Oxford-Liverpool Inventory Research Articles

Psychotic-like symptoms and positive schizotypy are associated with mixed and ambiguous handedness in an adolescent community sample

The objective of this study was to replicate the association between atypical handedness and psychosis-proneness in a representative sample of adolescents from the general population. It expands previous studies by (1) analyzing a variety of atypical handedness indexes (left, mixed, ambiguous, and inconsistent), (2) measuring comprehensively the multidimensionality of psychosis-proneness, and (3) analyzing the association of different patterns of atypical handedness with nonclinical dimensions of both trait (schizotypy) and sub-clinical symptom (psychotic-like experiences) levels. Seven hundred and twenty-eight adolescents were assessed for handedness by the 12-item self-report Annett Hand Preference Questionnaire and for psychosis-proneness by the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences scales. Writing-hand alone did not detect associations between laterality and psychosis-proneness. Mixed- rather than left-handedness was related to psychosis-proneness, and this was more evident when analyzing subjects with ambiguous handedness exclusively. When analysis was restricted to subjects with non-ambiguous handedness, strong left-handedness was related to psychosis-proneness. The positive dimension showed a stronger association than the negative one with atypical handedness. Results partially support mixed-handedness as a marker of developmental disorders underlying both atypical lateralization and psychosis-proneness. Among various possible mixed-handedness patterns, inconsistent hand use across primary actions, and for the same action across time, seems particularly related to psychosis-proneness and thus requires further exploration.

Dopaminergic foundations of schizotypy as measured by the German version of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE)—a suitable endophenotype of schizophrenia

The concept of schizotypy or “psychosis proneness” captures individual differences in perceptual, cognitive, and affective experiences that may relate to a range of psychotic disorders. The concept is an important way to assess the contribution of pre-existing psychological and genetically based biological features to the development of illnesses such as schizophrenia (so called endophenotypes). The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) is a widely used multi-dimensional measure of the construct and consists of four scales which mirror several groups of psychotic symptoms: Unusual Experiences (UnEx; positive symptoms), Cognitive Disorganization (CogDis; cognitive symptoms), Introvertive Anhedonia (IntAn; negative symptoms), and Impulsive Nonconformity (ImpNon; impulsive and antisocial symptoms). For the purpose of evaluating the suitability of schizotypy as an endophenotype of schizophrenia the current version of the O-LIFE was translated into German: its psychometric properties (including re-test reliability and construct validity) were examined in a large sample (n > 1200) and compared to those of the English original. The German version was both highly reliable and consistent with the original. The study aimed to show that schizotypy as measured by the O-LIFE can indeed be regarded as an endophenotype of schizophrenia in terms of genetic associations regarding relevant dopamine-related candidate polymorphisms of schizotypy [i.e., Val158Met-polymorphism of the COMT gene, uVNTR of the MAOA gene, Taq1A-polymorphism of the DRD2 gene, VNTR of the SLC6A3 (DAT) gene]. We also wanted to compare the genetic associations of the O-LIFE to those published using other operationalizations of schizotypy. Our results show a large number of significant associations and borderline-significant trends between the O-LIFE sub-scales and a range of genes, thereby supporting using the O-LIFE in the search for endophenotypic markers.

Effect of High or Low Imagery on Auditory Hallucinatory Content in Individuals Scoring High in Schizotypy

The present study examined the occurrence, and content, of auditory hallucinatory experiences in non-clinical participants scoring high or low in schizotypy. Participants listened to 10 one-minute recordings of white noise, some of which contained embedded high or low imagery words, and were asked to record any words that they heard. Results showed that high scorers on the unusual experiences scale of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences showed a bias toward making hallucinatory reports of a low imagery type than of a high imagery type, but there were no significant differences for low UE scorers. Low scorers in impulsive nonconformity made more low imagery hallucinatory reports than high imagery reports. The results suggest a bias toward more hallucinatory reports of low imagery words.

Schizotypal traits in adolescents: Links to family history of psychosis and psychological distress

ObjectiveStudies in the general population report that unusual subjective experiences are relatively common. Such experiences have been conceptualized either as extreme personality traits or as vulnerability markers for psychosis, and often grouped under the expression “schizotypal experiences”. This study investigates the heterogeneity of schizotypal traits using factor and latent class analysis. MethodsOne thousand and thirty-two adolescents were recruited for this study. Schizotypal experiences were assessed with the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE); psychological distress was assessed with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) were performed on the O-LIFE and on the association with the GHQ and demographic variables. ResultsCFA replicated the original 4-factor structure of the O-LIFE. Three latent classes (LC) of schizotypal features were identified: participants in LC1 (26% of the total sample) showed minimal level of item endorsement; LC2 accounted for 52% of the sample and showed overall higher item endorsement compared to LC1, especially for disorganization and positive signs of schizotypy, but not for negative affective items. LC3 (22%) showed an overall higher level of item endorsement across schizotypal dimensions, and positive association with psychological distress and family history of psychosis. DiscussionDifferent latent class of schizotypal features can be empirically defined in adolescent community samples. The most extreme class is defined not only by a profile of higher positive replies to the items, but also by anhedonia, high psychological distress, and family history of psychosis. These findings can inform prevention research in schizophrenia.

Follow-up factor structure of schizotypy and its clinical associations in a help-seeking sample meeting ultra-high risk for psychosis criteria at baseline

BackgroundSchizotypy is a multidimensional construct indexing psychometric risk for schizophrenia. This study investigated the factor structure and clinical associations of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) short scales, assessed at follow-up in an originally help-seeking sample identified as ultra-high risk for psychosis. MethodParticipants were 228 help-seeking individuals identified as ultra-high risk for psychosis between 2 and 14 years previously (mean, 7.09; SD, 3.17; median, 6.41). The 43-item O-LIFE short scales (Unusual Experiences, Introvertive Anhedonia, Cognitive Disorganization, Impulsive Nonconformity) and indices of depression, anxiety, positive and negative psychotic symptoms, functioning, and quality of life were administered at follow-up. Structural equation modeling was used. ResultsImpulsive Nonconformity was shown to be an unstable factor and was excluded. A 3-factor model of Unusual Experiences, Cognitive Disorganization, and Introvertive Anhedonia was found to be the best description of the data, compared with a 1-factor model. Unusual Experiences factor was associated with positive psychotic symptoms; Cognitive Disorganization was associated with depression and anxiety; and Introvertive Anhedonia was associated with positive and negative psychotic symptoms, quality of life, and functioning. ConclusionsThe Impulsive Nonconformity factor of the O-LIFE short scales should be interpreted with caution. A well-fitting 3-factor model provides support for a dimensional structure in schizotypy that is similar to that of schizophrenia. Separate dimensions were differentially associated with psychopathology, functioning, and quality of life. The interpersonal dimension of schizotypy was the only dimension associated with poorer functioning and quality of life and may be a sensitive indicator of need for care.

Disruption of overshadowing and latent inhibition in high schizotypy individuals

Deficits in selective attention are seen in positively symptomatic schizophrenia sufferers, and in normal people displaying schizotypal traits. We investigated the relationship between selective attention and schizotypy in undergraduate students, by comparing participants’ performance in two models of selective attention, overshadowing and latent inhibition, with psychoticism scores derived from the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE). Using a novel within-subject overshadowing task, we showed that the unusual experiences dimension of schizotypy, but not the other three O-LIFE dimensions, was negatively related to overshadowing score. We also replicated findings that the unusual experiences dimension of schizotypy was negatively related to latent inhibition score. These experiments provide evidence that selective attention is disrupted in normal individuals showing traits relating to positive-like schizophrenic symptoms, and has implications for interpreting selective attention deficits measured in schizophrenia patients.

ADVERSE LIFE EVENTS IN HELP-SEEKING AND NON-HELP-SEEKING UHR INDIVIDUALS

The main purpose of this study was to further the understanding of schizotypy by investigating which of two schizotypy models best describes the construct. The quasi-dimensional model views schizotypy as related to psychological ill-health, whereas the fully dimensional model views schizotypy as fundamentally neutral. A schizotypy measure, the Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE; Mason, Claridge, & Jackson, 1995), a health-related measure, the Sense of Coherence (SOC; Antonovsky, 1991) Scale, and a measure of paranormal beliefs and experiences, the Australian Sheep–Goat Scale (ASGS; Thalbourne & Delin, 1993) were used. The study cluster analysed 88 undergraduate psychology students' responses on three of the O-LIFE dimensions: `unusual experiences' (UE), `cognitive disorganisation' (CD), and `introvertive anhedonia' (IA) (Mason et al., 1995). An agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis of the O-LIFE sub-scales suggested three separate clusters. These were labelled CD/IA, UE, and LS. One-way ANOVA:s revealed that the CD/IA cluster scored lower on the SOC scale than the other clusters and that the UE cluster scored higher than the LS cluster on the ASGS. The results of this study support the notion of healthy schizotypy and support the fully dimensional model of schizotypy over the quasi-dimensional model.

Poster #196 INTERPERSONAL APPRAISALS AND SUBJECTIVE STRESS PREDICT PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN DAILY LIFE

This study aimed to investigate which of a fully dimensional and a quasi-dimensional model for schizotypy would be supported in a population of 129 paranormal believers and experients. It also aimed to investigate which, if any, of the previous cluster structures (Goulding, 2004, Loughland and Williams, 1997) would be replicated. An agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis and a subsequent k-means cluster analysis of the Unusual Experiences (UE), Cognitive Disorganisation (CD), and Introvertive Anhedonia (IA) sub-scales of the Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE; Mason, Claridge, & Jackson, 1995) were performed. Three separate clusters, labelled Introvertive Anhedonia (IA), Low Schizotypy (LS), and Cognitive Disorganisation (CD), were identified. An analysis of variance showed that the clusters did not differ with regard to paranormal beliefs and experiences, measured by the Australian Sheep–Goat Scale (ASGS; Thalbourne & Delin, 1993); all clusters had high scores. Another analysis of variance showed that the LS cluster scored significantly higher on the health-related Sense of Coherence (SOC; Antonovsky, 1991) Scale than both the other clusters. The results of this study support the Loughland and Williams (1997) O-LIFE four-cluster solution and the notion of healthy schizotypy and therefore also the fully dimensional model of schizotypy.

Influence of schizotypy on responding and contingency awareness on free-operant schedules of reinforcement

Schedules of reinforcement typically produce reliable patterns of behaviour, and one factor that can cause deviations from these normally reliable patterns is schizotypy. Low scorers on the unusual experiences subscale of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences performed as expected on a yoked random-ratio (RR), random-interval (RI) schedule of reinforcement, with significantly higher rates of responding on the RR schedule than in the RI schedule. However, high scorers in UE showed no such differences between response rates between the RR and RI schedules. In addition, contingency awareness scores were high, and did not differ in low UE scorers for both types of schedule, whilst awareness scores differed significantly between the schedules in high UE scorers, with more awareness of the RR schedule than the RI one. These results suggest that, as well as being unable to differentiate between the RR and RI schedules in terms of response rates, high UE scorers are also unable to verbally describe the RI schedule parameters.

Binocular Rivalry and Schizotypal personality traits in non-clinical individuals.

Event Abstract Back to Event Binocular Rivalry and Schizotypal personality traits in non-clinical individuals. Anna Antinori1*, Luke D. Smillie1, Phillip Smith1 and Olivia Carter1 1 The University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Australia Binocular Rivalry occurs when different images are presented simultaneously to each eye. The perceptual competition of the two images results in the observer perceiving an alternation between the two distinct images. However, people also report periods of a "mixed" - with the images scrambled or fused - percept either for short or long period. Even if the “mix” percept is reported in studies of binocular rivalry, little is known about it. The mix percept appears to be longer and more frequent in early childhood and its existence proves that binocular rivalry is more than mere eye competitions. Clinical conditions show an atypical rate of perceptual alternation: bipolar disorder has a slower rate and anxious personality a faster one. Purpose: To show that mix percept might be correlated to clinical or subclinical conditions in particular with positive symptoms of psychosis characterized by hallucinations and perceptual aberration. Methods: Participants (n=78) performed a perceptual rivalry visual task viewing simultaneously and in each eye respectively a vertical gratings and a horizontal one. Participants reported which of the two images were dominant or if they perceive a mix percept. To measure several dimensions of schizotypy the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) was administered. Results: A Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was computed to assess the relationship between the mix percept during binocular rivalry and the score obtained on the “Unusual Experiences” O-LIFE subscale . There was a positive significant correlation between the two variables r(78)= . 23, p =.045. Conclusion: The result of our research suggests that subjects with longer “mix” percept during binocular rivalry might be more at risk to develop psychological disorders. This could be useful in the clinical field to help early diagnosis of psychopathologies. Keywords: Binocular Rivalry, schizotypal traits, Psychopathology, Hallucinations, Perception Conference: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 29 Nov - 2 Dec, 2012. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Sensation and Perception Citation: Antinori A, Smillie LD, Smith P and Carter O (2012). Binocular Rivalry and Schizotypal personality traits in non-clinical individuals.. Conference Abstract: ACNS-2012 Australasian Cognitive Neuroscience Conference. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2012.208.00015 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 25 Oct 2012; Published Online: 07 Nov 2012. * Correspondence: Miss. Anna Antinori, The University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Australia, anna.antinori@unimelb.edu.au Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Anna Antinori Luke D Smillie Phillip Smith Olivia Carter Google Anna Antinori Luke D Smillie Phillip Smith Olivia Carter Google Scholar Anna Antinori Luke D Smillie Phillip Smith Olivia Carter PubMed Anna Antinori Luke D Smillie Phillip Smith Olivia Carter Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Recall of false memories in individuals scoring high in schizotypy: Memory distortions are scale specific

Background and objectivesPrevious research has indicated abnormal semantic activation in individuals scoring higher in schizotypy. In the current experiment, semantic activation was examined by using the Deese-Roediger–McDermott paradigm of false memories. MethodsParticipants were assessed for schizotypy using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (OLIFE). Participants studied lists of semantically related words in which a critical and highly associated word was absent. Participants then recalled the list. ResultsParticipants high in Unusual Experiences and Cognitive Disorganization recalled more critical non-presented words, weakly related studied words, and fewer studied words than participants who scored low on these measures. LimitationsPrevious research using the cognitive-perceptual factor of the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire found reduced false memories, while the Unusual Experiences subscale of the OLIFE was associated with more false memories. Both scales cover similar unusual perceptual experiences and it is unclear why they led to divergent results. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that subtypes of schizotypy are associated with abnormal semantic activation.

Atypical lateralisation in emotional prosody in men with schizotypy

Individuals high in schizotypy have been shown to reveal reduced lateralisation in verbal processing which may be influenced by an impaired left hemisphere performance. However, little is known about schizotypy and right hemisphere functions such as emotional perception. The present study focuses on atypical lateralisation in language and emotional prosody in Impulsive Non-conformity (IMP), a specific aspect of schizotypy. A total of 41 participants (20 females) performed a dichotic listening linguistic and emotional prosody task, which typically shows a right ear advantage (REA) and left ear advantage (LEA), respectively. A median split based on the IMP scale included in the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences was used to divide the sample into high and low scorers. The results revealed a selective reduction of the LEA in the prosody task in high-IMP males. Females high and low in IMP revealed typical lateralisation in both tasks. The results indicate that high-IMP males are especially prone to atypical lateralisation in emotional prosody, which parallels those findings in male patients with schizophrenia. The results suggest similarities in sex-specific atypical brain organisation between schizotypy and schizophrenia.

Bipolar Mood Disorder, Creativity and Schizotypy: An Experimental Study

Aims: Our purpose was to make an experimental assessment of the elements of creativity and the features of schizotypy in patients with bipolar disorder, compared with healthy control subjects and to investigate the effect of an acute affective episode (depressed or manic) and the features of schizotypy on the measurements of creativity. Methods: Forty patients with bipolar disorder, and 48 age- and gender-matched control subjects were studied. For the assessment of creativity the Revised Art Scale and the ‘inventiveness’ part of the Berlin Intelligence Structure Test (BIS) were used. The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences was applied for estimation of schizotypy. Results: The bipolar patients did not differ on the RAS scale from the control subjects but obtained significantly higher scores on the BIS-total as well as on the verbal part of the test. Their scores on the BIS scale during depression were significantly lower than in remission. The bipolar patients obtained significantly higher scores on all dimensions of schizotypy compared with the controls. Conclusions: These results confirm previous data showing higher scores on some creativity scales in bipolar patients compared with healthy subjects. They also corroborate a relationship between the features of schizotypy and creativity scores in bipolar patients.

Relationships between autistic-like and schizotypy traits: An analysis using the Autism Spectrum Quotient and Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences

To further investigate claims of a relationship between autism and schizophrenia, the current study examined the associations between specific dimensions of autistic-like and schizotypy traits. These traits were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. After using factor analysis to explore the dimensions of autistic-like and schizotypy traits represented in these measures in two separate groups of students ( N 1 = 362, N 2 = 639), the relationships between these dimensions were examined. While the results are consistent with suggestions in the literature of an overlap in the interpersonal deficits associated with autism and schizophrenia, they offer little support for Crespi and Badcock’s (2008) claim that autism and positive schizophrenia are diametrically opposed disorders.

Effect of a context of concrete and abstract words on hallucinatory content in individuals scoring high in schizotypy

The present study examined the occurrence and content of auditory hallucinatory experiences in 41 non-clinical participants scoring high or low on the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (brief version; OLIFE-B) measure of schizotypy. Participants listened to 10 1-min recordings of white noise, some of which contained embedded concrete or abstract words, and were asked to record the words that they had heard. High scorers on the unusual experiences (UE) scale of the OLIFE-B reported hearing more words, not actually present, relative to low scorers on that measure. In addition, high UE scorers showed a bias toward making hallucinatory reports of an abstract type over a concrete type. These results suggest a bias toward more auditory hallucinatory reports in high scorers in schizotypy, and particularly to those of an abstract type.

Do measures of schizotypal personality provide non-clinical analogues of schizophrenic symptomatology?

This study tested the assumption that measures of schizotypal personality provide non-clinical analogues of the heterogeneous symptomatology found in the schizophrenic disorder. The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) was administered to schizophrenic patients and healthy controls, and measures of symptomatology from the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were assessed in the patient group. Schizophrenic patients scored significantly higher than controls on O-LIFE measures of positive, negative and disorganised schizotypy, while no difference in Impulsive Nonconformity was observed. In the patient group, SAPS positive symptomatology was significantly correlated with O-LIFE positive schizotypy (Unusual Experiences) and Cognitive Disorganisation. However, there was no significant relationship between SAPS/SANS disorganisation and O-LIFE Cognitive Disorganisation, or between the SANS negative factor score and O-LIFE Introvertive Anhedonia. The results suggest that the O-LIFE is a valid tool for assessing schizotypal personality in both schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. However, while the O-LIFE measure of positive schizotypy may correspond with SAPS/SANS positive schizophrenic symptomatology, the negative and disorganised subscales may not be analogous to their SAPS/SANS counterparts. There is also evidence to question the acceptability of Impulsive Nonconformity as a true schizophrenia-like construct.

Suggestibility, Dissociation and Positive Schizotypy

94 participants, drawn from a parent sample of 1206 individuals who had previously taken part in an assessment of the factor structure of Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE), were designated into groups differentiated in terms of low, moderate or high levels of positive schizotypy. All also completed the dissociative experiences scales (DES) and the Inventory of Suggestibility (IoS). Our findings suggest that higher reported levels of dissociative experiences and higher suggestibility both independently predict higher scores of positive schizotypy, although suggestibility appears to be a stronger predictor than dissociation

Personality, Perceived Luck and Gambling Attitudes as Predictors of Gambling Involvement

A quantitative observational study was undertaken to examine the relationship between individual factors and level of gambling involvement, in particular problem gambling (PG). The specific factors under study were personality, perceived luck, and attitudes towards gambling. A sample of university students (N = 185) completed a battery of questionnaires, consisting of the 16PF, Canadian Problem Gambling Index, Belief in Good Luck Scale (BIGL), Gambling Attitudes Scale (GAS), and the Impulsive Non-Conformity subscale (ImpNon) from the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. Four groups were formed (Non-PG, Low-Risk, Moderate-Risk, and PG). Personality profiles varied between groups, and there were significant main effects and interaction effects on gender and personality factors. The PG group was higher on impulsivity, and belief in luck, and had more positive attitudes towards gambling. Multiple Regression Analysis and Discriminant Functions Analysis, using variables including some 16PF factors, BIGL and GAS variables, produced models that were highly predictive of gambling severity and gambling membership. In both models, impulsivity was the strongest predictor. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for future research and treatment of PG.

The role of schizotypy and creativity in a group problem-solving task

The well-studied link between psychotic traits and creativity is a subject of much debate. The present study investigated the extent to which schizotypic personality traits – as measured by O-LIFE (Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences) – equip healthy individuals to engage as groups in everyday tasks. From a sample of 69 students, eight groups of four participants – comprised of high, medium, or low-schizotypy individuals – were assembled to work as a team to complete a creative problem-solving task. Predictably, high scorers on the O-LIFE formulated a greater number of strategies to solve the task, indicative of creative divergent thinking. However, for task success (as measured by time taken to complete the problem) an inverted U shaped pattern emerged, whereby high and low-schizotypy groups were consistently faster than medium schizotypy groups. Intriguing data emerged concerning leadership within the groups, and other tangential findings relating to anxiety, competition and motivation were explored. These findings challenge the traditional cliché that psychotic personality traits are linearly related to creative performance, and suggest that the nature of the problem determines which thinking styles are optimally equipped to solve it.

Individual differences in language lateralisation, schizotypy and the remote-associate task

We tested the hypothesis that the level of reduced laterality in language is correlated with the degrees of schizotypal personality in healthy individuals and with their performance in the remote-associate task (RAT). A total of 53 healthy participants completed a schizotypal personality measure of the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE; a questionnaire measuring the level of psychotic proneness), a consonant–vowel–consonant (CVC; requiring the identification of letter trigrams presented tachistoscopically in the left/right visual fields or both), measuring reduced language laterality and a remote-associate task (RAT; requiring to report a word, weakly associated with three cue words). Analysis revealed correlations between CVC and O-LIFE, as well as between CVC and RAT performance. The results suggest that reduced language lateralisation (reduced hemispheric integration) may play a role in schizophrenic language disorganization, as reflected in highly schizotypal individuals, and that hemispheric integration plays a role in the remote-associate task.