pure state into a mixed one and to cause the quantum-to-classical transition by the coupling of a system of interest to the reservoir with infinitely many degrees of freedom. This is the major obstacle to the implementation of quantum computation and hence the realization of quantum computers. We propose a scheme to create unconditionally sub-Poissonian entangled and steerable states of the collective cavity field modes by use of the dissipation process. Based on the suitable choice of combination modes, the scheme uses the inherent, efficient and controllable two-mode squeezed vacuum reservoir coupled to the combination modes of concern rather than the original cavity modes in the two-level quantum beat laser. The decoherence is shown to pull the collective modes into the sub-Poissonian entangled and steerable states in the stationary regime, while the job of the dissipation of the individual cavity fields is to give rise to the degradation of the bipartite entanglement of the two individual modes and to inhibit the occurrence of the quantum steering from one cavity mode to the other. In particular for the case that the external driving field is close to the exact resonance with the atom, the collective fields are eventually prepared asymptotically in the stationary Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen state, while the two individual cavity modes are pulled into the vacuum states and reach steady state. The disappearance of the decoherence disables the nonclassical states of the collective modes, while the ignorance of the dissipation process of the cavity field modes guarantees the generation of the entanglement between the pair of individual modes. The decoherence-induced formation of a nonclassical source is ascribed to the four-wave mixing process together with the intrinsic amplitude and phase locking.

Ion‐Pairing Chromonic Liquid Crystals via Alternately Stacked Assembly of Amphiphilic Charged π‐Electronic Systems

In this study, a new assembly strategy for lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) is proposed using iπ–iπ interactions, mainly comprising electrostatic and dispersion forces, between charged π‐electronic systems to form stacking structures supported by the hydration of triethylene glycol (TEG) units. Meso‐TEG‐aryl‐substituted porphyrin AuIII complex, an amphiphilic π‐electronic cation, showed diverse states and assembly modes in ion pairs depending on the coexisting counteranions. The PCCp– ion pair formed a hexagonal columnar (Colh) LC phase based on a charge‐by‐charge assembly, suggesting the formation of an ordered arrangement of charged p‐electronic systems through iπ–iπ interactions, with reduced interactions between the TEG chains. Furthermore, in the presence of water, LCLC behaviors in the Colh and nematic columnar phases according to the amount of water were observed for the PCCp– ion pair via iπ–iπ interactions. Magnetic‐field‐induced orientation of the charge‐by‐charge columnar structures upon dehydration was observed. Furthermore, single‐stranded charge‐by‐charge columnar structures, as components of the LCLCs, were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

OAM degree of coherence.

A new, to the best of our knowledge, scalar quantity characterizing radial correlations among all the orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes present in a random beam is introduced. It is given by the maximum value of the interference fringe contrasts produced by the filtered pairs of the OAM modes. This new measure is termed the OAM degree of coherence (DOC) in similarity with the electromagnetic (EM) degree of coherence which describes two-point correlations in polarization components of the electric field. The theoretical development is augmented by several numerical examples. Moreover, the possibility of combining the OAM and the EM degrees of coherence in one quantity is also outlined.

Mode pairing quantum key distribution with light source monitoring

Abstract Mode pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) overcomes the repeaterless bound without requiring phase locking and phase tracking. However, MP-QKD still assumes that the light source is trusted, which can present challenges in practical deployments and potentially introduce security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a light source monitoring (LSM) scheme that guarantees the security of MP-QKD with the untrusted light sources. The simulation results demonstrate that, when considering untrusted light sources, the performance of MP-QKD with the LSM scheme remains nearly identical to that of ideal MP-QKD, even in the presence of the source fluctuations. Furthermore, we simplify some of the complex integration calculations involved in simulating the observed quantities of MP-QKD, which reduces the running time of the parameter optimization procedure.

An invitation to resolvent analysis

AbstractResolvent analysis is a powerful tool that can reveal the linear amplification mechanisms between the forcing inputs and the response outputs about a base flow. These mechanisms can be revealed in terms of a pair of forcing and response modes and the associated energy gains (amplification magnitude) at a given frequency. The linear relationship that ties the forcing and the response is represented through the resolvent operator (transfer function), which is constructed through spatially discretizing the linearized Navier–Stokes operator. One of the unique strengths of resolvent analysis is its ability to analyze statistically stationary turbulent flows. In light of the increasing interest in using resolvent analysis to study a variety of flows, we offer this guide in hopes of removing the hurdle for students and researchers to initiate the development of a resolvent analysis code and its applications to their problems of interest. To achieve this goal, we discuss various aspects of resolvent analysis and its role in identifying dominant flow structures about the base flow. The discussion in this paper revolves around the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in the most general manner. We cover essential considerations ranging from selecting the base flow and appropriate energy norms to the intricacies of constructing the linear operator and performing eigenvalue and singular value decompositions. Throughout the paper, we offer details and know-how that may not be available to readers in a collective manner elsewhere. Towards the end of this paper, examples are offered to demonstrate the practical applicability of resolvent analysis, aiming to guide readers through its implementation and inspire further extensions. We invite readers to consider resolvent analysis as a companion for their research endeavors.

Introduction of the prompt γ-ray neutron activation analysis system at CARR and the first pilot experiment on boron-containing high-temperature alloys

A prompt γ-ray neutron activation analysis system has recently been developed at China advanced research reactor (CARR), the 60 MW research reactor in China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The system is set at the cold neutron beam guide with a thermal equivalent neutron flux at the sample position of 1.0 × 109 n·cm−2·s−1 with the power of 30 MW, and it is mainly composed of a neutron beam collimator, a sample chamber, a beam stopper, neutron and γ-ray shieldings and a detection system. The detection system can realize three modes of measurement: single, Compton suppression, and pair modes. The detection efficiency was calibrated up to 11 MeV using a set of radionuclides and the (n, γ) reactions of N and Cl. Boron, one of the most important elements in high-temperature alloy material studies, was analyzed in this work, as the first pilot experiment of the CARR-PGNAA system. The analytical sensitivity of 2000 cps/mg-B was obtained. The results verified the feasibility of the CARR-PGNAA system to measure boron in high-temperature alloys, and laid a foundation for the accurate quantification of boron in the next step.

Dynamic modeling and analysis of 3-RRCPR parallel pointing mechanism with clearance

In order to study the influence of kinematic pair clearance on the dynamic characteristics and pointing accuracy of 3-RRCPR parallel pointing mechanism, the dynamic model of spatial mechanism with three-dimensional revolute pair clearance is established. Firstly, the revolute pair mode considering three-dimensional clearance is established, and the normal and tangential contact force models between the kinematic pair elements are established based on Flores contact model and modified Coulomb friction model. Secondly, the dynamic model of parallel mechanism with clearance is established according to Lagrange multiplier method. Finally, the effects of different clearance sizes and loads on the dynamic characteristics and pointing accuracy of the mechanism are analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that the increase of clearance size and load will reduce the pointing accuracy, and the decrease of clearance size and the increase of load will enhance the motion stability of the mechanism. Reasonable clearance and load matching is conducive to improving the accuracy of the mechanism. This study provides a theoretical basis for the study of the nonlinear dynamic characteristics and accuracy of the mechanism considering the clearance.

Lattice Boltzmann simulation on particle suspensions containing porous particles in a narrow channel

The suspension of porous particles in fluids occurs widely in various natural and industrial processes. However, the sedimentation behavior of porous particles is not extensively understood as the solid impermeable counterparts. In this work, the drafting–kissing–tumbling (DKT) phenomenon in a narrow channel containing porous particles is investigated by the multi-relaxation-time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The initial particle spacing Lp* (1.5∼6) and Darcy number Da (8×10−6∼6×10−2) are examined on the sedimentation process of two particles under three initial arrangements, i.e., the trailing particle is porous (case 1), the leading particle is porous (case 2), and both the particles are porous (case 3). The results show that the presence of porous particles can enhance the interactions between two particles, and increasing the penetrability reduces the particle drag force to accelerate sedimentation. The drafting time is insensitive to Da at small Lp*, and it decreases with Da at large Lp* in cases 1 and 3 while it changes to increase with Da in case 2. A phase diagram with respect to Da and Lp* is further extracted to identify three sedimentation modes of particle pairs. It is found that the transition between the one-off DKT and repeated DKT modes is not affected by Lp* in cases 2 and 3, while the critical condition for the non-DKT and one-off DKT modes depends strongly on Da and Lp* in case 2.

On the flow dynamics around a surface-mounted cube and boundary layer effects

Motivated by contradicting or insufficient information regarding the large-scale flow dynamics around surface-mounted finite-height square prisms of small aspect ratio, the present study investigates the dominant vortex shedding and low-frequency dynamics around a surface-mounted cube. These flow modes were obtained from the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition of large-eddy simulation results, at a Reynolds number of $\textit {Re}=1\times 10^4$ and two different types of boundary layer: a thin and laminar boundary layer with thickness $\delta /D=0.2$ and a thick and turbulent boundary layer with $\delta /D=0.8$ . The main antisymmetric mode pair revealed a new flow pattern with the alternate shedding of streamwise flow structures, indicating a transition from the half-loops of taller prisms to only streamwise strands (i.e. no vertical core) for smaller aspect ratio. The formation process of the streamwise structures is due to a reorientation of the vorticity of the arch vortex in the streamwise direction characteristic of the shed structures. The low-frequency drift mode affected the length of the recirculation region, the strength of vortex shedding, and the near-wall flow field and pressure distribution on the cube's faces, leading to low-frequency variations in the fluctuating drag and normal force coefficients. These large-scale flow dynamics were similar for both boundary layers, but minor differences were identified, related mostly to the occurrence of flow attachment and the formation of a headband vortex for the thicker boundary layer.