Paddy Fields Research Articles

Estimation of Soil C-Organic Content Based on Reflectance Values Generated from Spectrometer

C-Organic is an important component of soil fertility. The intensity of agricultural land use affects the organic matter content in the soil. A spectrometer can be used to measure organic matter content through reflectance values. This study aimed to compare reflectance values and C-Organic content in rice fields with planting Index (IP) of 100 and IP of 300 in Maros Regency, as well as to analyze the relationship between reflectance values and laboratory test results. The method used involved collecting soil samples from both types of rice fields, measuring reflectance using a spectrometer in the Blue, Green, Red, and NIR spectra, and analyzing their relationship with C-Organic content. The results showed that reflectance values and C-Organic content in 300 IP were higher than in 100 IP, with the highest coefficient of determination (R²) was in red spectrum, i.e. 0.9425. The C-Organic content at the research field was classified as very low, ranging from 0.61 to 1.05%, with a higher average in 300 IP (0.96%) compared to 100 IP (0.74%). This study concluded that a spectrometer can be a fast and accurate alternative for detecting soil C-Organic content, especially at a wavelength of 650 nm.

Molecular responses of paddy field carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the agricultural heritage to major environmental factors in paddy fields.

Molecular responses of paddy field carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the agricultural heritage to major environmental factors in paddy fields.

Precision management of Cd-contaminated paddy fields with high geochemical backgrounds in karst regions: integrating Bayesian decision tree and spatial zoning.

Precision management of Cd-contaminated paddy fields with high geochemical backgrounds in karst regions: integrating Bayesian decision tree and spatial zoning.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on antibiotic resistance gene spread from soil to floodwater in paddy fields.

Effects of nitrogen fertilization on antibiotic resistance gene spread from soil to floodwater in paddy fields.

Mitigating methylmercury in rice through ridge tillage: A sustainable solution for mercury-polluted paddy fields in populated regions.

Mitigating methylmercury in rice through ridge tillage: A sustainable solution for mercury-polluted paddy fields in populated regions.

Protists exhibit community-level adaptation and functional redundancy under gradient soil salinity.

Protists exhibit community-level adaptation and functional redundancy under gradient soil salinity.

A Special Insight on the Causal Agents and Mode of Occurrence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Infections in Rural Regions of Assam, India.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a life-threatening disease, especially in the Indian subcontinent. Knowledge about the nature and ecology of the dispersal of JE virus (JEV) vectors needs to be increased. This study mechanistically explores the ecology of JEV vectors and the mode and frequency of occurrence of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) and JEV infections. We established a linear relationship between environmental variables and JEV infection by JEV vectors (mosquitoes)-Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex vishnui, and Culex pseudovishnui. The relative abundance of three mosquito species was evaluated, and the JE Sample Positivity Rate (SPR) and JE Case Fatality Rate (CFR) were computed. Culex vishnui had a high abundance in residential areas during the transition from hot-dry (77.34%) to hot-wet period (78.66%) at temperatures between 31°C and 34°C and relative humidity of 80%-85.3%; this period also coincided with occurrence of AES (39 cases in hot-dry and 88 cases in hot-wet period) and JE (8 instances in hot-dry and 31 cases in hot-wet period). JE infection dominated near rainfed rice fields (rainfall: R = 0.67 at p < 0.05; rainy days: R = 0.74, p < 0.01). SPR was up to 32.28%, and CFR was as high as 42.86%; JEV infection was concentrated in adult male humans near rice fields (15.66%). Climate modulation over the years can influence the distribution of Culex vishnui and, hence, AES and JE cases. JEV infections tend to rise in JE hotspot regions, especially near rice fields. Thus, comprehensive epidemiological investigations will help prevent a silent outbreak of JE.

Rice stink bug population trends in dwarf lilyturfs prior to their arrival in rice paddies

Rice stink bug population trends in dwarf lilyturfs prior to their arrival in rice paddies

Quantifying the global methane mitigation potential of deep nitrogen placement in rice paddies

Quantifying the global methane mitigation potential of deep nitrogen placement in rice paddies

Comparison of testicular development of hybrid crucian carp (Japanese white crucian carp ♀ × red crucian carp ♂) in traditional pond, lotus pond and rice paddy

Comparison of testicular development of hybrid crucian carp (Japanese white crucian carp ♀ × red crucian carp ♂) in traditional pond, lotus pond and rice paddy

Improving gap-filling performance for CH4 fluxes of eddy covariance data by combining marginal distribution sampling and machine learning algorithm over paddy fields

Improving gap-filling performance for CH4 fluxes of eddy covariance data by combining marginal distribution sampling and machine learning algorithm over paddy fields

Effect of biochar application on yield, soil carbon pools and greenhouse gas emission in rice fields: A global meta-analysis

Effect of biochar application on yield, soil carbon pools and greenhouse gas emission in rice fields: A global meta-analysis

Risk assessment for non-carcinogenic effect posed by sulfates in water on the health of residents around The Sumpur River, West Sumatra-Indonesia.

The extensive agricultural activity contributes to runoff and plays a significant role in elevated sulfate concentrations in many global water bodies. In tropical regions, sulfate pollution and its associated health hazards have intensified, emerging as an international concern. However, these issues are often overlooked despite their potential impact on water and citizen safety. Present study intends to assess the risks posed by sulfate contamination to human health, given its critical implications for water quality in the area. The assessment was conducted through observations in seven water sampling stations established along the Sumpur River and its estuary in Lake Singkarak. The analysis of the collected samples reveals that sulfate concentrations at all locations remain within permissible limits, confirming the water's suitability for consumption. The Sulfate Pollution Index (SPI) values at all sampling locations are below 1, classifying them as unpolluted with respect to sulfate content. Additionally, the Hazard Index (HI) values at all locations were below 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic health risks to the public. However, location S5 recorded the highest average HI value, nearing 1 (0.95). One of sampling observations at S5, located near rice fields and settlement areas along the riverbanks, showed a value exceeding 1, which requires attention. Sustainable management of agricultural is crucial for mitigating potential health and dangers sulfate contamination and ensuring the safety of water for consumption in this region. Mitigating sulfate pollution from agriculture and residential areas requires a combination of technology, education, and regulatory enforcement. This approach should actively involve the community to create a healthier and more sustainable environment.

Investigations into the growth and formation of biofilm by Leptospira biflexa at temperatures encountered during infection.

The genus Leptospira comprises unique atypical spirochete bacteria that includes the etiological agent of leptospirosis, a globally important zoonosis. Biofilms are microecosystems composed of microorganisms embedded in a self-produced matrix that offers protection against hostile factors. Leptospires form biofilms in vitro, in situ in rice fields and unsanitary urban areas, and in vivo while colonizing rodent kidneys. The complex three-dimensional biofilm matrix includes secreted polymeric substances such as proteins, extracellular DNA (eDNA), and saccharides. The genus Leptospira comprises pathogenic and saprophytic species with the saprophytic L. biflexa being commonly used as a model organism for the genus. In this study, the growth and formation of biofilms by L. biflexa was investigated not just at 29°C, but at 37°C/5% CO2, a temperature similar to that encountered during host infection. Planktonic free-living L. biflexa grow in HAN media at both 29°C and 37°C/5% CO2, but cells grown at 37°C/5% CO2 are longer (18.52 μm±3.39) compared to those at 29°C (13.93 μm±2.84). Biofilms formed at 37°C/5% CO2 had more biomass compared to 29°C, as determined by crystal violet staining. Confocal microscopy determined that the protein content within the biofilm matrix was more prominent than double-stranded DNA, and featured a distinct layer attached to the solid substrate. Additionally, the model enabled effective protein extraction for proteomic comparison across different biofilm phenotypes. Results highlight an important role for proteins in biofilm matrix structure by leptospires and the identification of their specific protein components holds promise for strategies to mitigate biofilm formation.

Goldfish Ethnozoology in Kasepuhan Citorek as Biology Learning Content

Indonesia has a diverse range of freshwater fish species, making it possible for people to cultivate them. Goldfish are among the most economically valued freshwater fish species. Goldfish can be cultivated traditionally, as demonstrated by the indigenous people of Kasepuhan Citorek Lebak, Banten Province, who continue to practice traditional natural resource management. This project aimed to investigate goldfish farming utilizing an ethnozoological strategy to develop goldfish potential in the Kasepuhan Citorek and use it as the biology learning content. This study has been conducted in January 2024. Data were gathered through observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Data analysis is carried out in a systematic manner using the triangulation technique. The results of the study found that the process of cultivating Sinyonya and Kumpai goldfish types in the Kasepuhan Citorek area still follows the customs for generations by utilizing the surroundings and can be used as the learning content in biology learning for grade ten senior high school in the basic competencies of biodiversity and ecosystem studies. Goldfish are kept in cages along the river. Kijing and rice field snails constitute 90% of their daily diet. The spawning process of one female with three or four male goldfish on the rice field can be harvested eight months later. Goldfish farming gives considerable economic benefits to the indigenous inhabitants of Kasepuhan Citorek.The uniqueness of goldfish cultivation in Kasepuhan Citorek, it can be concluded that this study can be recommended used as a biology learning content of ecosystem and biodiversity studies in senior high school level.

Elevated ozone mitigates warming-induced methane emissions in a rice paddy field

Elevated ozone mitigates warming-induced methane emissions in a rice paddy field

Mitigating air quality and climate impact: A comprehensive analysis of paddy field burning emissions and green mechanisms for sustainable agriculture

Mitigating air quality and climate impact: A comprehensive analysis of paddy field burning emissions and green mechanisms for sustainable agriculture

Genetic evidence for inter-population male – Biased dispersal of lesser rice field rat (Rattus losea) in Zhoushan Archipelago, China

Genetic evidence for inter-population male – Biased dispersal of lesser rice field rat (Rattus losea) in Zhoushan Archipelago, China

Impact of triclocarban exposure on development and gene expression in the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae).

Impact of triclocarban exposure on development and gene expression in the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae).

Impact of pre and post-emergence herbicide applications on mimicry weed (Echinochloa colona) in rice cultivation for food security and sustainable agriculture

More than half of the worlds’ population relies on rice as their primary food source and India is a major exporter of Basmati rice, known for its fragrant, elongated grains. Echinochloa colona, a mimicry weed in rice fields, poses significant challenges for rice cultivation due to its morphological similarity to rice plants, hindering effective weed management. This experiment, conducted at Lovely Professional Universitys’ agricultural field during the Kharif season of 2024, evaluated various herbicide treatments combined with manual weeding. The treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The predominant weed species observed in the experimental farm was Echinochloa colona. Significantly lower weed density at 20, 40 and 60 DAT (1.88,1.72 and 1.37 no. m–2 ) and weed dry weight m–2 (13.99, 3.03 and 0.78 g) were recorded in the weed-free plot, which remained at par with the pre- emergence herbicide butachlor @ 1.5 L/ha combined with hand weeding at 30 DAT. The results showed that the weed-free treatment achieved the maximum plant height (105.68 cm), number of tillers per plant (18.55), maximum chlorophyll index (47.50 SPAD), dry weight (44.51g/plant) and leaf area (74.73 cm2 ), closely followed by the butachlor @ 1.5 L/ha combined with hand weeding at 30 DAT. The weedy check plot recorded the minimal values for these parameters, indicating the detrimental effect of weed competition. The research suggests that combining the pre-emergence treatment of butachlor with hand weeding significantly reduces weed competition, thereby enhancing the growth of transplanted Basmati rice.