Oxyhydrogen Gas Research Articles

Research of oxyhydrogen gas mixture influence upon diesel engine performance

The paper presents the results from testing a Volkswagen 1.9 D diesel engine on a test bench to work on gas-diesel cycle with oxyhydrogen gas mixture. Experimental research is done to show the impact of oxyhydrogen gas mixture on engine consumption and environmental indexes such as: fuel and specific fuel consumption; carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; oxides of nitrogen; smoke emissions. The oxyhydrogen gas mixture delivered to the engine intake manifold with constant flow rate. The results are obtained under research contract № 6524-4/2016.

Design and Manufacture of ICE Test Module to Reduce Gasoline Consumption Using Oxyhydrogen Gas from an Alkaline Electrolyzer

Internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are an important source of pollution gases; therefore, several research groups are implementing systems to reduce hydrocarbon emissions. Gasoline enrichment with alternative fuels such as ethanol, hydrogen, and others has been considered. This paper investigates the effect of a hydrogen–oxygen mixture (oxyhydrogen gas) injected to a gasoline ICE. The test module was adapted to a modified ICE with a hydrogen and oxygen intake system which is controlled by an electronic unit. Oxyhydrogen gas (OH2G) was produced by two water alkaline electrolyzers (WAEs) in a combined parallel-series arrangement, and their energy consumption ranged from 60 to 500 W with efficiency values between 50 and 65%. The WAEs used in this study were designed and built by our research group. The engine was working at a typical city-driving speed range from 1000 to 2000 rpm. The experimental work consisted of two main stages: In the first, the engine was tested only with gasoline, and in the second one, an oxyhydrogen gas volume was injected, and the total OH2G real intake in air flow was 903 smL min–1. Finally, the oxyhydrogen gas mixture allowed the reduction of gasoline consumption and contributed to a decrease in CO2 emissions.

Study of production optimization and effect of hydroxyl gas on a CI engine performance and emission fueled with biodiesel blends

Depletion and environmental impacts of the fossil fuel are the major concerns to think about the alternative energy sources to reduce the load on petroleum fuel. Researchers worldwide are working years to improve the biodiesel fuel economy and emission characteristic. At the same time, they are working on fuel development so that can be used in the IC engine without significant modification in vehicle design. Among different alternative fuels biodiesel as well as hydroxyl gas (HHO, also known as Oxyhydrogen gas) are renewable, recyclable and non-polluting fuel. In this study, HHO gas has been introduced with ordinary diesel (OD) and 20% (v/v) palm biodiesel blended with OD (PB20) for evaluating the engine performance and emission characteristics. Optimum yield of HHO was found using single anode and two cathodes from a solution containing 1% KOH and 100 ml of water producing 2150 cc of HHO gas when electrolysis was carried out for 15 min. Using the HHO generator, about 2% more power and 5% less consumption was observed for biodiesel blended fuel in a single cylinder CI engine at full load variable speed operating conditions. Besides, on an average 20% and 10% reduction of CO and HC emission were observed respectively.

Research on Real Time Monitoring of Carbon Deposition Engine Mixed Gas Removal Process

Mixed gas carbon removal vehicle running at idle state, sometimes the oil supply and power supply system of abnormal automatic flameout, the mixed gas carbon removal machine is still in the work of gas production, gas constant input of hydrogen to the engine, when the cylinder is filled with hydrogen after losing internal pressure gas pipeline and oxyhydrogen machine increased, easy for oxyhydrogen machine damage or accidents. In addition, when the vehicle engine is started again, because the cylinder is filled with hydrogen and oxyhydrogen gas mixture, ignition is easy to trigger detonation, causing serious damage to the engine of the car. Therefore, it is necessary to mixed gas carbon removal process real-time monitoring. This paper completes the real-time monitoring of oxyhydrogen carbon removal machine working process through the software and hardware design. The engine sound, vibration signals are extracted using the sensor, signal processing to extract the amplification, modulation for the switching signal for PLC identification. PLC switch signal from received signal extraction, the judge to eliminate interference, complete the oxyhydrogen carbon removal machine in addition to real-time control carbon process.

이차전지내 발생하는 수소-산소 혼합기체 재결합용 촉매의 성능 측정 및 이론적 모델 연구

이차전지내 발생하는 수소-산소 혼합기체 재결합용 촉매의 성능 측정 및 이론적 모델 연구

All Metal Low Resistance Oxy Hydrogen Gas Generator and its Integration with VCR Engine

Since its invention the oxy hydrogen gas has been used for many purposes like welding, lighting etc. In the recent past this gas has been experimented as a fuel additive in both SI as well as CI engines to improve the performance as well as emission parameters. Number of oxy hydrogen gas generators are designed and tested till today. This paper describes a new all metal low resistance oxy hydrogen gas generator which will be optimized in the later progress of the research work for maximum oxy hydrogen gas generation. In the later part of this paper a newly fabricated single cylinder twin spark variable compression ratio engine is discussed which will be further used for the testing of the oxy hydrogen gas from the optimized oxy hydrogen gas generator in blend with the hydrocarbon fuels at different compression ratios.

Degenerate explosion of oxyhydrogen gas at the third ignition limit initiated by the products of a heterogeneous reaction on an inactive catalyst (Quartz)

The heating of the wall of a reactor at the third ignition limit was measured during induction and explosion. It is shown that the heat released during induction is approximately equal to the heat released during explosion. It is established that in the induction period and below the limit, the reaction rate changes by a factor of about 10 with a change in the order of consecutive supply of hydrogen and oxygen to the reactor. This means that in these cases, the reaction occurs mainly on the wall of the reactor. The total amount of hydrogen peroxide and the peroxide radical HO2 below the third ignition limit was measured. It is shown that these intermediate products are formed in an autocatalytic heterogeneous reaction. It is established from the sum of the data from the experiments and the literature that an detonating gas explosion at the third limit is degenerate. The explosion is the result of accumulation and decay of the intermediate product in the gas, which is hydrogen peroxide produced mainly in the wall of the reactor.

HHO Gas with Bio Diesel as a Dual Fuel with Air preheating Technology

The increasing industrialization of the world has led the demand of petroleum based fuels. fossile fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain regions of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing energy/foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum. Hence, it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from resources available locally within the country such as alcohol, biodiesel, vegetable oils etc. This work focus on the production, characterization of bio-diesel and it can be aided with the oxy-hydrogen gas which can be produced by the electrolysis process from the water. This oxy-hydrogen gas has been pre heated with the help of waste heat recovered from the automobile exhaust. The use of water powered biodiesel in conventional engines result in substantial reduction in emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate. Also this pre heating of the air improves the thermal efficiency and reduce the vibration of the engine.

Investigations on generation methods for oxy-hydrogen gas, its blending with conventional fuels and effect on the performance of internal combustion engine

In order to overcome the drawbacks of the regular petroleum fuel, it is the need of time to completely or partially replace the petroleum fuel. But alternative options to petroleum fuel are having disadvantages. An electric or compressed air driven cars cannot be used where high torque is required or using hydrogen as fuel requires very costly storage equipments. In this research work an attempt has been made to reduce the drawbacks of petroleum fuels. Electrolysis of water can give us hydrogen in form of oxy-hydrogen gas which can be used as an alternative fuel for any internal combustion engine. This research paper discusses various methods designed for the production of oxy-hydrogen gas. Later blend of ‘oxy-hydrogen gas’ and petrol or diesel is used instead of only petrol/diesel to study the influence of the ‘oxy-hydrogen gas’ on the performance of the internal combustion engine. Oxy-hydrogen gas is an enriched mixture of ‘hydrogen’ and ‘oxygen’ bonded together molecularly and magnetically. Oxy-hydrogen gas is produced by electrolysis of water using caustic soda or KOH as the catalyst. Presence of ‘oxy-hydrogen gas’ during combustion process decreases the ‘brake specific fuel consumption’ and also increases the ‘brake thermal efficiency’. Water is one of the by-products of the combustion process which also decreases the temperature of the combustion process. It is safe to use ‘oxy-hydrogen gas’ as it is not stored but is produced and used as and when required. Together with ‘brake thermal efficiency’ engine shows improvement in the ‘brake thermal efficiency’ with the blend of fuel. All together it has been observed that the blend of ‘oxy-hydrogen gas’ and petrol instead of only conventional fuel improves the performance of the engine. Key words: Oxy-hydrogen gas, alternative fuels.

Degenerate explosion of oxyhydrogen gas at the third limit initiated by the products of a weakly catalyzed, heterogeneous reaction

Degenerate explosion of oxyhydrogen gas at the third limit initiated by the products of a weakly catalyzed, heterogeneous reaction

Helmut Werner

Angewandte Chemie International EditionVolume 49, Issue 44 p. 8070-8072 Author Profile Helmut Werner First published: 28 September 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201004903Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract “My favorite subject at school was mathematics. My first experiment which I did together with a friend at the age of 11 was an oxyhydrogen gas explosion …︁” This and more about Helmut Werner can be found on page 8070. Volume49, Issue44October 25, 2010Pages 8070-8072 RelatedInformation

Thermal Explosion of Oxyhydrogen Gas Initiated by the Wall of a Quartz Reactor

A criterion is proposed for ignition which begins on the combustion-chamber wall heated by the heterogeneous oxidation of hydrogen. Surface heating resulting in the formation of a chain-thermal avalanche and a hot flame front is calculated in accordance with Semenov’s postulate of low-temperature gas ignition on a surface. The surface self-heating (firing) occurs in the self-acceleration mode according to the Arrhenius law due to the burnup of substances that block the centers of heterogeneous catalysis. The criterion for ignition initiated by a heterogeneous reaction, in contrast to criteria for a homogeneous thermal explosion in reactors with an inert wall, was developed to calculate gas ignition in reactors with a catalytically active wall.

On the possibility of a thermal explosion initiated by a heterogeneous reaction between H2 and O2

The challenge of the authors of the present paper is to respond to the arguments of the above-published critical review (in what follows, it is indicated by [CR]). In the paper presented, the authors consider surfaceinitiated ignition of the oxyhydrogen gas at the first and third limits; flame propagation, detonation, and combustion of hydrocarbons are not considered. The authors [CR] develop a concept of initiation of the explosion of the oxyhydrogen gas at the third limit by branching chains and consider heat as a secondary factor, which accelerates combustion only at the second stage of the process. The authors of the present paper and [3] develop Semenov’s concept [1, 2], which implies that usually the primary factor acting at the third limit is heat. In this case, the explosion occurs as a result of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide whose main amount is formed above the second limit in the chain reaction with no branching chains [1, 2, 4, 5]. The branching factor φ0 in this region is negative [1, 2], and the fraction of branching chains is smaller than unity. Semenov considered that the chain-branching third limit is theoretically possible but is little probable in practice. Thus, in [6] (see also [2, p. 587]), Semenov criticized the paper of Akulov on the third limit in the hydrogen sulfide oxidation reaction and wrote about the oxyhydrogen gas explosion: “The third chain limit of ignition is sometimes possible, as was demonstrated by Voevodskii. We can see, however, that it arises only as an exception, under extremely specific conditions of the reaction, and only for the reaction of a rarely encountered chain mechanism. The reason for the widespread character of the third limit is the inevitability of the thermal explosion at sufficiently high pressures. The third limit usually has the thermal nature.”

Steady-state chemiluminescence of Eu-doped yttrium oxide crystal phosphors in the catalytic reaction of hydrogen oxidation

We report on the luminescence of Eu 3+-doped yttrium oxide phosphors brought in contact with oxyhydrogen gas mixtures at temperatures much below the gas-phase ignition point. Chemical energy released in the catalytic hydrogen oxidation is passed directly to the electron subsystem of the powder and subsequently converted into the visible luminescence radiation at 2 × 10 −6 quantum yield per H 2O molecule produced. Luminescence kinetics at various conditions are investigated to reveal the constituent stages of the catalytic energy conversion process. This observation could have far-reaching consequences including possibilities for the development of original chemiluminescent light sources, and novel electrochemical energy converters.

Initiation of chain and thermal explosions by the reactor surface. Criterion for the participation of branching chains in a thermal explosion

The combustion of hydrogen and silane is studied. It is established that the chain initiation reaction on quartz in the zone of hydrogen and silane combustion is manifested as an autocatalytic reaction which is able to initiate a chain explosion and participate in the initiation of a thermal explosion. It is shown that in the case of an oxyhydrogen gas, the assumption of a branching-chain nature of the third limit is inconsistent with Semenov’s law, which includes double exponential dependences of the chain reaction rate on time and temperature. A criterion for the participation of branching chains in complex processes is proposed based on the presence or absence of short delays of a thermal explosion (≈1 sec). According to the criterion, the explosion of an oxyhydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure with delays markedly exceeding 1 sec proceeds without the participation of branching chains and is consistently explained by the joint action of autocatalytic processes on the reactor wall and gas-phase processes.

Rays as weapons

Purpose Ionizing radiation is being regarded as life threatening. Therefore, accidents in nuclear power plants are considered equal threatening as nuclear bomb explosions, and attacks with dirty bombs are thought as dangerous as nuclear weapon explosions. However, there are differences between a nuclear bomb explosion, the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and an attack with a dirty bomb. It is intended to point them out. Method The processes are described, which damage in a nuclear bomb explosion, in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and in an attack with a dirty bomb. Their effects are compared with each other, i.e. explosion, heat, shock wave (blast), ionizing radiation, and fallout. Results In the center of the explosion of a nuclear bomb, the temperature rises to 100 Mio°C, this induces damaging heat radiation and shock wave. In the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant and in the conventional explosion of a dirty bomb, the temperature may rise up to 3000 °C, heat radiation and blast are limited to a short distance. In nuclear power plants, explosions due to oxyhydrogen gas or steam may occur. In nuclear explosions the dispersed radioactive material (fall out) consists mainly of isotopes with short half-life, in nuclear power plants and in dirty bomb attacks with longer half-life. The amount of fall out is comparable in nuclear bomb explosions with that in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, it is smaller in attacks with dirty bombs. An explosion in a nuclear power plant even in the largest imaginable accident is not a nuclear explosion. In Hiroshima and Nagasaki, there were 200,000 victims nearly all by heat and blast, some 300 died by ionizing radiation. In Chernobyl, there have been less than 100 victims due to ionizing radiation up till now. A dirty bomb kills possibly with the explosion of conventional explosive, the dispersed radioactive material may damage individuals. The incorporation of irradiating substances may kill and be difficult to detect (Litvinenko). A new form of (government supported) terrorism/crime appears possible. Conclusion The differences are important between a nuclear weapon explosion, the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, and an attack with a dirty bomb. Nuclear weapons kill by heat and blast; in the largest imaginable accident in a nuclear power plant, they are less strong and limited to the plant; an attack with a dirty bomb is as life threatening as an (“ordinary”) bomb attack, dispersed radiating material may be a risk for individuals.

Suppression effects of powder suppressants on the explosions of oxyhydrogen gas

Suppression tests of oxyhydrogen gas explosions were performed in an explosion tube with five types of dry powder used as the suppressants. The experimental results showed that the powder with large dust cloud density and small radius has better suppression effect, which agrees well with previous correlative results. Moreover, our results also showed that particles with chemical activity and light material density, their suppression effect are more prominent than that of the inert particles with heavy density. To discover the detailed suppression process of dust powder, governing equations were developed based on the homogeneous reactive two-phase flow. The TVD scheme and the Lax–Wendroff–Rubin scheme were adopted to solve the reactive gas phase and particle phase, respectively. The time splitting technique was employed to handle the stiffness of the coupled equations. Our calculated results showed that the dust cloud has the suppression effect on the explosion of oxyhydrogen gas, and with the increase of dust cloud density or the decrease of particle diameter, its suppression effect become more evident, which is in good agreement with our experimental results, in addition, the numerical results showed that with the same particle diameter, the suppression performance is enhanced with the reduction in particle material density.

A high-speed photographic study of the transition from deflagration to detonation wave

Experiments were conducted to investigate the DDT process of the oxyhydrogen gas in the rectangular detonation tube of 3 m long. The repeated obstacle was installed near the ignition plug and the effects of the obstacle on the DDT process were investigated. The behaviour of the combustion and detonation wave were visualized utilizing Imacon high-speed camera with the aid of Schlieren optics.

Katalytischer wasserstoff-/sauerstoff-rekombinator mit selbstbegrenzung

Lead-acid cells evolve hydrogen and oxygen gasses during the charging mode, which results in a water loss. Gas recombination devices extend the water refilling periods due to the recombination reaction H 2 + 1 2 O 2 → H 2O The recombination devices consist of: aerosol retainer, charcoal filter, catalyst, condenser, gas storage and vents. Theoretical models describing the self-limiting behaviour of the catalyst and the heat flow conditions in the device were developed. Design specifications of component requirements for a 435-W recombination device, which is capable of recombining 182 l/h stoichiometric oxyhydrogen gas, were also developed. Tests with the system (recombination device-lead-acid cell) showed that a maintenance-free and nearly gastight operation was achieved. The use of catalytic recombination devices improves the economy and safety of battery operation.

Seventy years fuel cell research

Fuel cells are devices of direct conventional conversion of chemical energy into electricity, that is, without using wasteful Carnot cycles. After a brief historical review there follows a specification of the discriminative features of fuel cells. General considerations of direct energy conversion by fuel cells are first discussed; `fuel cell' and `cold combustion' are defined and the ideal efficiency and the e.m.f. of fuel cells are derived. This is followed by a description of the mechanisms of fuel and oxidant electrodes. The equilibrium conditions of gas electrodes are discussed; the three-phase zone is explained as the locus of e.m.f. The voltage difference between reversible and terminal voltage of the fuel cell is called total polarization; it consists of six various kinds of overvoltage or polarization. The slowest reaction step of any electrode determines the limiting current density. Some theoretical considerations of the Volmer reaction are given to explain the exchange current density, the Tafel line and the electrolytic double layer. The Volmer-Tafel mechanism of the hydrogen electrode and the ideal and Berl mechanisms of the oxygen electrode are discussed. Most of the fuel cell types at present in use are described. High temperature cells work at temperatures of more than 500° C in order to obtain a higher reaction velocity. There are types of fuel cells for coal, methane and carbon monoxide; they use solid, molten or semi-solid electrolytes. Medium temperature cells operate at about 200° C with the effect of decreasing high temperature corrosion and increasing life expectancy. Bacon type cells operate with liquid electrolytes at high pressure with hydrogen and oxygen. There are two developments of ambient temperature cells operating on U.C.C. or Justi-Winsel electrodes. U.C.C. (Union Carbide Corporation) electrodes use hydrophobed carbon electrodes to keep the electrolyte out of the pores, thus obtaining short diffusion ways. Justi-Winsel electrodes use homeoporous metallic electrodes to get a large equilibrium zone. Both systems work on hydrogen-oxygen or hydrogen-air and have reached high current densities at mild operating conditions. In addition there are mentioned developments of fuel cells by the General Electric Co. and Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Co. Dissolved fuel cells work on conventional air or oxygen cathodes but with fuel anodes plunging into a mixture of electrolyte and liquid fuel. This electrode type needs only a two-phase zone for the electrochemical reaction and, therefore, promises high current densities. Finally, various applications and accessories are mentioned. Valve electrodes possess an inactive covering layer; thus they are able to store hydrogen produced by a cathodic current. Some types of valve electrode to store electrical energy or to interrupt hydrogen evolving reactions are described. Oxyhydrogen gas may be used directly without separation in catalyst electrodes. Developments in the conversion of carbon monoxide and ammonia into hydrogen are described.