Selection of adsorption and immobilization carriers under circulating flow conditions for enhanced performance and metabolic characteristics of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.

Aging and sarcopenia are associated with metabolic inflexibility. This study investigated the effects of resistance exercise (RE) and a high protein diet (PRO) on metabolic flexibility (the ability to adjust rates of substrate oxidation to changes in fuel availability) in older men. In a pooled groups analysis, 33 healthy older men [(mean±SE) age: 67±1years; BMI: 25.4±0.4kg/m2] were randomized to either RE (2×/week; n=17) or no exercise (NE; n=16), and either high protein diet [∼1.6g/kg/day (∼25% of energy intake (EI))] via twice daily (25g) whey protein supplementation (PRO; n=17) or control (CON, 2×23.75g maltodextrin/day; n=16). An exploratory sub-analysis was also conducted between RE+CON (n=8) and RE+PRO (n=9). At baseline and 12weeks, participants resided in whole-room indirect calorimeters for 24h for measurement of metabolic flexibility via changes in relative substrate utilization [non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ)] under different conditions (fasting sleep to awake, step exercise, and 2-h postprandial meal consumption, and peak step exercise to exercise end). Compared to NE, RE significantly increased (indicating medium-to-large effects on improved metabolic flexibility) ΔnpRQ (awake-sleep) (+0.02±0.004 vs. 0.00±0.05, p=0.01, f=0.48), and ΔnpRQ (steady state exercise-sleep) (p ≤0.045) and ΔnpRQ (peak exercise-exercise end) (p ≤0.04, f=0.39-0.64) for two step exercise bouts performed ∼2h postprandially. Compared to CON, PRO increased ΔnpRQ (steady state-sleep) for one step exercise bout (+0.02±0.01 vs. -0.002±0.01, p=0.047, f=0.39). No significant differences occurred between the RE+CON and RE+PRO groups (p ≥0.06). In older men, RE improved metabolic flexibility. PRO had a limited benefit. No synergistic effects were observed.

The effects of carbohydrate (CHO) intake on substrate metabolism, exercise capacity, and exercise performance have been studied for >100 y. From a metabolic perspective, the ergogenic effect of CHO intake is likely mediated by liver (and potentially muscle) glycogen sparing, maintenance of plasma glucose concentrations, and whole-body CHO oxidation rates, such that the required exercise intensity can be sustained for a longer duration thereby delaying fatigue. Accordingly, the 2016 sport nutrition guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine recommend CHO intakes ≤90 g/h (from multiple-transportable CHOs, e.g., glucose/fructose mixtures), as targeted to exercise that is >2.5-3 h in duration. Although field observations report a trend for endurance athletes to consume (and experiment with) higher rates of CHO ingestion during training and racing (i.e., 120-200 g/h), the efficacy of such doses is not yet substantiated by current scientific research. Rather, contemporary research suggests that the upper limit of CHO intake could increase from 90 to 120 g/h (at least for trained participants), considering that both exogenous and whole-body rates of CHO oxidation can be increased with these higher ingestion rates. Such absolute doses may also modulate important physiological determinants of performance (e.g., durability and economy) across cycling, marathon running, and ultraendurance exercise. As such, the present paper provides a contemporary review of CHO metabolism during exercise, factors affecting exogenous CHO oxidation rates (i.e., CHO blend, ratio, format, environmental considerations, etc.) and sport-specific research (alongside personal author insights from practice), before presenting an updated and more nuanced model to guide CHO personalization strategies for endurance athletes. Directions for future research are also discussed, emphasizing the need for collaborative research to study both male and female athletes during ecologically valid exercise protocols that better address the real-world fueling challenges faced by elite athletes.

Impact of readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand on partial nitritation granules under high-salinity continuous-flow conditions.

The SCR performances and SO2 oxidation behaviors of various V2O5-MoO3/TiO2 catalysts with different surface area: The influences of vanadium polymerization states.

This study presents the long-term stability and protective performance of spinel (Mn,Cu,Fe) 3 O 4 coatings deposited on ferritic stainless steel Crofer 22 APU. The spinel coating was submitted to a 10,000-h oxidation test at 750 °C. Three spinel oxides with varying iron content (x = 0; 0.1; 0.3) were synthesized via the sol-gel method and deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). During the characterization an oxidation kinetics, coating microstructure, electrical properties, and chromium retention capability were monitored. The results show that the addition of iron significantly improves the phase stability, reduces oxidation rate constants, and limits the growth of chromium oxide layers. Among tested spinel oxides the Mn 1.7 CuFe 0.3 O 4 coating exhibited the best performance, maintaining a low area-specific resistance (ASR ∼3.8 mΩ cm 2 ) after 10,000 h and effectively suppressing chromium diffusion. Structural analyses using SEM, TEM, EDS, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of a dense and adherent protective layer with limited porosity and chromium content. Fuel cell aging tests confirmed the coating's protective capabilities, demonstrating minimal performance degradation and reduced Cr deposition on the cathode surface. Obtained results put more light on Mn-Cu-Fe spinels properties revealing their attractivity as an interesting cobalt-free, economically attractive and durable alternative for next generation SOCs interconnect protection. • 10,000 h oxidation test of cobalt-free (Mn,Cu,Fe) 3 O 4 coatings at 750 °C. • Fe addition improves phase stability and reduces oxidation rate constants. • Mn 1.7 CuFe 0.3 O 4 shows lowest ASR (∼3.8 mΩ cm 2 ) after 10,000 h. • Dense spinel layer effectively suppresses chromium diffusion. • Fuel cell tests confirm reduced Cr poisoning and stable performance.

Anaerobic antimony oxidation by mine groundwater bacteria: The energy-detoxification trade off governed by carbon source and Sb concentration.

The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) production, driven by the rise of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage, has led to growing concerns about end-of-life management and critical material recovery. In this context, biotechnological processes represent an environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional recycling methods such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, offering reduced impacts on both ecosystems and human health. However, the performance of bioleaching systems depends heavily on microbial tolerance to toxic metals released from LIBs. This study focuses on assessing the toxicological effects of Co, a key strategic metal in LIBs, on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, a model organism for bioleaching applications. Experimental findings reveal that Co exhibits greater toxicity than Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn, and As, but is less toxic than Cr. Co concentrations exceeding 5g/L result in a 260% increase in Fe2+ oxidation time and an 80% reduction in the Fe oxidation rate. Additionally, elevated Co levels significantly prolong the exponential growth phase, indicating metabolic stress. A predictive mathematical model was developed and validated to describe bacterial growth and Fe2+ oxidation under varying Co concentrations, achieving a determination coefficient (R2) above 0.95. This model serves as a practical tool for optimizing process parameters in the bio-recycling of LIBs, enabling more efficient and scalable engineering applications. These findings contribute to the advancement of greener technologies for critical raw material recovery and support the integration of bio-based methods into circular economy strategies for battery waste management.

No effect of menopausal status on energy cost and substrate oxidation during walking in women with similar body composition and movement behaviors.

In this study, we investigated the effect of adding Artemisia absinthium L. flower extract on the properties of sesame oil. At first, A. absinthium essential oil was extracted and analyzed for free radical scavenging power (DPPH), total phenols, flavonoids, and the main constituent compounds by gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Then, 5 sesame oil samples were prepared, namely a control sample (without A. absinthium e xtract), s amples w ith 0.5, 1, a nd 1.5% ethanolic extract of A. absinthium), as well as a sample containing tert-butyl hydro quinone. The samples were kept in an incubator at 40°C for 35 days. They were analyzed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 for the values of peroxide, acid degree, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, p-anisidine, total oxidation, conjugated dienoic acid, and oxidative stability (Rancimat method). As the storage period progressed, physical and oxidative changes increased in all the samples. On day 35, the control sample demonstrated high peroxide value, acid degree value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, p-anisidine value, total oxidation index, as well as conjugated dienoic acid. These results were significantly (p < 0 .05) h igher t han t hose i n t he s ample with 1.5% A. absinthium extract. The extract had nearly the same protective effects as synthetic antioxidant tert-butyl hydro quinone. Thus, A. absinthium extract at the concentration of 1.5% was more effective than the other samples in reducing the rate of lipid oxidation in sesame oil. A. absinthium extract demonstrated good potential as an effective natural antioxidant that is able to extend the shelf life of sesame oil.

Rejuvenated asphalt is more susceptible to oxidative aging than virgin asphalt, resulting in rapid deterioration of rheological properties during service. Incorporating antioxidants is an effective strategy to mitigate this re-aging behavior. This study systematically evaluates the effects of the phenolic antioxidant 1010, phosphite antioxidant 168, and their composite system on the rheological properties, fatigue performance, and aging resistance of rejuvenated asphalt across multiple aging stages. The results indicate that antioxidant 1010, as a primary antioxidant, suppresses the initial oxidation rate by scavenging peroxy radicals, while antioxidant 168 functions as a secondary antioxidant by inhibiting the degenerate branching of the oxidative reactions, thereby enhancing rheological stability. The synergistic combination of 1010 and 168 establishes a multi-phase protective system that significantly outperforms single-antioxidant formulations. This system effectively reduces the epoxy ring-opening rate of ESO and suppresses the oxidation of light components in rejuvenated asphalt. Overall, the composite system (1010 + 168) provides balanced and durable inhibition of reaction rate, maintaining rheological stability and fatigue performance even after prolonged aging. This study offers a promising anti-aging strategy for extending the service life of rejuvenated asphalt, thereby promoting resource recycling and contributing to environmentally sustainable pavement engineering. The synergistic combination of 1010 and 168 establishes a multi-phase protective system that significantly outperforms single-antioxidant formulations. This system effectively reduces the epoxy ring-opening rate of ESO and suppresses the oxidation of light components in rejuvenated asphalt. Overall, the composite system (1010 + 168) provides balanced and durable inhibition of reaction rate, maintaining rheological stability and fatigue performance even after prolonged ageing. This study offers a promising anti-ageing strategy for extending the service life of rejuvenated asphalt, thereby promoting resource recycling and contributing to environmentally sustainable pavement engineering.

Weathering plays a central role in the geological carbon cycle. Silicate mineral weathering is invoked as a stabilizing feedback on CO2 emissions, for example from volcanism during the emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces. However, modern-day studies show weathering can emit CO2 during oxidation of rock organic carbon (OCpetro) in sedimentary rocks and function as a positive feedback on climate warming. Here we measure the rhenium isotope composition (δ187Re) of Early Jurassic marine sediments to explore how OCpetro oxidation rates changed during warming across the Toarcian Ocean Anoxic Event (T-OAE). We find a 0.22 ± 0.10‰ decrease in δ187Re values during the T-OAE, with mass balance modeling showing this can be explained by increased OCpetro weathering intensity on land associated with 6-7 °C of global warming. We estimate this could have delivered 7600-20,490 PgC to the oceans and atmosphere, demonstrating that chemical weathering does not simply act as a stabilizing feedback during hyperthermal events.

Cooperativity Between Free Radicals Promotes Selective Methane Oxidation.

Efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) systems rely on cocatalysts integrated with light-absorbing semiconductors, where performance depends on effective charge transfer across the semiconductor/cocatalyst/solution interfaces. However, directly probing these interfacial processes under operando conditions, and elucidating how cocatalysts promote interfacial charge transfer, remains challenging. Here, we directly monitor electrochemical potentials at SrTiO3/CoOOH/water interfaces during PEC operation, providing mechanistic insights into cocatalyst function. We show that hole transfer into CoOOH dynamically increases its electrochemical potential, establishing an adaptive junction at the SrTiO3/CoOOH interface and enhancing the system photovoltage. Further tracking charge transfer to the solution, we find that CoOOH increases the water oxidation rate constant by a factor of 1.8 at surface potentials below the thermodynamic water-oxidation potential, corresponding to a population-controlled regime. More importantly, at surface potentials above the water-oxidation potential, CoOOH induces a transition to a Butler-Volmer-controlled regime, in which water oxidation is catalyzed with an exponentially increasing rate constant. These findings provide fundamental understanding and mechanistic insights into the role of cocatalysts in facilitating charge transfer across multiple interfaces during PEC operation.

Advanced oxidation processes based on photo-Fenton chemistry have gained increasing attention as effective treatment alternatives for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water and wastewater systems. However, large-scale implementation remains constrained by operational requirements, limited mineralization efficiency, and challenges associated with process stability and selectivity. This review provides a critical assessment of recent advances (2022–2025) in conventional photo-Fenton and hybrid systems, including photocatalysis/photo-Fenton and sono-photo-Fenton processes, with emphasis on their performance in water and wastewater treatment applications. The removal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, pharmaceutical mixtures, and real wastewater matrices is analyzed considering catalyst configuration, irradiation sources, oxidant utilization, and operating conditions relevant to practical treatment scenarios. Conventional homogeneous Fe2+/H2O2 systems enable rapid contaminant degradation but typically require acidic conditions and show limited mineralization efficiency. In contrast, iron-complexed and heterogeneous catalysts allow operation under near-neutral pH and visible-light irradiation, improving applicability in realistic water treatment systems. Hybrid photocatalysis/photo-Fenton processes enhance treatment efficiency through synergistic generation of reactive oxygen species, while ultrasound-assisted systems further intensify oxidation rates and contaminant removal. Special attention is given to oxidation mechanisms, catalyst stability, transformation products, and toxicity evolution to identify the key factors controlling treatment performance. Finally, current technological limitations, operational challenges, and design considerations for process integration, scale-up, and sustainable implementation in water and wastewater treatment are discussed.

Textile dye pollution of water is becoming a major cause of pollution in the environment and a threat to aquatic ecology. In this work, a kaolin-cobalt oxide nanocomposite was used to catalyze the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in an aqueous solution. The composite was prepared by oxidizing cobalt ions adsorbed onto readily available, inexpensive, and easily pretreated kaolin surfaces, forming kaolin-supported cobalt oxide nanoparticles. By using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Transmission emission spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the synthesized materials' morphology, structure, surface area, and ion interaction were all examined. The characterization results demonstrated that cobalt oxide-NPs were successfully growing on the surface of kaolin. MB dye was used as a model dye in batch tests to better understand the catalytic degradation performance of the prepared catalyst. The significance of cobalt oxide nanoparticles and the strong catalytic activity of the produced cobalt oxide nanoparticles/kaolin composite toward MB dye degradation were validated by the catalytic oxidation experiments. The degradation results showed that removing MB dye from an aqueous solution could be successfully enhanced by increasing the cobalt oxide NP content on the kaolin surface through repeated cycles. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model fits the kinetic analysis of the catalyst's MB dye degradation. After five reuse cycles, over 96% removal efficiency persisted, indicating the remarkable resilience and reusability of the composite. To sum up, the kaolin composite supported by cobalt oxide nanoparticles was discovered to be a promising catalyst with exceptional catalytic activity to degrade a model dye, MB, concentration of 50 ppm from the aqueous solution in the presence of NaOCl by above 99% catalytic removal efficiency in 12min at operating temperature of 45°C with the oxidation rate constant, koxd, of 0.38min- 1.

To enhance the visible-light photocatalytic oxidation capacity of TiO2 for As(III), a type of La-doped anatase TiO2 with the predominant facet of {101} facet was synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The adsorption behaviors of As(III) and As(V) on La-TiO2 followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir-type thermodynamics, which were consistent with those of pure TiO2. Visible-light catalytic oxidation experiments were conducted over pH 1–12, and most of the data fit the first-order kinetic model well. Based on the rate constants from the first-order kinetics at pH 7, La-TiO2 can enhance the reaction rate by 1.5 times compared to pure TiO2, and 2.7 times compared to commercial P25. The highest oxidation rate was achieved at pH 12 under alkaline conditions, where the adsorption of As(III) was stronger than that of As(V). Based on the systematic data in the present paper, La-TiO2 is a promising candidate for use in arsenic remediation of water.

Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in biological systems. This high abundance and the presence of electron-rich side-chains make proteins a major target for biological oxidants. Protein oxidation encompasses a complex set of reactions that, depending on protein structure and the chemical properties of the oxidant, can trigger specific and reversible modifications, or can irreversibly damage multiple side-chains. Therefore, understanding protein oxidation from a mechanistic and kinetic perspective is important to illuminate the molecular basis of physiological (e.g. redox signaling) and pathological processes (e.g. cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative diseases). However, an existing conundrum in the redox biochemistry field is whether (and how) intrinsic properties of biological environments, such as the crowded intracellular conditions resulting from the high abundance of macromolecules and protein confinement, modulate oxidation rates and pathways. These obvious, but often neglected, aspects of biological environments have begun to be systematically addressed, suggesting that the crowded intracellular conditions would be an important player in the oxidative biology of proteins. This review outlines the importance of protein oxidation in physiology and pathology. Then, thoroughly discusses the modulatory effect that crowding exerts on biochemical processes that involve proteins, particularly on the oxidative modification of proteins. Finally, evidence that illustrates the interplay that would exist between crowding, protein oxidation, and protein confinement by phase separation is discussed. The author proposes that the transition from using dilute in vitro studies to an experimental workflow that takes into account the crowded and heterogeneous conditions encountered is the cell is mandatory to rigorously investigate protein oxidation.

Selective alkane oxidation remains a central objective in industrial chemistry, with hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) widely recognized as the key elementary step. In copper-catalyzed C(sp3)-H oxygenation using hydroperoxides, however, multiple oxygen-centered radicals could be generated, bearing uncertainty of the species responsible for HAT. Here, we employ an external-circulation online multispectroscopic system (ECOMS) to elucidate the radical mechanism of benzylic C(sp3)-H oxidation using cumene hydroperoxide as the oxidant. This operando approach enables direct and quantitative tracking of the time evolution of the cumylperoxyl radical (CumylOO•) throughout the reaction, unambiguously identifying it as the operative HAT agent. Further theoretical studies clarify the mechanistic origin of the dominance of alkylperoxy over alkoxy radical. Moreover, increasing counteranion basicity promotes Cu(II)-OOR formation, resulting in elevated CumylOO• steady-state concentrations and faster oxidation rates.

Mechanism of benzophenone-3 in promoting proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells via the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 axis.