Paecilomyces Variotii Research Articles

The mould resistance of carbide lime by-products from deposits

The article deals with testing and evaluating the mould resistance of carbide lime by-product from deposits in comparison with the effect of reference conventional slaked lime. The mould resistance of limes was tested on a mixture of mould such as Gliocladium virens, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium funiculosum, Chaetomium globosum, and Aspergillus niger as well as evaluated according to the method stated in the technical standard STN 724310: 1993. The evaluating scale for mould resistance is from 0 up to 5 in the fungal growth degree (FGD). The FGD value 0 stands for no fungal growth comes about and construction materials and products have the microbiostatic effect against filamentous fungi. The experiments confirm the microbiostatic effect against mould of carbide lime by-product from deposits as well as reference conventional slaked lime; however, the microbicidal effect against mould has not been confirmed at all; the inhibiting area—zone—did not form on the agar growth media around the tested samples. Application of carbide lime by-product from deposits ensures increased mould resistance of construction materials with the microbiostatic effect against mould in accordance with technical standard STN 724310: 1993.

Paecilomyces variotii extracts (ZNC) enhance plant immunity and promote plant growth

The crude extract of the endophyte Paecilomyces variotii known as ZhiNengCong (ZNC) has function of promoting plant growth and enhancing disease resistance and is widely used in China. Our study aims to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of plant growth promotion and disease protection. We generated transcriptome profiles from ZNC-treated seedlings using RNA sequencing. The function of salicylic acid (SA) in ZNC-mediated immunity was examined using SA biosynthesis and signaling pathway mutants. The concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in seedlings under ZNC treatment were measured. The effect of ZNC on the level of the hormone auxin in roots was tested using transgenic plants containing DR5::GFP. ZNC exhibited ultrahigh activity in promoting plant growth and enhancing disease resistance, even at concentrations as low as 1–10 ng/ml. ZNC induced ROS accumulation, callose deposition, and expression of PR genes. SA biosynthesis and signaling pathways were required for the ZNC-mediated defense response. Moreover, in improving plant growth, ZNC increased the level of auxin in root tips and regulated the absorption of N and P. According to these results, ZNC is a highly effective plant elicitor that promotes plant growth by inducing auxin accumulation at the root tip at low concentrations and enhances plant disease resistance by activating the SA signaling pathway at high concentrations.

Onychomycosis due to a rare fungus, Paecilomyces variotii – A Case Report

Onychomycosis due to a rare fungus, Paecilomyces variotii – A Case Report

Fungal Dirigent Protein Controls the Stereoselectivity of Multicopper Oxidase-Catalyzed Phenol Coupling in Viriditoxin Biosynthesis.

Paecilomyces variotii produces the antibacterial and cytotoxic ( M)-viriditoxin (1) together with a trace amount of its atropisomer ( P)-viriditoxin 1'. Elucidation of the biosynthesis by heterologous pathway reconstruction in Aspergillus nidulans identified the multicopper oxidase (MCO) VdtB responsible for the regioselective 6,6'-coupling of semiviriditoxin (10), which yielded 1 and 1' at a ratio of 1:2. We further uncovered that VdtD, an α/β hydrolase-like protein lacking the catalytic serine, directs the axial chirality of the products. Using recombinant VdtB and VdtD as cell-free extracts from A. nidulans, we demonstrated that VdtD acts like a dirigent protein to control the stereoselectivity of the coupling catalyzed by VdtB to yield 1 and 1' at a ratio of 20:1. Furthermore, we uncovered a unique Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) VdtE that could transform the alkyl methylketone side chain to methyl ester against the migratory aptitude.

Study of antiseptic properties of the flame retardant solution provided by oxidized plant waste with regard to wood staining and mold micromycetes

Antiseptic properties of the obtained aqueous solution of pine wood flame retardant with regard to 25 types of micromycetes have been evaluated. In was shown that aqueous flame retardant solution suppressed actively such species as Aspergillus terreus Thorn., Discula pinicola (Naumov) Petr., Leptographium fungi lundbergii Lagerb. & Melin, Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll., Paecilomyces variotii Bainier. The obtained solution of flame retardant in concentration below than 3% showed that the average affected area for all tested groups of fungi was 50.4%. Therefore, this flame retardant solution was attributed to the medium effective antiseptic agent for pine wood.

A Case of Pulmonary Mycetoma Caused by Paecilomyces variotii.

Fungal infections caused by Paecilomyces species are rare. Although most cases of human infection occur in immunocompromised patients, this species is also being increasingly recognized as a pathogen in immunocompetent individuals. Paecilomyces variotii and P. lilacinus are the most common pathogens in humans. P. variotii infection usually manifests as peritonitis, pneumonia or endophthalmitis. We present the case of an 84-year-old immunocompromised patient with interstitial lung disease, who developed pulmonary mycetoma with isolation of P. variotii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture. We found one similar case in the literature, but Paecilomyces species was not identified. Therefore, this is the first described case of pulmonary mycetoma caused by P. variotii.LEARNING POINTSPaecilomyces are rare causes of fungal infection in humans and occur more frequently in immunocompromised patients.Paecilomyces variotii is one of the most common pathogens of this species and is associated with peritonitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endophthalmitis and fungaemia.To the date, pulmonary mycetoma caused by P. variotii has been described in only one patient in the literature.

New Look on Antifungal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs).

The progress of research on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has led to their inclusion in many consumer products (chemicals, cosmetics, clothing, water filters, and medical devices) as a biocide. Despite the widespread use of AgNPs, their biocidal activity is not yet fully understood and is usually associated with various factors (size, composition, surface, red-ox potential, and concentration) and, obviously, specific features of microorganisms. There are merely a few studies concerning the interaction of molds with AgNPs. Therefore, the determination of the minimal AgNPs concentration required for effective growth suppression of five fungal species (Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium pinophilum, Chaetomium globosum, Trichoderma virens, and Aspergillus brasiliensis), involved in the deterioration of construction materials, was particularly important. Inhibition of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli) and yeasts (Candida albicans and Yarrowia lipolytica) was also assessed as the control of AgNPs effectiveness. AgNPs at the concentrations of 9–10.7 ppm displayed high inhibitory activity against moulds, yeast, and bacteria. The TEM images revealed that 20 nm AgNPs migrated into bacterial, yeast, and fungal cells but aggregated in larger particles (50–100 nm) exclusively inside eukaryotic cells. The aggregation of 20 nm AgNPs and particularly their accumulation in the cell wall, observed for A. brasiliensis cells, are described here for the first time.

Characterization and pathogenicity of a Paecilomyces variotii isolate infecting the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), in China

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), which is responsible for Huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease affecting Asian citrus. A fungal strain isolated from Guangdong citrus groves that infects D. citri adults was isolated and characterized, and morphological and genetic data identified this fungal pathogen as Paecilomyces variotii. The isolated fungus was able to infect healthy D.citri adults and cause a disease phenotype similar to that observed in the field, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. In laboratory bioassays, high levels of mortality were observed in D. citri adults after 10 days, and the corrected mortality rate was 98.86% using a conidial suspension of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL. Under greenhouse conditions, the corrected mortality rate of D. citri adults was 66.71% on the 7th day when a conidial suspension of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL was applied by spraying.

Characterisation of the biosynthetic pathway to agnestins A and B reveals the reductive route to chrysophanol in fungi.

Two new dihydroxy-xanthone metabolites, agnestins A and B, were isolated from Paecilomyces variotii along with a number of related benzophenones and xanthones including monodictyphenone. The structures were elucidated by NMR analyses and X-ray crystallography. The agnestin (agn) biosynthetic gene cluster was identified and targeted gene disruptions of the PKS, Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, and other oxido-reductase genes revealed new details of fungal xanthone biosynthesis. In particular, identification of a reductase responsible for in vivo anthraquinone to anthrol conversion confirms a previously postulated essential step in aromatic deoxygenation of anthraquinones, e.g. emodin to chrysophanol.

Assessment of Paint Layers Quality 2. Identification of biological species grown on a railway bridge

The species from the increased biofouling on the paint layers applied to the metallic strength structure of a railway bridge located in a Natura 2000 protected area have been identified by specific biologic and microbiological methods. As a result of the analysis of the biological samples taken on the field, it has been found that relatively large variety of filamentous molds are present (Aspergillus fumigatus, Asprgillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Paecilomyces variotii, Chaetomium globosum, Trichoderma viride, Stachybotris atra, Trichoderma sp., Alternaria sp and Penicillium sp.). Samples also show, lichens (Xanthoria parietina and Hypogymnia physodes) and lower plants capable of photosynthesis such as algae (Chlorophyta Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae) and moss (Lunularia cruciata, Marchantiophyta).

Фітотоксична активність деяких мікроміцетів

Weeds worsening the conditions of growth and development of agricultural plants cause great damage to the Ukrainian agriculture. One of the methods of biological control of weeds is the use of biogenic products of biosynthesis of microscopic fungi or preparations based on living microorganisms. The aim of work was to test phytotoxic activity of cultural filtrates of 82 micromycete strains of genus Penicillium, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Beauveria, Chaetomium, Curvularia, Endomyces, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Paecilomyces, Mortirella, Nigrospora, Pseudallescheria, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma, Ulocladium and separate strains Nectria sp., Phialophora sp., Verticillium dahliae isolated from different ecological niches. The micromycetes were grown on a basic nutritive Czapek medium. After 14 days the mycelium was removed through filtration. The culture liquid filtrates were tested against green algae Chlorella vulgaris 190 and seeds of couch-grass, white goosefoot and wheat. The screening phytotoxic study of culture liquid filtrate of micromycete strains against green algae Chlorella vulgaris 190 used standard agar well diffusion method. It is shown that 19 cultures were biological activities only. The wide spectrum of phytotoxic activity was characterized for Cladosporium cladosporiodes 9, Mortirella vinacea 78 и Paecilomyces variotii 69. The strain C. cladosporiodes 9 suppressed the seed germination of couch-grass and white goosefoot and did not suppress the germination of wheat. The strain M. vinacea 78 equally suppressed the germination of seeds like the wheatgrass and the white goosefoot. At the same time, P. variotii 69 is characterized by seed inhibition of goosefoot germination and the stimulatory effect on the germination of wheat seeds. The strain C. cladosporiodes 12 shown less active and inhibited the germination of white goosefoot seeds. The highest phytotoxic activity was shown by M. vinacea 74. He suppressed the germination of white goosefoot seeds by 50%. The strains Aspergillus ustus 103 and Penicillium acculeatum 122 showed phytotoxic activity only relative to couch-grass. It was shown that the phototoxicity of the studied strains relative to C. vulgaris 190 does not coincide with the phytotoxicity of these strains relative to the weed seeds and wheat, except M. vinacea 74. As it is no findings about phytotoxic effect of strains of C. cladosporiodes and M. vinacea and from the data obtained it might be inferred that the phytotoxic potential of these genus to be the most promising for further researches. Keywords : micromycetes, phytotoxic activity, test-organisms

Genomic and Genetic Insights Into a Cosmopolitan Fungus, Paecilomyces variotii (Eurotiales).

Species in the genus Paecilomyces, a member of the fungal order Eurotiales, are ubiquitous in nature and impact a variety of human endeavors. Here, the biology of one common species, Paecilomyces variotii, was explored using genomics and functional genetics. Sequencing the genome of two isolates revealed key genome and gene features in this species. A striking feature of the genome was the two-part nature, featuring large stretches of DNA with normal GC content separated by AT-rich regions, a hallmark of many plant-pathogenic fungal genomes. These AT-rich regions appeared to have been mutated by repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations. We developed methods for genetic transformation of P. variotii, including forward and reverse genetics as well as crossing techniques. Using transformation and crossing, RIP activity was identified, demonstrating for the first time that RIP is an active process within the order Eurotiales. A consequence of RIP is likely reflected by a reduction in numbers of genes within gene families, such as in cell wall degradation, and reflected by growth limitations on P. variotii on diverse carbon sources. Furthermore, using these transformation tools we characterized a conserved protein containing a domain of unknown function (DUF1212) and discovered it is involved in pigmentation.

Comparisons of the restoring and reinforcement effects of carboxymethyl chitosan-silk fibroin (Bombyx Mori/Antheraea Yamamai/Tussah) on aged historic silk

This work presents the results of the reinforcement effects of regenerated silk fibroin solutions (SF) of Bombyx-Mori, Antheraea-Yamamai and Tussah on aged historic silk. Furthermore, Carboxymethyl-chitosan (CMC) was utilized as reinforcement and antibacterial filler to further improving the mechanical properties and antibacterial effects. To clarify the rationale behind this process, comprehensive characterization was applied, and a speculative explanation was provided. The results showed that Bombyx-mori and Tussah have better restoring effects than Antheraea-yamamai. CMC has good compatibility to the SF, and the addition of CMC has significantly contributed to the improvement the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the restored silk, which is due to the formation of chemical bonding, strong hydrogen bonding and the construction of polymer network structure. The enhancement of crystallinity and reduction of β-turns structure indicate that the micro-defects in the crystallization zone of the aged silk has been restored, and the ordered arrangement in the long-range ordered structure has been improved within a certain range. It was found that the CMC acted as antifungal agents when introduced on the aged historic silk, reducing the growth of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Paecilomyces variotii to a certain extent, which were commonly found in storage areas of libraries.

Fungal diversity associated with crude oil-impacted soil undergoing in-situ bioremediation

In – situ Bioremediation of Petroleum polluted site by enhanced natural attenuation was investigated during a 60 days bioremediation using total culturable hydrocarbon utilizing fungi (HUF), fungal count and gas chromatographic analyses. Composite soil samples were collected from control, pre - remediation, during remediation and after remediation. The total culturable hydrocarbon utilizing fungal count in the polluted soil pre remediation, during remediation, after remediation and the control were 3.03 × 103 ± 0.02 Cfu/g, 1.30 × 104 ± 0.004 Cfu/g, 4.25 × 102 ± 0.04Cfu/g and 5.30 × 103 ± 0.07Cfu/g while the total fungal count were 1.51 × 104 ± 0.03Cfu/g, 1.77 × 105 ± 0.02 Cfu/g, 6.01 × 103 ± 0.06 Cfu/g and 8.15 × 104 ± 0.13Cfu/g, respectively. The physicochemical parameters such as pH, conductivity, total organic carbon, total nitrogen content, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), total hydrocarbon content, Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total phosphorus were determined using standard methods. TPH and PAHs in the polluted soil before remediation, during remediation, after remediation and control were 16,618 mg/kg,665.0 mg/kg, 280.0 mg/kg, 277.3 mg/kg and 154.14 mg/kg, 150.0 mg/kg, 26.0 mg/kg, 7.30 mg/kg, respectively. The HUF isolated from the polluted soil before remediation, during remediation, after remediation and control were Candida spp., Candida tropicalis, Candida globrata, Geotrichum candidum, Sepedonium sp., Aspergillus fumigates; Aspergillus niger, Phoma sp., Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus nidulans, Cladophialophora carrionii, Aspergillus spp.; Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Bipolaris spp., Gliocladium sp., Aspergillus niger, Bipolaris sp., Paecilomyces variotii, Aspergillus terrens and Candida glabrata, Trichophyton tonsurans, Rhodotorula spp., Acremonium sp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium sp., Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichophyton terrestre, Trichophyton sp., respectively. The overall data has shown a high level of pollution and that bioremediation enhanced proliferation of HUF with concomitant pollutants attenuation.

Effect of the taxonomic group of fungi and type of substrate on the antioxidant activity of a solid-state fermentation system.

The enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities of a solid-state fermentation system (SSFS) employing six basidiomycete and four ascomycete fungi on orange peel have been evaluated. Class comparisons revealed highly significant effect of fungal group on the antioxidant activity. Peroxidase activity appeared only in the basidiomycete fungi (particularly Pleurotus columbinus, Ganoderma resinaceum, and Pleurotus floridanus) whereas catalase activity appeared in the two fungal groups in favor of the ascomycetes (particularly Paecilomyces variotii and Aspergillus fumigatus). Maximal peroxidase and minimal catalase activities were found at moderate phenolic content, with extreme phenolic levels leading to low peroxidase activity but high catalase activity. Production of the non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics, flavonoids, reducing power, and DPPH scavenging) was in favor of the ascomycetes, which showed great native ability to synthesize flavonoids and also to release flavonoids from orange peel. The basidiomycete fungi, which have limited native ability to produce phenolics, had high ability to consume orange peel phenolics. By contrast, the ascomycete fungi exhibitedgreat native ability for production of phenolics and low ability to consume exogenous phenolics.

Mycobiota and chromatographic analyses of aflatoxin contamination of Aspergillus species isolated from poultry feed

AbstractFifty poultry feed samples were collected from five regions (Hail, Jeddah, Makkah, Qassim and Al‐Madinah) in Saudi Arabia, 10 samples from each region. Thirty‐two fungal species belong to 16 genera were isolated on both Dextrose Czapeks and Pototo dextrose agar media at 28 °C using two isolation methods (dilution‐plate and baiting methods). The most common species were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus versicolor, Emericella nidulans, Fusarium oxysporum, Mucor racemosus, Neurospora crassa, Paecilomyces variotii, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Qualitative determination of aflatoxins in 24 isolates of A. flavus and Aspergillus parasitcus were screened using ammonium hydroxide test. Fourteen isolates (58.3% of total isolates) exhibited positive reaction when exposed to ammonium hydroxide vapor. However, 10 isolates (41.7%) showed negative response for their abilities to produce aflatoxins. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cultural extracts exhibited variable levels of aflatoxins. The concentration of aflatoxin B was 18.0–204.8 ng/ml. However, aflatoxin G was 21.7–249.3 ng/ml. Culture extracts of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were also analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) for aflatoxins detection. Fifteen isolates (62.5%) exhibited distinct spots for aflatoxins on the TLC plate. Aflatoxin B was predominant. The Rf values of B1, B2, G1, and G2 were 0.78, 0.62, 0.46, and 0.38, respectively.Practical applicationsStudy of fungal content of poultry feed would contribute to know the aflatoxins producing fungi and avoid the hazard effect of these fungi by storing of feed in unsuitable conditions for germination and metabolites of these fungi. The ability of Aspergillus fungi to produce aflatoxins and concentration of aflatoxins in the culture extracts of these fungi give evidence for how much doses of aflatoxins expose to poultry industry and its negative impact on poultry production and human health.

Correction: Varioloid A, a new indolyl-6,10b-dihydro-5aH-[1]benzofuro[2,3-b]indole derivative from the marine alga-derived endophytic fungus Paecilomyces variotii EN-291

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.188.].

Bacteria and fungi in two air handling units with air recirculating module

This article presents and discusses the results of research on airborne and dust-borne microorganisms transported with air, and located in air handling units together with dust. Tests were carried out for two non-intact locked air supply and exhaust air handling units designed to provide the required microclimate conditions in non-typical large public utility rooms with different temperature and relative humidity requirements. The measurements were carried out in characteristic places in air handling units, such as the fan chamber, heat recovery exchanger, filters and in the room. To determine the total number of bacteria and fungi in the room and in the fan chamber, samples were collected by means of the sedimentation method. In the case of heat recovery exchangers and filters, swabs were performed from the surface of those elements. Particular attention was paid to measurements taken by means of the sedimentation method in the extract air chambers, where air velocity amounted to 2.16 and 3.18 m/s, respectively. Due to: a) significantly higher air velocity inside the air handling unit with respect to the gravitational fall speed, b) the exact direction of velocity vectors inside the air handling unit, the Petri plates were arranged in three different positions. The results of measurements showed that the arrangement of Petri plates in relation to the direction of air flow can have a significant impact on the obtained measurements, especially with regard to higher speed values. For air velocity of approximately 3.18 m/s, maximum values were obtained only for the “front” position. This could be very important, particularly if the determination of the quantity of bacteria and fungi in the supply air is required. Pseudomonas sp, Penicilium sp., Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Candida glabrata, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Paecilomyces variotii were observed in both systems.

Wettability, surface free energy and cellulose crystallinity for pine wood (Pinus sp.) modified with chili pepper extracts as natural preservatives

Fresh chili peppers (Malagueta, Red Savina and Bhut Jolokia) were used as natural finishing agents for Pinus sp. (Pinus). The solvent extraction of dried peppers produced a viscous liquid primarily containing capsicin, a pungent, lipophilic compound, and known as oleoresin capsicum (OC). Changes in surface wettability were monitored by the sessile-drop technique for samples treated with OC. The contact angles for untreated and treated Pinus provided the values of surface energy, with its polar and dispersive components, and polarity ratios. When treated with OC extracted from more pungent peppers, such as Bhut Jolokia, Pinus showed higher contact angles in non-polar probe liquids and higher polarity. The protective efficacy of OC was investigated against two wood-decay fungi, Paecilomyces variotii (soft-rot fungus) and Pycnoporus sanguineus (white-rot fungus). The treated samples, when submitted to fungal decay, exhibited reduced percentage of mass loss, which indicated that OC can afford surface protection under the conditions studied here. Changes in cellulose crystallinity were observed owing to distinct contributions from amorphous and crystalline zones of Pinus after fungal decay.

Microorganisms that attack forest species in the north of the state of Mato Grosso

Sawnwood presents one of the main forest products commercialized in the northern region of southern Amazonia, but due to its anatomical, chemical and physical composition, it becomes a target of deterioration of xylophagous organisms in general, due to the presence of parenchyma tissue in its constitution , The arrangement of the elements gives greater or less resistance to the proliferation of fungi in the cell wall, since wood that has high volumes of extractives, become more resistant and gives the wood a lower degree of susceptibility to the development of organisms in the cellular wall of the wood, works which identify xylophagous organisms in wood, are still in the initial phase, with few scientific studies on species of commercial interest. Thus, the general objective of the work is to identify the microorganisms that attack the wood of native species of southern Amazonia, as well as to classify the types of fungi attack in the woods, for the development of the study, such as the following species: cedrinho (E risma uncinatum ); white cedar (E risma bicolor ); cupiuba (G oupia glabra ); Rosinha (V ochysia maxima ). Six genera of fungi under the wood solution were identified during the evaluation period: Trichorderma sp; P aecilomyces variotii; G raphium arrosporium; R hizoctonia solani; L asioplodia theobromae and F usarium sp . are that they are classified in relation to the damage of the wood as stains and emboloradores. T richorderma and P aecilomyces variotii are categorized as wood shapers, due to an increase in quality, a quality of the wood, thus reducing its technological properties.