Terbium Oxide Research Articles

Synthesis, physical, optical, and transmission properties of terbium oxide-reinforced quinary borate glasses for radiation protection

This study explores the synthesis and characterization of borate glasses doped with varying concentrations of Terbium oxide (Tb4O7). Using the conventional melt-quench method, we investigated the effects of Tb4O7 on the physical, optical, gamma-ray shielding, and mechanical properties of the glass samples. Our findings indicate a significant increase in density with higher Tb4O7 content, attributed to the high molecular weight and density of Tb4O7. Optical properties assessed through UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed increased absorption intensity, a red shift in the absorption edge, and a decrease in the optical band gap, demonstrating enhanced optical absorption and refractive indices. Gamma-ray shielding effectiveness, evaluated using mass attenuation coefficients, half-value layers, and mean free paths, showed superior performance with higher Tb4O7 concentrations. The effective atomic number also increased, enhancing gamma-ray attenuation capabilities. Additionally, the elastic modulus of the glasses improved with higher Tb4O7 content, providing better mechanical stability. Our findings indicate that the density increased from 3.52 g/cm³ for undoped samples to 3.92 g/cm³ for the glass containing 2 mol% Tb4O7. Optical absorption measurements revealed a red shift in the absorption edge from 345.46 nm to 369.54 nm, with a corresponding decrease in the optical band gap from 3.48 eV to 3.18 eV. Gamma-ray shielding performance improved significantly, with the mass attenuation coefficient (GMAC) rising from 0.115 cm2/g to 0.162 cm2/g, while the half-value layer (GHVL) decreased from 3.22 cm to 2.86 cm. Additionally, the elastic modulus increased by 11.58 % as Tb4O7 content increased. These results suggest that Tb4O7-doped borate glasses significantly improve density, optical absorption, gamma-ray shielding, and mechanical strength. Finally, Increasing Tb4O7 content in borate glasses substantially enhances their multifunctional properties, making them suitable for advanced radiation shielding applications.

Biomedical applications of terbium oxide nanoparticles by Couroupita guianensis aubl leaves extract: A greener approach

Couroupita guianensis aubl (CGA) is a plant known for its therapeutic characteristics and extensively used in biomedicine. This paper presents a method for synthesizing terbium oxide (Tb2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing the leaves extract of CGA which is sustainable and environmentally friendly. The practical synthesis of Tb2O3 NPs was validated using UV–vis analysis, revealing a prominent peak at 246 nm and the calculated band gap value of 3.02 eV. The existence of numerous functional groups and molecular bonding interactions in the Tb2O3 NPs was confirmed using FTIR spectrum analysis. In addition, the XRD examination confirmed that the nanoparticles had a crystalline structure with dimensions of 27.3 nm. The TEM imaging revealed the particle size of around 5.63 nm. The manufactured Tb2O3 NPs were analysed for anticancer capabilities against human MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Overall, our study emphasizes the ability of green-produced Tb2O3 NPs to be versatile agents with antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. These nanoparticles are potentially used in biomedical applications, providing long-lasting solutions to various health-related problems.

Inducing high-concentration Tb3+ with free oxygen via atomic layer deposition.

Precise preparation and control of trivalent states in rare earth metal oxide films are crucial for their optical and magnetic applications. In this study, compact and continuous terbium-doped nanofilms were deposited on silica substrates using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The average nanoparticle size varied from 17.9 to 78.5 nm with increasing growth cycles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the Tb3+/Tb4+ ratio increased from 0.98 to 1.42. A valence reduction mechanism involving free oxygen was introduced to analyze the reasons for the enhanced Tb3+ concentration in the nanofilms. The enhanced photoluminescence of Tb3+ (5D4→7F5) ions and the increased magnetization in terbium oxide nanofilms both reveal that free oxygen ions are the effective active sites responsible for the transition from the tetravalent to the trivalent state, in excellent agreement with theoretical analysis. Size control and free oxygen induction are promising strategies for enhancing the optical and magnetic properties of multivalent rare earth oxides.

Phosphate-containing alkali metal-doped TbOx/MgO catalysts for the oxidative coupling of methane

Addition of phosphate to alkali-metal (AM) doped terbium oxide (TbOx) supported on MgO was shown to improve both activity (methane conversion) and selectivity to C2+ products (ethane, ethylene and higher hydrocarbons) in the oxidative coupling of methane at reaction temperatures above 600 °C. The largest improvement upon phosphate addition was observed over the K-doped TbOx/MgO catalyst, and the K(PO4)y-TbOx/MgO catalyst is not very sensitive to K content (between K:Tb ratios of 1.2 and 2.0). Above 700 °C, the highest activity and C2+ selectivity were observed over the Li(PO4)y-TbOx/MgO catalysts. It was shown that TbOx is a necessary component and Tb2O3 is essential for a high activity and selectivity over these catalysts. Moreover, the C2H4 yield is significantly improved over the Li(PO4)y-TbOx/MgO catalysts, and the stability with time-on-stream higher, compared with the Li-TbOx/MgO catalyst, as long as the lithium and phosphate concentrations are not too high.

Effect of copper addition on lithium zinc borosilicate glass containing terbium oxide

Effect of copper addition on lithium zinc borosilicate glass containing terbium oxide

Separation of terbium as a first step towards high purity terbium-161 for medical applications.

Terbium-161 is a medical radiolanthanide that has a beta decay energy and half-life similar to that of lutetium-177, which makes it a promising alternative for therapeutic purposes. The production route using an enriched gadolinium-160 target necessitates the purification of terbium-161 from the untransmuted target material as well as from its stable decay product, dysprosium-161. The separation of neighbouring lanthanides is challenging due to their similar chemical properties and prominent trivalent oxidation states. In this work, the aim is to change the oxidation state of terbium, resulting in the altering of chemical properties that ease the intragroup separation. To this end, a novel separation method is investigated, involving the electrochemical oxidation of terbium (3+) to terbium (4+) followed by anion exchange chromatography. The electrolysis conditions are set to the highest achievable conversion rate, followed by a dilution step during which the pH and electrolyte concentration are slightly lowered to obtain conditions that are compatible with the separation method. XAS analysis is done to characterize the carbonato complex of both oxidation states and to further elucidate the separation mechanism. The results show that the separation approach of combining electrochemical oxidation with anion exchange chromatography is promising for the purification of 161Tb for medical use.

Influence of different annealing ambient on terbium oxide passivation layers sputtered using the RF sputtering on silicon substrate

This study investigates the influence of different annealing ambient on terbium oxide (Tb4O7) passivation layers sputtered using radio frequency (RF) sputtering on silicon (Si) substrates. The passivation layers were subjected to annealing in various ambient, including oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), argon (Ar), and nitrogen-oxygen-nitrogen (NON). The structural, morphological, compositional, topological, and optical properties of the passivation layers were characterized using various techniques. The obtained results indicate that the annealing ambient has a significant impact on the properties of Tb4O7 passivation layers. Annealing in Ar ambient leads to the formation of Tb4O7 with improved crystallinity close to 49.75 nm and higher surface roughness at (2.32 nm). In contrast, annealing in the O2 ambient results in broad GIXRD peaks with the lowest surface roughness around (1.34 nm). Notably, annealing in N2 ambient exhibits an intermediate behavior, with partial crystallized size values (31.80 nm) compared to the Tb4O7 passivation layer annealed in Ar ambient and moderate surface roughness. The optical bandgap (Eg) was estimated by applying the Kubelka–Munk (KM) approach and the obtained values were 3.28, 3.17, 2.37, and 2.27 eV for annealed in O2, N2, Ar, and NON ambients, respectively. The investigation of Tb4O7 as a passivation material expands the range of materials available for semiconductor device fabrication, offering potential advancements in optoelectronics applications. Therefore, the significance of this study lies in its contribution to the optimization of Tb4O7 passivation layers in the field of semiconductor device technology. Hence, the sample annealed in an Ar ambient demonstrated the best results in terms of structural, morphological, compositional, topological, and optical properties of Tb4O7 passivation layers as compared to other samples.

Influence of power and duration on RF sputtering for the formation of terbium oxide passivation layers via the argon ambient

Influence of power and duration on RF sputtering for the formation of terbium oxide passivation layers via the argon ambient

Terbium(III) oxide as rare earth metal modifier in PbO/Bi2O3 sodium borate glasses for highly efficient optoelectronic devices: Synthesis, characterization, and applications

This paper explores the incorporation of Terbium(III) oxide as a rare earth metal modifier in sodium borate glasses containing PbO/Bi2O3, aiming to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. The synthesis and characterization of these glasses are detailed, highlighting the unique properties introduced by Terbium(III) oxide. The study investigates the regularities in the characteristics such as physical, XRD, UV, FTIR, and optical properties of 70B2O3–15Na2O – 15PbO – (5-x)Bi2O3 – xTb2O3, where x = 0; 1; 2; 3; 5 mol% prepared glassy samples, considering varying concentrations of bismuth and the modifier (e.g. Tb2O3), and examines their mutual impact on the borate glass matrix involved. It is found that there are sharp peaks on the diffraction pattern, which increase in width and intensity with increasing Terbium concentration from 3 to 5 mol% in the glass matrices, e.g. two-phase structures, amorphous and crystalline, are observed. Moreover, a wide excitation band in the glass matrix is also observed in the region of 200–320 nm. The study delves into the potential applications of these modified glasses in highly efficient optoelectronic devices, contributing valuable insights to the advancement of materials for technological applications.

The influence of the HIP process on the microstructure, critical temperature and critical current density of double-doped (with Dy2O3 + C, and Tb2O3 + C) MgB2 bulk compounds

ABSTRACT We present the results of the irreversibility field (B irr ), critical temperature (T c), and magnetic critical current density (J cm) for cylindrical samples encapsulated in carbon and doped with 1-3 at% dysprosium and terbium oxides. All samples were analyzed microstructurally by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of annealing temperature and time and high isostatic pressure on J cm was investigated. Our results show that double-doped (C + Tb2O3 and C + Dy2O3) and low isostatic pressure heat treatment (0.1 MPa) decrease the T c by about 0.5 K compared to the undoped MgB2 (0.1 MPa). The magnetic measurements show that double-doped and heat treatment under high isostatic pressure (HIP - 1 GPa) leads to a decrease in T c of about 2.5 K compared to the undoped MgB2 sample after the HIP process. Our results show that the HIP process slightly increases J cm at 4.2 K and 20 K, and improves J cm at 30 K in undoped MgB2 samples. Furthermore, our results show that the HIP process and double-doped significantly increase J cm at 4.2K and decrease J cm at 30K. Our results indicate that the HIP process can produce high field and low-temperature pinning centers in doubly doped MgB2 materials.

Structural, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of o‐TbFeO3 Nanomaterials Synthesized by the co‐Precipitation Method

AbstractFollowing the co‐precipitation method for producing terbium orthoferrite (TbFeO3), the final products were denoted as TbFeO3‐650, −750, and −850. A single‐phase of orthorhombic TbFeO3 crystals (o‐TbFeO3) was obtained with a calcination temperature of up to 850 °C, while in the range of 650–750 °C there was still a small amount of terbium and iron oxide phases. The average size of o‐TbFeO3 crystallites for the TbFeO3‐850 sample was about 76 nm and was larger than that of TbFeO3‐650 (~45 nm) and TbFeO3‐750 (~47 nm). The o‐TbFeO3 crystal structure in all samples was found to be distorted. In the applied field from −15 to +15 kOe, all of the samples had low values of coercive field (5–11 ⋅ 10−3 Oe) but high values of net magnetization (2.06–2.40 emu ⋅ g−1); the samples appeared to behave as paramagnetic materials. It was shown that the TbFeO3‐850 sample has slightly better magnetic properties than the two others. An average grain size of about 79 nm was found in the TbFeO3‐850 sample, which exhibited a morphology of sphere‐like shapes with highly agglomerated grains. The TbFeO3‐850 sample demonstrated a high absorbance at wavelengths of 400–600 nm, with a direct bandgap of about 2.68 eV.

Properties of Terbium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Laser Ablation in a Reducing Medium

Properties of Terbium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Laser Ablation in a Reducing Medium

Early-stage clustering in Tb-doped borosilicate glasses revealed by high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and luminescence properties

Glasses with the base composition 60 SiO2·37 B2O3·3 Na2O (in mol%) were doped with different concentrations of terbium oxide. These glasses show phase separation in borate-rich droplets surrounded by a silicate matrix. By means of scanning transmission electron microscopic analyses including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, structural changes during phase separation are investigated, focusing mainly on the local sites of the luminescent ions. Moreover, phase separation structures of as cast and heat-treated glasses are characterized regarding droplet shape and size, as well as size distribution. The luminescence properties of the phase separated glasses are correlated with their nano- and microstructure. Already in the glass with the lowest Tb3+ concentration, the local environments in which the Tb3+ ions reside in could be identified. This early clustering of the luminescent ions remains undetected in fluorescence lifetime measurements. Only in the time-resolved fluorescence measurement of the glass with the highest Tb3+ concentration, which contains very large Tb-rich agglomerates, an indication of clustering is found. Since clustering of rare earth ions can be detrimental to the performance of an optical material, early detection is beneficial. The studies show that high-resolution transmission electron microscopy can assist with this concern.

Valorization of phosphor powder of waste fluorescent tubes with an emphasis on the recovery of terbium oxide (Tb4O7)

Waste fluorescent tubes containing yttrium, europium, lanthanum, cerium and terbium are considered important resources of rare earths. Due to the scarcity of terbium in natural deposits, phosphor powder from waste fluorescent tubes could be a potential source of terbium. The presence of terbium with stable aluminates matrix in the phosphor powder makes the terbium recovery challenging. The present paper aims to develop a process to recover high pure terbium oxide (Tb4O7) from phosphor powder of waste fluorescent tubes. In the developed process, leach residue obtained after selective leaching of yttrium and europium was treated for the recovery of terbium. The leach residue was treated by alkali roasting-water leaching to break the aluminates and phosphates matrix. Further, La, Ce, and Tb were recovered by HCl leaching. Terbium from lanthanum and cerium was separated by solvent extraction using D2EHPA as an extractant. Various parameters such as extractant concentration, phase ratio, etc. were optimized for the selective extraction of terbium in the organic phase. The counter-current process was simulated for terbium extraction. High pure terbium oxide (99.8%) was produced from the loaded organic by precipitation stripping followed by calcination. The solid residues and final products were characterized by chemical analysis, XRD and SEM-EDS.

On characterization of physical properties for terbium (IV) oxide system via curve fitting models

The main objective of this study is to explore Terbium (IV) oxide through the use of its chemical graph. Theegree-based topological reverse indices of Terbium (IV) oxide have been related to thermodynamic assets such as heat of formation and entropy. We investigate the chemical compound Terbium (IV) oxide using its respective chemical graph and analyse its structural characteristics and physical properties using topological reverse indices by developing unique mathematical models.

Synthesis of Tb2O3/ZnO composite nanofibers via electrospinning as chemiresistive gas sensor for detecting NO gas

Forming nanocomposites among different metal oxide species may lead to gas sensors with superior gas sensing properties. In this work, terbium oxide (Tb2O3) was used to form composite nanofibers with zinc oxide (ZnO) to detect nitric oxide (NO) gas. The Tb2O3/ZnO composite nanofibers were synthesized through a facile electrospinning and annealing treatment. The heterostructure was investigated by various techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS, whereas the gas sensing performance of the composite nanofibers was investigated with a static gas testing system. Results showed that the Tb2O3/ZnO composite nanofiber exhibited excellent sensing performance to NO at 180 °C. Specifically, the composite nanofiber with [Tb]/[Zn] molar ratio of 0.01 had a high response of 28.3 (resistance ratio) to 1 ppm NO gas at 180 °C, with low response to other interference gases. The sensor also exhibited good repeatability and long-term stability. These remarkable sensing properties indicate that conventional ZnO is still promising for real applications via material composition and structure.

Synthesis and characterization of the two magnetic nanocomposites based on polyaniline and doped with cerium and terbium

In this study, two new quadripartite nanocomposites, containing conductive polymer, expanded and functionalized graphene sheets and magnetic parts were synthesized in a simple procedure at room temperature. These compounds were synthesized to investigate the efficacy of contiguity of magnetic oxide, conductive polymer, and rare earth metal oxide. The synthesized compounds were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and their electrochemical and magnetic properties were also investigated. The results showed that the presence of cerium oxide instead of terbium oxide reduces the magnetic property and increases the current density.

Investigation of phosphate glass activated with terbium oxide as beta dosimeter

• A new composition of phosphate glass doped with terbium oxides (Tb) was prepared. • Many Analyses such as XRD, HRTEM, SEM and EDX of the prepared samples were done. • The activity energies and the trapping parameters of the glow peaks were studied. • A linear behavior of the dose–response was displayed in the β-doses up to 275 Gy. • Increasing in the sensitivity of phosphate glass for β-radiation with dopant of (Tb). In the current work, a new composition of phosphate glass doped with terbium oxides (Tb 2 O 3 ) was prepared using the melting quenching method. The prepared glasses had been characterized through XRD analysis, FTIR spectra, and thermoluminescence (TL) properties. The TL results revealed that the doping of phosphate glass with 0.5 % Tb increases the sensitivity of phosphate glass for beta radiation by about 562.95 times, compared to undoped phosphate glass. The deconvolution process displayed the composition of the resultant glow curves to seven and eight overlapped peaks for the undoped and doped samples. The activation energies and the trapping parameters of the glow peaks were studied using different methods. A linear behaviour of the dose–response without saturation in the β - dose range was displayed from 0.22 up to 275 Gy.

Enhancing the photoinduced via a novel nano-combination of terbium oxide and nickel oxide on graphene oxide surface: Cytotoxicity and water treatment

The target is a novel nano-combination membrane (NCM) via Terbium oxide nanoparticles (Tb2O3 NPs) and nickel oxide (NiO NPs) which integrates on the graphene oxide (GO) surface. The NCM is characterized by different tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)for removing organic pollutants. The precipitation method has been applied for fabricating the selected metal oxides (MOs), where the terbium chloride and nickel chloride are used as precursors for fabricating the metal oxides (MOs) NPs that formed with potassium hydroxide in the solution. The photocatalytic activity of fabricated NCM has been noticed with the quenching of mixed Rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes at various times for water treatment. UV–vis spectra confirmed the excellent efficiency against organic pollution degradation. After exposure to the light for 100 min, the photodegradation efficacy of MB and RhB appeared at 46.88 % and 16.4 %, with GO@Tb2O3, by GO@Tb2O3.NiO the efficiency was 54.8 % and 32.3 % after 100 min, while GO@NiO has degradation efficiency at 43 % and 17.3 % for MB and RhB respectively. The cytotoxicity of NCM is detected with hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), the result illustrated that the fabricated NCM does not affect the cancer cells with the 10 µL, but with the higher concentration of 100 µL, the cell lysis was observed. The results of photocatalytic and cytotoxicity are recommended using these fabricated NCM in water treatment.

Transformation of Amorphous Terbium Metal-Organic Framework on Terbium Oxide TbOx(111) Thin Film on Pt(111) Substrate: Structure of TbxOy Film.

The present study is focused on the synthesis and structural properties of amorphous terbium metal–organic framework thin film (TbMOF-TF) and its transformation to terbium oxide by pyrolysis at 450 °C in the air. The crystalline (cTbMOF) and amorphous (aTbMOF) films were prepared by solvothermal synthesis using different amounts (0.4 and 0.7 mmol) of the modulator (sodium acetate), respectively. The powders were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The varied chemical composition of the surface of TbMOFs and TbxOy was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that aTbMOF had been fully transformed to a Tb4O7 phase with a cubic crystal structure at 450 °C. The amorphous aTbMOF-TF film was prepared by dropping a colloidal solution of amorphous precursor nanocrystals on the SiO2/Si substrates covered with Pt as an interlayer. XPS confirmed the presence of Tb in two states, Tb3+ and Tb4+. The amorphous film has a rough, porous microstructure and is composed of large clusters of worm-like particles, while terbium oxide film consists of fine crystallites of cubic fluorite cF-TbOx, c-Tb4O7, and c-Tb2O3 phases. The surface topography was investigated by a combination of confocal (CM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The amorphous film is porous and rough, which is contrast to the crystalline terbium oxide film.