Soil Oxygen Consumption Research Articles

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mediate the Acclimation of Rice to Submergence.

Flooding is a critical factor that limits the establishment of a symbiosis between rice and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in wetland ecosystems. The distribution of carbon resources in roots and the acclimation strategies of rice to flooding stress in the presence of AMF are poorly understood. We conducted a root box experiment, employing nylon sheets or nylon meshes to create separate fungal chambers that either prevented or allowed the roots and any molecules to pass through. We found that the mycorrhizal colonization rate and the expression of genes OsD14L and OsCERK1, which are involved in fungal perception during symbiosis, both increased in mycorrhizal rice roots following intermittent flooding compared to continuous flooding. Furthermore, AMF inoculation affected root morphological traits, facilitating both shallower and deeper soil exploration. Increased submergence intensity led to carbohydrate deprivation in roots, while high mycorrhizal colonization increased soil oxygen consumption and decreased the neutral lipid concentration in roots. However, mycorrhizal inoculation increased the rice photosynthesis rate and facilitated acclimation to submergence by mediating the expression of the genes OsCIPK15 and OsSUB1A to enhance rice shoot elongation and the sugar concentration in roots as a result of reduced competition for carbon between rice and AMF under different flooding conditions.

Soil oxygen and water dynamics underlying hypoxic conditions in the root-zone of avocado irrigated with treated wastewater in clay soil

Alternative water sources for agriculture are in high demand in a world with diminishing fresh water (FW) availability. Treated wastewater (TWW) offers a reliable alternative, but increasing evidence is pointing to damage to TWW irrigated orchards planted in clay soils related to soil hypoxia. The mechanisms responsible for this hypoxia have not been extensively studied to date. The aim of this study was to elucidate meaningful insights into the mechanisms responsible for the hypoxia in TWW irrigated orchards planted in clay soils using a novel approach whereby parameters describing the soil oxygen and water temporal dynamics are analyzed. To that end, soil oxygen and soil water tension (SWT) measurements from a two year field experiment comparing TWW to FW irrigation in an avocado orchard planted in a clay soil (60 % clay) were used. The deterioration in oxygen levels occurred as the irrigation season progressed, and the oxygen availability decreased with depth (10–35 cm depth). During August-September, when the lowest oxygen concentrations were measured, the water content at which oxygen supply matched oxygen consumption at 35-cm depth did not differ between treatments (∼50 mbar), but the TWW irrigated soil experienced ∼47 % more time at wetter conditions. Lower oxygen decline rates were observed in the TWW irrigated plots which countered the previous concept that TWW leads to increased soil oxygen consumption. The findings point towards the rate of soil drying as the prime cause of differences – TWW irrigated plots dried in a rate which is nearly 4-times smaller than that in FW irrigated plots during the dark and light hours, reflecting slower drainage and water uptake respectively. It is suggested that soil hypoxia induced by the low soil drainage in TWW irrigated clay soils impairs tree water uptake, which further hinders the soil oxygen levels. Based on these results management tools are suggested to allow sustainable irrigation with TWW in the future. Furthermore, the work demonstrates how analysis of parameters describing the oxygen hourly changes can be utilized to gain mechanistic insights unto processes affecting the oxygen regime in the soil.

The effects of aerated irrigation on soil respiration, oxygen, and porosity

To ameliorate soil oxygen deficiencies around subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) drippers, aerated irrigation (AI) was introduced to supply aerated water to the soil through venturi installed in the SDI pipeline. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of AI on soil respiration (SR), air-filled porosity (AFP), soil temperature (ST), and oxygen concentrations (OCC). Total soil respiration (TSR), biological activity temperature index (BAT), and soil oxygen consumption (OCS) based on SR, ST, and OCC, respectively, were subsequently calculated to explore the relationships between TSR, BAT, OCS, OCC, and AFP. Greenhouse-based experiments included two treatments: AI and unaerated SDI (CK), during the tomato growing season in the fall of 2015. The results showed that compared with CK, AI treatment significantly increased OCC and AFP (by 16 and 7.4%, respectively), as well as TSR and OCS (by 24.21 and 22.91%, respectively) (P<0.05). Mean fruit yield with AI treatment was also 23% higher (P<0.05) than that with CK. When BAT was controlled, partial correlations between TSR, OCS, OCC, and AFP were all significant in the AI treatment but not in the CK treatment. TSR was more sensitive to the interaction effects of OCC, OCS, AFP, and BAT under the AI treatment. Thus, the significantly increased TSR with AI appeared to be due to the favorable soil aeration conditi ons (higher OCC and AFP). Furthermore, the improvements in soil aeration conditions and respiration with AI appeared to facilitate the improvement in fruit yields, which also suggests the economic benefits of AI.

Approach to the potential usage of two wood ashes waste as soil amendments on the basis of the dehydrogenase activity and soil oxygen consumption

We investigated the effect that ashes may have on the soil microbial activity. Our hypothesis is that different wood ashes and different proportions of them could have beneficial or detrimental effects depending on the applied dose. Dehydrogenase activity and soil oxygen consumption were used to evaluate the potential improvement of soil conditions through the application of two different wood ashes coming from industrial waste. Different ash proportions and time dependence have been used to make comparisons. The respiration curves obtained through a closed-jar incubation experiment were well fitted by a sigmoidal function, the derivative of which yields the time evolution of the consumption rate. The results indicate that the dehydrogenase activity and soil oxygen consumption are very sensitive to the presence of ashes in the soil, and the reached values of both are linked to the applied dose of them. In our research, soil oxygen consumption is time and rate dependent of ash application. The curves show that parameter was affected by the ashes in different way, raising the respiration rate, and stretching the biological activity period. Dehydrogenase activity and soil oxygen consumption are very sensitive to the presence of ashes and can be used to assess their potential use as amendments. The results of this paper can contribute to the required knowledge in order to use ashes in a sustainable way. Ashes coming from olive marc and vine shoots may affect positively the soil respiration and, therefore, the soil fertility, if they are applied in moderate amounts.

Laboratory analysis of soil respiration using oxygen-sensitive microplates

Soil respiration is usually monitored by measuring CO2 efflux. Most techniques available for such kind of analyses are inconvenient and difficult to adapt to micro-method format. The present study evaluates a new microplate-based method for studying soil respiration in the laboratory. Second-generation oxygen-sensitive microplates (OSM - containing a fluorescent probe attached to the bottom of the well which provides time-resolved fluorescence data) were used to measure soil respiration either in microcosm assays or in soil water extracts. The latter procedure (water extracts) was the least cumbersome, hence it was selected for further experiments. Soil respiration curves generally showed no lag phase, starting with an exponential oxygen consumption phase, followed by a period where respiration became stable after 8–10h of incubation at 25°C. Once the procedure for measurement of oxygen consumption in soil was established, the acute toxic effect of diverse chemicals on soil was analysed with OSM. Streptomycin and penicillin failed to reduce soil respiration. Kanamycin plus neomycin, trimethoprim and 5-fluorocytosine exhibited limited inhibitory effects. In contrast, some chemicals (copper sulphate and amphotericin B) and fungicides (such as dodine and fosetyl) noticeably reduced fluorescence readings, showing concentrations to give half-maximal inhibition of respiration (ICR50) ranging from 0.0064 to 0.082g/L. Finally, some insecticides and soil amendments assayed were either neutral or increased respiration.It is concluded that OSM are reliable, convenient, and yield quantitative results. Moreover, the system is relatively inexpensive and amenable to automation. However, results obtained using soil water extracts may be different from those derived from undisturbed soil aggregates, clods or slurries studied under field conditions.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOILS OF ECOTONE COMMUNITIES’ TAMARISK THICKETS OF NORTHWEST CASPIAN

In the article results of comparative estimation of soil biological activity indicators on the basis of studying intensity of vegetative organic and cellulose decomposition and also oxygen consumption in zone of shrubby thickets and open steppe of West Caspian are given. Rates of vegetative organic decomposition in soils of experience sites have made 5,23 and 5,67 mg·g -1 ·24 h -1 and didn't differ on sites. Intensity of cellulose decomposition in open site was above and has made 6,02 mg·g -1 ·24 h -1 against 4,16 mg·g -1 ·24 h -1 in soil of site with shrubby thickets. The estimation of intensity soil oxygen consumption hasn't shown an essential difference on sites.

Effect of nutrient loading on biogeochemical and microbial processes in a New England salt marsh

Coastal marshes represent an important transitional zone between uplands and estuaries. One important function of marshes is to assimilate nutrient inputs from uplands, thus providing a buffer for anthropogenic nutrient loads. We examined the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization on biogeochemical and microbial processes during the summer growing season in a Spartina patens (Aiton (Muhl.)) marsh in the Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve on Prudence Island (RI). Quadruplicate 1 m2 plots were fertilized with N and P additions, N-only, P-only, or no additions. N-only addition significantly stimulated bacterial production and increased pore water NH 4 + and NO 3 − concentrations. Denitrification rates ranged from 0 to 8 mmol m−2 day−1. Fertilization had no apparent effect on soil oxygen consumption or denitrification measured in the summer in intact cores due to high core-to-core variation. P fertilization led to increased pore water dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations and increased DIP release from soils. In contrast the control and N-only treatments had significant DIP uptake across the soil-water interface. The results suggest that in the summer fertilization has no apparent effect on denitrification rates, stimulates bacterial productivity, enhances pore water nutrient concentrations and alters some nutrient fluxes across the marsh surface.

Temporal changes and spatial variation of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification rates in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy

The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. 15N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen.

Low oxygen levels in earliest Triassic soils: Comment and Reply

[Sheldon and Retallack (2002)][1] have suggested that the presence of berthierine in high-latitude soils is an indication of soil oxygen consumption by an influx of atmospheric methane to form carbon dioxide, which in turn warmed the earliest Triassic, giving rise to a postapocalyptic greenhouse. We

Low oxygen levels in earliest Triassic soils

Research Article| October 01, 2002 Low oxygen levels in earliest Triassic soils Nathan D. Sheldon; Nathan D. Sheldon 1Department of Geological Sciences, 1272, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Gregory J. Retallack Gregory J. Retallack 1Department of Geological Sciences, 1272, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2002) 30 (10): 919–922. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0919:LOLIET>2.0.CO;2 Article history received: 07 Mar 2002 rev-recd: 18 Jun 2002 accepted: 21 Jun 2002 first online: 02 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Nathan D. Sheldon, Gregory J. Retallack; Low oxygen levels in earliest Triassic soils. Geology 2002;; 30 (10): 919–922. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0919:LOLIET>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract An earliest Triassic methane postapocalyptic greenhouse following the Permian-Triassic (P-T) extinction event was proposed on the basis of evidence of deeply weathered paleosols at high latitudes with features of low-latitude soils, and low stomatal index values of seed fern leaves. Reexamination of distinctive phyllosilicates, unique to a single stratigraphic level, in paleosols located just above the isotopically defined Permian-Triassic boundary in Australia and Antarctica furnishes additional tests of this hypothesis. Illite is the dominant clay mineral in earliest Triassic paleosols from Antarctica, but the paleosols also contain conspicuous green nodules of coarsely crystalline berthierine. Examples from the geologic record and from experimental studies indicate that the formation of berthierine is restricted to reducing conditions. The occurrence of this unusual mineral in soils may indicate soil oxygen consumption by the influx of atmospheric methane to form carbon dioxide, which in turn warmed the earliest Triassic, giving rise to a postapocalyptic greenhouse. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Assessment of the heavy metal pollution effects on the soil respiration in the Baix Llobregat (Catalonia, NE Spain).

A main goal of investigations is to determine could a soilrespiration be an indicator of the soil pollution. In this case a measured levelof the soil oxygen consumption depends of its pollution. It alsomeans that the pollution reduces biological processes in edaphon.Investigated soil samples were taken from polluted andnon-polluted places in the Baix Llobregat near Barcelona (Catalonia, NE Spain). Soil samples were taken from the top ofsoil (0–5 cm) without a litter. Soil analysis were done, determining percentage shares of coarsefragments, coarse sand, fine sand, coarse silt, fine silt, clay,CaCO3, organic matter as well as water pH and conductivityCE (1:5 [mS cm-1]). Also were determined (in mg kg-1)quantities of heavy metals, as Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Pb.The soil respiration was investigated in temperatures15 and 30 °C and with controlled humidity.The respiration in 30 °C is number of times greater thenin 15 °C both for polluted and non-polluted soils.Particularly high coefficients of correlation between the soilrespiration and soil pollution in polluted soils were obtainedfor Pb: r = 0.75 in 15 °C and r = 0.98 in30 °C; for Ba: 0.90 and 0.57; for V: 0.99 and 0.81. In non-polluted soils highest correlation coefficients are for Pb: r = 0.70 in 15 °C; Fe: 0.60 and 0.72; Al: 0.68 and0.64; Mn: 0.51 and 0.66; Ba: 0.63 and 0.61; Cr: 0.94 and0.70; Ni: 0.64 and 0.65; Cu: 0.69 and 0.48; as well as V: 0.62in 15 °C; and Cd: 0.69 in 15 °C.This way the soil respiration could be a good indicator of the soil pollution.

Fertilizers from composting of olive-mill wastewaters

The aerobic bioremediation of olive-mill wastewaters produces a high quality compost, characterized by a considerable presence of nutrients, mainly organically-bound nitrogen (1.5-3%), a good level of humification (degree of humification=78%; humification index=0.28), and by the absence of phytotoxicity. The agronomic value of a compost thus obtained was assayed both by the ‘crop test’ and following the plant-soil system as influenced by compost supply. Field experiments performed on maize showed that compost, when supplied before sowing in amounts of 60–90 Mg ha −1 (equivalent to a manuring on the basis of organic matter) is able to reduce the need for chemical fertilization. The same quantity supported the nutritional need of rye grass and horticultural plants. A good rest-effect was also recorded. Compost supply enhanced both soil oxygen consumption and nitrogen fixation in the open field. An improvement of activities in the plant-soil system was made evident by pot trials.

Effect of glyphosate on fungal population, respiration and the decay of some organic matters in Egyptian soil

Glyphosate (Roundup), when applied to the soil usually did not exert any significant effect on the total count of soil fungi after all periods of the experiment except after 6 and 10 weeks where the count was inhibited by the two doses used (1.84, 9.2 mg active ingredient/kg dry soil). When the herbicide wa incorporated into the agar medium the count of total fungi, Acremonium strictum and Aspergillus fumigatus was significantly increased by the two doses used and of Penicillium glabrum by the high dose only. However, P. funiculosum was completely eliminated by the high dose. Oxygen consumption in soil treated with glyphosate was significantly inhibited by the high dose after 2 weeks and by the two doses after 6, 8 and 10 weeks. Glyphosate exerted two significant effects of stimulation and inhibition on the rate of the decay of stem segments of three plants at certain treatments of dose and time.

Oxygen consumption in soil: Effect of assay volume

Oxygen consumption in soil: Effect of assay volume

Effets de la dessiccation sur les bacteries gram-negatives d'un sol

Transformations occurring to soil microorganisms, especially Gram-negative bacteria, following soil dehydration, were observed by transmission electron microscopy. A special protective role of extracellular polysaccharides was confirmed. These observations were supplemented by a study of soil oxygen consumption during the experiment. This demonstrated that soil was not biologically inactive even after a long period of dehydration.

The Effect of Streptomycin and Actidione on Respiration in the Rhizosphere and Non-Rhizosphere Soil

Streptomycin and actidione decreased the rate of oxygen consumption in suspensions of cherno zem and brown soil and in a suspension of the rhizosphere soil of wheat, cucumber, and sugar beet The effect differed in variants with the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. Respiration in the non-rhizosphere soil was decreased by 5–18% in the presence of streptomycin and by 23–31% in the presence of actidione, as compared with values measured in variants without antibiotics. In a suspension of the rhizosphere soil this decrease was equal to 6–18% and 20–45% in the presence of actidione and streptomycin, respectively. In all samples of the rhizosphere soil oxygen consumption was inhibited by streptomycin more strongly than by actidione, and always more than in the non-rhizosphere soil. In samples of the non-rhizosphere soil, actidione decreased oxygen consumption more pronouncedly than streptomycin and always more effectively than in the case of the rhizosphere soil. With respect to the selective effect of actidione on the fungal component and of streptomycin on the bacterial component of the soil microbial population, it may be assumed that in the rhizosphere soil bacteria play a more significant role in respiration than fungi, whereas just the contrary can be observed in the non-rhizosphere soil. Streptomyzin und Actidion setzten die Sauerstoffverbrauchsrate in einer Tschernozem- und Braunerdesuspension und in Rhizosphäreboden-Suspensionen von Weizen, Gurke und Zuckerrübe herab. Der Einfluß war in Rhizosphäre und Nicht-Rhizosphäre unterschiedlich. Die Respirationssenkung betrug im Nicht-Rhizosphäre-Boden in Anwesenheit von Streptomyzin 5–18 % und in Anwesenheit von Actidion 23–31 % im Vergleich zu den Werten in Varianten ohne Antibiotika. In Suspensionen von Rhizosphäre-Boden betrug die Respirationsherabsetzung in Anwesenheit von Actidion 6–18 % und in Anwesenheit von Streptomyzin 20–45%. In allen Rhizosphäre-Bodenproben wurde der Sauerstoffverbrauch durch Streptomyzin mehr gehemmt als durch Actidion, und zwar immer mehr als im Nicht-Rhizosphäre-Boden. Im Nicht-Rhizosphäre-Boden senkte Actidion den Sauerstoffverbrauch stärker als Streptomyzin und immer stärker als bei Rhizosphäre-Boden. Mit Rücksicht auf die selektive Einwirkung von Actidion auf die Pilzkomponente und von Streptomyzin auf die bakterielle Komponente der Bodenmikrobenpopulation kann geschlußfolgert werden, daß sich im Rhizosphäre-Boden in stärkerem Maße Bakterien als Pilze an der Respiration beteiligen, wogegen in Nicht-Rhizosphäre-Boden das Gegenteil zutrifft.