Oxygen Production Research Articles

PH modulates efficiency of singlet oxygen production by flavin cofactors.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) are frequently used interchangeably in the catalysis of various reactions as part of flavoenzymes because they have the same functional component, the isoalloxazine ring. However, they differ significantly in their conformational properties. The inclusion of two planar rings in the structure of FAD greatly increases the range of possible conformations compared to FMN. An exemplary instance of this is the remarkable disparity in singlet oxygen efficiency production, Φ Δ, between FMN and FAD. Under neutral pH conditions, FAD has low photosensitizing activity with Φ Δ ∼ 0.07 while FMN demonstrates high photosensitizing activity with Φ Δ ∼ 0.6. Both adenine rings and isoalloxazine in FAD contain pH titratable groups. Through comprehensive analysis of the kinetics of the transient absorbance of the triplet state and the phosphorescence of singlet oxygen from FAD and FMN, we determined the correlation between different conformational states and the pH-dependent generation of singlet oxygen. Based on our findings, we may deduce that within the pH range of pH 2 to pH 13, only two out of the five potential structural states of FAD are capable of efficiently producing singlet oxygen. There are two open conformations: (i) an acidic FAD conformation with a protonated adenine ring, which is around 10 times more populated than the neutral open FAD conformation, and (ii) a neutral pH FAD conformation, which is significantly less populated. The FAD conformer with a protonated adenine ring at acidic pH generates singlet oxygen with approximately 50% efficiency compared to the constantly open FMN at neutral pH. This may have implications for singlet oxygen synthesis in acidic environments.

Waste biomass-derived activated carbons for selective oxygen adsorption

Activated carbons (ACs) derived from waste rice husk ash (RHA) exhibit remarkable potential for selective oxygen adsorption. The pore morphology of the prepared materials was characterized utilizing BET measurement, t-plot, and BJH-plot suggesting a linear relation between activation temperature and mesopore volume, whereas, micropore volume decreases at activation beyond 550 °C. FT-IR spectroscopy confirms their non-polar surface. Notably, AC-600 achieves an outstanding O2/N2 (0.21/0.78) of 152.7 at 0.01 bar at 25 °C, owing to the non-polar nature of the surface, favouring oxygen adsorption due to its low quadrupole moment. Additionally, the mixed micro and mesoporous structure of AC-600 significantly enhance the oxygen adsorption, showing an ∼18.4% (or 1.2-fold) increase compared to AC-500. However, a ∼32.3% decrease in oxygen uptake was observed for AC-800 due to excessive “burn-off”. Adsorption selectivity, assessed with Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory (IAST) and fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model, and adsorption kinetics, analysed using the pseudo-second-order Lagergren and Webber-Morris intraparticle diffusion models, highlighted the impact of activation temperature on the porosity of the material. Understanding the surface chemistry and pore morphology of activated carbon offers deeper insights to enhance oxygen uptake capacity, advancing the development of sustainable, industrially viable materials for oxygen production.

Tuning singlet oxygen generation with caged organic photosensitizers

Controlling the succession of chemical processes with high specificity in complex systems is advantageous for widespread applications, from biomedical research to drug manufacturing. Despite synthetic advances in bioorthogonal and photochemical methodologies, there is a need for generic chemical approaches that can universally modulate photodynamic reactivity in organic photosensitizers. Herein we present a strategy to fine-tune the production of singlet oxygen in multiple photosensitive scaffolds under the activation of bioresponsive and bioorthogonal stimuli. We demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity of nitrobenzoselenadiazoles can be fully blocked by site-selective incorporation of electron-withdrawing carbamate moieties and restored on demand upon uncaging with a wide range of molecular triggers, including abiotic transition-metal catalysts. We also prove that this strategy can be expanded to most photosensitizers, including diverse structures and spectral properties. Finally, we show that such advanced control of singlet oxygen generation can be broadly applied to the photodynamic ablation of human cells as well as to regulate the release of singlet oxygen in the semi-synthesis of natural product drugs.

Model-driven design and validation of glucose supply control in a tubular photobioreactor operated under oxygen-balanced mixotrophy

Scaling up bioprocesses remains challenging due to the partially unpredictable and suboptimal behavior of microbes during scale transition. Mathematical modelling serves as a valuable tool in navigating these challenges. In this study, we developed and validated a kinetic model based on the tank-in-series approach for a novel bioprocess known as oxygen-balanced mixotrophy with the microalga Galdieria sulphuraria. This model aims to facilitate the design of an effective glucose feeding control strategy tailored for two-phase tubular photobioreactors (TPBRs). The residence time distribution of our reference reactor was investigated by means of a tracer experiment. Qualitative analysis of the results indicated that our system was optimally represented by simulations with a 100 stirred-tank reactors (STRs).The controlled variable, oxygen concentration in the gas phase, showed a downward trend in simulations with simplified conditions: fixed oxygen production and balanced glucose supply. The decrease was caused by dominant net heterotrophic activity and accumulation of CO2 in the gas phase. Different configurations of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller were designed by means of the ultimate gain method and compared under these simplified conditions. The most effective PID controller was implemented and refined in simulations with outdoor weather conditions. The model was validated successfully by simulating over time in a lab-scale STR the spatial fluctuations happening in a TPBR. The empirical oxygen consumption and production were faster and steeper than in the model, probably due to inaccuracies in parameter estimation or biomass adaptation.

The encapsulation of noble metal over metal oxide semiconductor TiO2@Ag for the degradation of sulphur dye in effluent water by photocatalysis and electrochemical water splitting

Metal Oxide Semiconductor - Metal core-shell nanostructure with TiO2 as core and Ag nanoparticles as shell (TiO2@Ag) have been synthesized by a simple, environmentally friendly room temperature wet chemical method. The prepared TiO2@Ag core-shell nanoparticle was characterized by using various analytic techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of tetragonal bcc structure anatase phase of TiO2 and Face-Centred Cubic structure (fcc) of silver in core-shell nanostructure. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study proved the presence of characteristic peaks of both TiO2 and Ag. XPS study revealed the existence Ti4+ and metallic silver in core-shell nanostructure, High - Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR–TEM) and High - Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR–SEM) revealed the covering of Ag nanoparticles at the surface of TiO2 spheres. The TiO2@Ag core-shell nanoparticles exhibit a high residual mass of 95.9 % and stability to withstand up to 1000 °C. The prepared TiO2@Ag core-shell nanoparticles as photocatalyst showed enhanced photocatalytic degradation (240 min) of sulphur dye in effluent water with a degradation efficiency of 81 % and capable of employing in wastewater treatment to eliminate toxic elements present in it. In the current study, we have used core-shell nanoparticles prepared using the wet chemical method at room temperature. The prepared core-shell nanoparticles were used to study the photocatalytic degradation of sulphur black dye directly collected from textile effluent water. They were also used for the production of oxygen and hydrogen through the electrolysis process. The synthesized TiO2@Ag core-shell nanoparticles act as effective electrocatalyst for the production of oxygen and hydrogen through oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using the electrolysis process.

BODIPY‐based iridium and ruthenium complexes: Synthesis, photophysical, and photochemical properties

AbstractThe design, synthesis, and characterization of novel BODPY‐based iridium and ruthenium complexes were reported. The structures of new compounds were fully characterized by FT‐IR, MALDI‐TOF mass analysis, elemental analysis, 1H, and 19F NMR spectroscopies. Precursor BODIPY was characterized by single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction technique for the first time. Photophysical properties including absorption and emission profiles and lifetimes were investigated via UV–vis absorption and emission spectroscopy. Photochemical properties were investigated via direct method, and the singlet oxygen production capabilities of new complexes were determined by NIR phosphorescence methods. BODIPY‐based new complexes were efficient at producing 1O2. Besides, both complexes showed more remarkable photosensitization ability than some commonly used photosensitizer based on BODIPY derivatives. This study points out that novel complexes are effective 1O2 photosensitizers that might be used for different application areas like photodynamic therapy.

Neoarchaean oxygen-based nitrogen cycle en route to the Great Oxidation Event.

The nitrogen isotopic composition of sedimentary rocks (δ15N) can trace redox-dependent biological pathways and early Earth oxygenation1,2. However, there is no substantial change in the sedimentary δ15N record across the Great Oxidation Event about 2.45 billion years ago (Ga)3, a prominent redox change. This argues for a temporal decoupling between the emergence of the first oxygen-based oxidative pathways of the nitrogen cycle and the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen after 2.45 Ga (ref. 3). The transition between both states shows strongly positive δ15N values (10-50‰) in rocks deposited between 2.8 Gaand 2.6 Ga, but their origin and spatial extent remain uncertain4,5. Here we report strongly positive δ15N values (>30‰) in the 2.68-Gyr-old shallow to deep marine sedimentary deposit of the Serra Sul Formation6, Amazonian Craton, Brazil. Our findings are best explained by regionally variable extents of ammonium oxidation to N2 or N2O tied to a cryptic oxygen cycle, implying that oxygenic photosynthesis was operating at 2.7 Ga. Molecular oxygen production probably shifted the redox potential so that an intermediate N cycle based on ammonium oxidation developed before nitrate accumulation in surface waters. We propose to name this period, when strongly positive nitrogen isotopic compositions are superimposed on the usual range of Precambrian δ15N values, the Nitrogen Isotope Event. We suggest that it marks the earliest steps of the biogeochemical reorganizations that led to the Great Oxidation Event.

Ti3C2 quantum dots-modified oxygen-vacancy-rich BiOBr hollow microspheres toward optimized photocatalytic performance

The Ti3C2 quantum dots (QDs)/oxygen-vacancy-rich BiOBr hollow microspheres composite photocatalyst was prepared using solvothermal synthesis and electrostatic self-assembly techniques. Together, Ti3C2QDs and oxygen vacancies (OVs) enhanced photocatalytic activity by broadening light absorption and improving charge transfer and separation processes, resulting in a significant performance boost. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic efficiency of Ti3C2 QDs/BiOBr-OVs is assessed to investigate its capability for oxygen evolution and degradation of tetracycline (TC) and Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible-light conditions. The rate of oxygen production is observed to be 5.1 times higher than that of pure BiOBr-OVs, while the photocatalytic degradation rates for TC and RhB is up to 97.27% and 99.8%, respectively. The synergistic effect between Ti3C2QDs and OVs greatly enhances charge separation, leading to remarkable photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the hollow microsphere contributes to the enhanced photocatalytic performance by facilitating multiple light scatterings and providing ample surface-active sites. The resultant Ti3C2QDs/BiOBr-OVs composite photocatalyst demonstrates significant potential for environmental applications.

Enhancing energy efficiency: Design and simulation of air fractionation unit integrated through LNG cold energy and two‐stage organic Rankine cycles

AbstractThe study explores air separation processes, proposing an innovative design incorporating liquid natural gas (LNG)'s two‐stage Rankine cycles to address traditional approaches' complexity and energy intensity. Significant wastage of energy during air compression in standard units is recuperated for liquefied natural gas regasification, with a focus on enhancing cold energy recovery, emphasizing cryogenic LNG advantages. Aspen HYSYS (12.1) is used for process modelling and simulation evaluating a combined two‐stage Rankine cycle integrated into air separation. Specific energy requirements for high‐purity oxygen and nitrogen production are reduced to 0.38 and 0.12 kWh/kg, respectively. The integrated Rankine cycle generates 4456.32 kW, which is sufficient for air separation process. Exergy destruction and component efficiency are explored and parametric optimization, revealing LNG variables' significant impact. Economic analysis indicates a fair 5.25‐year payback period. This approach aligns with sustainability goals, providing a compelling efficiency‐enhancing option for the LNG sector.

Species-specific effects of light and temperature on photosynthesis and respiration among Symbiodiniaceae (Dinophyceae)

Coral reefs are exposed to various environmental stressors that cause bleaching events, whereby endosymbiotic microalgae (Symbiodiniaceae) disassociate from coral hosts. Bleached corals are compromised and face mortality. The combination of high-light exposure and elevated seawater temperature often lead to coral bleaching. The physiological properties of the Symbiodiniaceae within the coral tissues contribute to the thermal tolerance of the holobiont (the host and all its symbionts). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of light and temperature stress on four Symbiodiniaceae species from three genera with respect to photosynthetic oxygen production and consumption. Under control conditions, the species displayed predominantly low-to-moderate light requirements for photosynthesis with increased photoinhibition at higher photon flux rates. After 30 days of heat acclimation at 32 °C, maximum photosynthetic activity declined in Effrenium voratum, doubled in Fugacium kawagutii, and remained unchanged in Breviolum psygmophilum. In subsequent acute heating assays, species-specific effects on maximum photosynthetic activity were observed. Photosynthesis in all species declined across a temperature gradient between 25 and 39 °C in the acute heating assays; full inhibition occurred at 37 °C in B. psygmophilum and E. voratum and at 39 °C in B. aenigmaticum and F. kawagutii. In contrast, respiration remained largely constant in all species across temperatures. Our data point to species-specific photophysiological traits that lead to different thermal tolerances among Symbiodiniaceae.

Fractional Poisson and Gamma Models for Rainfall: Implications Climate Change and Marine Ecosystems

This research explores the benefits of using fractional Poisson and fractional Gamma models in rainfall modeling, highlighting their advantages in handling zero-inflated data, reducing overdispersion, and providing greater flexibility and accuracy. The second part of this study delves into the dynamic interplay between oceanic ecosystems and global climate change. It focuses on the role of phytoplankton in oxygen production and the impact of warming waters on this delicate balance. By employing mathematical models integrating differential equations and Brownian motion, the study offers a comprehensive framework for understanding how varying rates of oxygen production influence the sustainability of oceanic ecosystems. Finally, the research incorporates fractional Brownian motion into modeling plankton-oxygen dynamics, addressing the limitations of traditional Brownian motion. This approach captures the long-range dependencies and persistent effects critical for predicting the response of marine ecosystems to climate change. The findings underscore the need for nuanced mitigation strategies to address the imminent risks posed by global warming on marine life and atmospheric oxygen levels.

Surface Cladding Engineering via Oxygen Sulfur Distribution for Stable Electrocatalytic Oxygen Production.

Inevitable leaching and corrosion under anodic oxidative environment greatly restrict the lifespan of most catalysts with excellent primitive activity for oxygen production. Here, based on Fick' s Law, we present a surface cladding strategy to mitigate Ni dissolution and stabilize lattice oxygen triggering by directional flow of interfacial electrons and strong electronic interactions via constructing elaborately cladding-type NiO/NiS heterostructure with controlled surface thickness. Multiple in situ characterization technologies indicated that this strategy can effectively prevent the irreversible Ni ions leaching and inhibit lattice oxygen from participating in anodic reaction. Combined with density functional theory calculations, we reveal that the stable interfacial O-Ni-S arrangement can facilitate the accumulation of electrons on surficial NiO side and weaken its Ni-O covalency. This would suppress the overoxidation of Ni and simultaneously fixing the lattice oxygen, thus enabling catalysts with boosted corrosion resistance without sacrificing its activity. Consequently, this cladding-type NiO/NiS heterostructure exhibits excellent performance with a low overpotential of 256 mV after 500 h. Based on Fick's law, this work demonstrates the positive effect of surface modification through precisely adjusting of the oxygen-sulfur exchange process, which has paved an innovative and effective way to solve the instability problem of anodic oxidation.

Establishment of NK Cell Natural Immunotherapy for Cancer Prevention and Treatment Using the Natural Terpenes Derived from Forest Phytoncide

The active ingredient of forest phytoncide has many remarkable biological activities, especially in the aspect of anti-tumor. It can activate NK cells, increase the number of NK cells and the expression level of anti-cancer protein in NK cells, induce the self-apoptosis of cancer cells, and help the human body effectively complete the cellular immune anti-cancer mechanism. If we replace ordinary air with natural forest air as a new pressurizing medium and input it into the hyperbaric oxygen chamber, after being processed by hyperbaric oxygen chamber oxygen production technology, the high pressure oxygen of forest phytoncide is generated. At this time, the high pressure oxygen inhaled into the body is different from natural forest air or ordinary air. The fundamental difference is that the high pressure oxygen inhaled into the body at this time contains both high concentration of oxygen and high concentration of phytoncide, moreover the phytoncide concentration and oxygen concentration are much higher than the natural forest air or ordinary air. After it is inhaled by the human body into the alveoli, it can reach the peripheral blood through the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation, and the high concentration of the active component terpene of phytoncide has an opportunity to directly contact NK cells and fully play the biological activity of activating NK cells. The high pressure oxygen that enters the alveoli simultaneously with phytoncide gas also passes through the pulmonary and systemic circulation, reaches the peripheral blood, Oxygen is released from the oxygenated hemoglobin, passes through the cell membrane and enters the mitochondria in the cells to provide sufficient energy for the physiological activities of NK cells. By applying this basic principle, we can establish a satisfactory NK cell natural immunotherapy for cancer prevention and treatment that can be accepted by humanity in the long run.

Multiple RONS-Loaded Plasma-Activated Ice Microneedle Patches for Transdermal Treatment of Psoriasis.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a fledgling therapeutic technique for psoriasis treatment with noninvasiveness, but clinical adoption has been stifled by the insufficient production and delivery of plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Herein, patches of air-discharge plasma-activated ice microneedles (PA-IMNs) loaded with multiple RONS are designed for local transdermal delivery to treat psoriasis as an alternative to direct CAP irradiation treatment. By mixing two RONS generated by the air-discharge plasma in the NOx mode and O3 mode, abundant high-valence RONS are produced and incorporated into PA-IMNs via complex gas-gas and gas-liquid reactions. The PA-IMNs abrogate keratinocyte overproliferation by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis of keratinocytes. The in vivo transdermal treatment confirms that PA-IMNs produce significant anti-inflammatory and therapeutic actions for imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice by inhibiting the release of associated inflammatory factors while showing no evident systemic toxicity. Therefore, PA-IMNs have a large potential in transdermal delivery platforms as they overcome the limitations of using CAP directly in the clinical treatment of psoriasis.

Preparation of Non-Noble Metal Catalyst FeCo2O4/MoS2 for Production of Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrochemical Decomposition of Water

Preparation of Non-Noble Metal Catalyst FeCo2O4/MoS2 for Production of Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrochemical Decomposition of Water

Near-Infrared Laser-Switching DNA Phase Separation Nanoinducer for Glioma Therapy.

DNA phase separation participates in chromatin packing for the modulation of gene transcription, but the induction of DNA phase separation in living cells for disease treatment faces huge challenges. Herein, we construct a Ru(II)-polypyridyl-loaded upconversion nanoplatform (denoted as UCSNs-R) to achieve the manipulation of DNA phase separation and production of abundant singlet oxygen (1O2) for efficient treatment of gliomas. The utilization of the UCSN not only facilitates high loading of Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes (RuC) but also promotes the conversion of near-infrared (NIR) laser to ultraviolet light for efficient 1O2 generation. The released RuC exhibit DNA "light-switch" behavior and high DNA binding affinity that induce phase separation of DNA in living cells, thus resulting in DNA damage and suppressing tumor-cell growth. In vivo investigation demonstrates the high capability of UCSNs-R in inhibiting tumor proliferation under NIR laser illumination. This work represents a paradigm for designing a DNA phase separation nanoinducer through integration of the UCSN with Ru(II)-polypyridyl-based complexes for efficient therapy of gliomas.

Plant competition cues activate a singlet oxygen signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Oxidative stress responses of Arabidopsis to reflected low red to far-red signals (R:FR ≈ 0.3) generated by neighboring weeds or an artificial source of FR light were compared with a weed-free control (R:FR ≈1.6). In the low R:FR treatments, induction of the shade avoidance responses (SAR) coincided with increased leaf production of singlet oxygen (1O2). This 1O2 increase was not due to protochlorophyllide accumulation and did not cause cell death. Chemical treatments, however, with 5-aminolevulinic acid (the precursor of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis) and glutathione (a quinone A reductant) enhanced cell death and growth inhibition. RNA sequencing revealed that transcriptome responses to the reflected low R:FR light treatments minimally resembled previously known Arabidopsis 1O2 generating systems that rapidly generate 1O2 following a dark to light transfer. The upregulation of only a few early 1O2 responsive genes (6 out of 1931) in the reflected low R:FR treatments suggested specificity of the 1O2 signaling. Moreover, increased expression of two enzyme genes, the SULFOTRANSFERASE ST2A (ST2a) and the early 1O2-responsive IAA-LEUCINE RESISTANCE (ILR)-LIKE6 (ILL6), which negatively regulate jasmonate level, suggested that repression of bioactive JAs may promote the shade avoidance (versus defense) and 1O2 acclimation (versus cell death) responses to neighboring weeds.

Hierarchical Anion Exchange and Reverse Electron Transfer in Layered Double Hydroxides/Peroxymonosulfate System for Roxarsone Elimination.

Roxarsone (ROX) is the main form of arsenic pollution in the world, and developing effective methods for its elimination is beneficial to human health and the ecological environment. Herein, we report glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan-encapsulated CoCe-LDH (layered double hydroxides) as an outstanding catalyst for the advanced oxidation of ROX and the efficient adsorption of inorganic arsenic. 100% of ROX and more than 98.5% of As(III)/As(V) were eliminated, and over 99.3% of remaining inorganic arsenic was oxidized to low-toxicity As(V) in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation system, and some specific properties of LDH are considered the main reasons. The hierarchical anion exchange has been confirmed to be beneficial for constructing a high-concentration PMS interlayer microenvironment. The unique reverse electron transfer process induced 100% selective production of singlet oxygen. This work not only develops an advanced ROX removal method but also provides a new understanding of the LDH-based advanced oxidation process.

Ultrasound-assisted water oxidation: unveiling the role of piezoelectric metal-oxide sonocatalysts for cancer treatment

Ultrasound radiation has been widely used in biomedical application for both diagnosis and therapy. Metal oxides nanoparticles (NPs), like ZnO or TiO2 NPs, have been widely demonstrated to act as excellent sonocatalysts and significantly enhance cavitation at their surface, making them optimal for sonodynamic cancer therapy. These NPs often possess semiconductive and piezoelectric properties that contribute to the complex phenomena occurring at the water-oxide interface during sonostimulation. Despite the great potential in applied sonocatalysis and water splitting, the complex mechanism that governs the phenomenon is still a research subject. This work investigates the role of piezoelectric ZnO micro- and nano-particles in ultrasound-assisted water oxidation. Three metal oxides presenting fundamental electronic and mechanical differences are evaluated in terms of ultrasound-triggered reactive oxygen species generation in aqueous media: electromechanically inert SiO2 NPs, semiconducting TiO2 NPs, piezoelectric and semiconducting ZnO micro- and nanoparticles with different surface areas and sizes. The presence of silver ions in the aqueous solution was further considered to impart a potential electron scavenging effects and better evaluate the oxygen generation performances of the different structures. Following sonoirradiation, the particles are optically and chemically analyzed to study the effect of sonostimulation at their surface. The production of gaseous molecular oxygen is measured, revealing the potential of piezoelectric particles to generate oxygen under hypoxic conditions typical of some cancer environments. Finally, the best candidates, i.e. ZnO nano and micro particles, were tested on osteosarcoma and glioblastoma cell lines to demonstrate their potential for cancer treatment.

Oxygen production by solar vapor-phase pyrolysis of lunar regolith simulant

The oxide-rich lunar surface regolith can be used to extract the oxygen needed for the future of lunar exploration efforts as a consumable for life-support systems and spacecraft propulsion. Various techniques for the extraction of oxygen have been developed already, with solar vapor-phase pyrolysis shown to be a promising yet understudied approach. In contrast to other techniques, it requires only locally available resources, such as unbeneficiated regolith, sunlight, and vacuum in order to liberate oxygen and oxygen-bearing molecules. This study presents experimental work conducted in a purpose-built solar-vacuum furnace showing the evaporation of sodium and iron from a regolith simulant sample and their deposition on the crucible surface. This is matched by the thermochemical equilibrium modeling done in FactSage, which analyzes the process at varying pressures down to ultra-high vacuum. It highlights the need for precise temperature and pressure control, as well as the impact of regolith composition on oxygen dissociation for an efficient extraction of molecular oxygen.