Radial Outward Flow Research Articles

Heat transfer and flow features of a Bifacial-enhanced U channel

High-performance blade cooling improves turbine inlet temperature and thus promotes thermal efficiency of gas turbine. In the present study, a Bifacial-enhanced U channel used for rotor blade cooling is proposed and studied. The definition of the Bifacial-enhanced U channel is that a rotating U channel with orientation angle of 90° to rotating shaft and covered with ribs on both pressure and suction sides, and that the radial outward flow passage of the channel must locate near the pressure side of a blade, and that the radial inward coolant path must situate close to the suction side of the blade. The heat transfer and flow features of the Bifacial-enhanced U channel are experimentally and numerically studied by transient liquid crystal and Reynolds-averaging Navier–Stokes approaches under constant Re of 16,000 and Ro from 0 to 0.024. The novelties of the work are to research how the ribs play roles and to investigate the interactions of ribs, Coriolis force and bend on the flow field and heat transfer features of the Bifacial-enhanced U channel. Wall Nusselt number ratio distributions, pressure loss and total performance of the channel varied with Ro are obtained and discussed in the study. The results indicate that the Bifacial-enhanced U channel possesses superior heat transfer performance on both pressure and suction sides, which is the source of the “Bifacial-enhanced”. Meanwhile, the application of the Bifacial-enhanced U channel on a rotor blade is demonstrated for the first time, providing a guide for next-generation turbine design.

Influence of type of drainage boundary on coefficient of horizontal consolidation

Vertical drains are used widely to accelerate the consolidation of soft clay deposits when preloading is used as a ground improvement technique. One of the essential input parameters required in Barron's theory is the coefficient of horizontal consolidation, ch. The values of ch can be determined by the radial consolidation test, using either a central sand drain or a porous plastic peripheral drain. This paper presents the laboratory tests carried out to understand the reason for the difference in values of ch determined from inward and outward radial flow consolidations tests. A 150 mm wide instrumented consolidation cell was used to carry out the inward or outward radial consolidation tests. The total stress measurements during consolidation showed non-uniform stress distribution in clay with higher effective stress values close to the drainage boundary. This stiffening of the clay close to the drain retards the consolidation rate resulting in reduced values of ch. As a result, the ch values determined by radially outward consolidation tests with a larger drainage boundary area are lower to those obtained by inward radial flow tests. The pore water pressure measurements showed significantly higher undissipated pore water pressure away from the drainage boundary for the outward flow tests.

Secondary flow in ensembles of nonconvex granular particles under shear.

Studies of granular materials, both theoretical and experimental, are often restricted to convex grain shapes. We demonstrate that a nonconvex grain shape can lead to a qualitatively novel macroscopic dynamics. Spatial crosses (hexapods) are continuously sheared in a split-bottom container. Thereby, they develop a secondary flow profile that is completely opposite to that of rod-shaped or lentil-shaped convex grains in the same geometry. The crosses at the surface migrate towards the rotation center and sink there mimicking a "reverse Weissenberg effect." The observed surface flow field suggests the existence of a radial outward flow in the depth of the granular bed, thus, forming a convection cell. This flow field is connected with a dimple formed in the rotation center. The effect is strongly dependent on the particle geometry and the height of the granular bed.

A hydrodynamic comparisons of two different high-pressure homogenizer valve design principles: A step towards increased efficiency

Designing more efficient high-pressure homogenizers (HPHs) is important from an industrial perspective (reduce energy cost). Understanding the relationship between valve geometry and breakup is interesting from an emulsification research perspective. Typically, two different design principles are used for commercial HPHs: the traditional outward radial flow design and the newer inward radial flow design. However, little is known about the hydrodynamic difference. This study uses well-validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology to compare the turbulent stress experienced by a drop travelling though HPH valves (at comparable conditions) between these design and discuss implications on optimal valve design. Regardless of design, the highest stress is observed in the jet downstream of the gap exit. At low to intermediately high homogenizing pressures (<250 MPa), the traditional design gives rise to higher turbulent stress. At extreme pressures (>250 MPa), the inward radial flow design is marginally more efficient. The difference in efficiency between design and operating condition is determined by two opposing forces: The efficiency increases with gap exit velocity (higher in the inward radial flow design) and the efficiency decreases with increasing dissipation volume (smaller for the traditional outward flow design). Implications for improving HPH valve design are discussed.

Linear Stability of a Steady Convective Flow between Permeable Cylinders

Linear stability analysis of a steady convective flow in a tall vertical annulus caused by nonlinear heat sources is conducted in the paper. Heat sources are generated as a result of a chemical reaction. The effect of radial cross-flow through permeable porous walls of the annulus is analyzed. The problem is relevant to biomass thermal conversion. The base flow solution is obtained by solving nonlinear boundary value problem. Linear stability analysis is performed, using collocation method. The calculations show that radial inward or outward flow has a stabilizing effect on the flow, while the increase in the Frank–Kamenetskii parameter (proportional to the intensity of the chemical reaction) destabilizes the flow. The increase in the Reynolds number based on the radial velocity leads to the appearance of the second minimum on the marginal stability curves. The rate of increase in the critical Grashof number with respect to the Reynolds number is different for inward and outward radial flows.

Stability of Viscous Flow in a Curved Porous Channel with Radial Flow

In this paper, we present a linear hydrodynamic stability analysis of the fluid, flowing in a porous curved channel. The motion is due to Pressure gradient acting round the curved channel and an imposed radial flow. The analytical solution of the eigen value problem is obtained by using the Galerkin’s method, for the wide gap case. Results for critical wave number and Dean Number are obtained and are compared with earlier result. The agreement is very good. Also, the stability curve, amplitude of the radial velocity and the cell-pattern are shown on graphs. The results show that the flow is strongly stabilized by an outward radial flow and weakly stabilized by a strong inward radial flow, while it is destabilized by a weak inward radial flow. In presence of outward flow, wide gap systems show stronger stability than the small gap system.

Speciation of thioarsenicals through application of coffee ring effect on gold nanofilm and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Thioarsenicals, such as dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV), have been increasingly discovered as important arsenic metabolites, yet analysis of these unstable arsenic species remains a challenging task. A method based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection in combination with the coffee ringeffect for separation is expected to be particularly useful for analysis of thioarsenicals, thanks to minimal sample pretreatment and unique fingerprint Raman identification. Such a method would offer an alternative approach that overcomes limitations of conventional arsenic speciation techniques based on high performance liquid chromatography separation and mass spectrometry detection. A novel analytical method based on combination of the coffee ringeffect and SERS was developed for the speciation of thiolated arsenicals. A gold nanofilm (AuNF) was employed not only as a SERS substrate, but also as a platform for the separation of thioarsenicals. Once a drop of the thioarsenicals solution was placed onto the AuNF and evaporation of the solvent and the ring stamp formation onto AuNF began, the SERS signal intensity substantially increased from center to edge regions of the evaporated droplet due to the presence of the coffee ring effect. Through calculating the pKa’s of DMMTAV and DMDTAV and accordingly manipulating the chemical environment, separation of these thioarsenicals was realized as they travelled different distances during the development of the coffee ring. The migration distances of individual species were influenced by a radial outward flow of a solute, the thioarsenicals-AuNF interactions and a thermally induced Marangoni flow. The separation of DMMTAV (center) and DMDTAV (edge) on the coffee ring, in combination with fingerprint SERS spectra, enables the identification of these thioarsenicals by this AuNF-based coffee ring effect-SERS method.

Effects of the rotation number on flow and heat transfer in contra-rotating disk cavity with superposed flow

The turbulent fluid flow and convective heat transfer in counter-rotating disk cavity with central axial air inflow and radial air outflow are numerically studied based on the finite volume method. Efforts are focused upon the influence of the rotation number Rt on the flow structure, cooling performance, sealing effect, and surface tangential friction characteristics in the cavity. The stagnation point where the radial outward flow along the upstream disk driven by the rotation force meets the radial outward flow along downstream disk driven by the combination of rotation force and inflow inertial force moves from upstream disk wall to the shroud with increasing Rt. At the Rt far smaller than 1, the fluids in the core region between two disks rotate with the upstream disk like a rigid body, and the tangential velocity of the rotating core decreases with the increase of the disk cavity radius, which is different from the Batchelor-type flow. At the Rt larger than 1, the fluids on the upstream disk side rotate like the Batchelor-type flow, while the sandwich rotation disappears in the fluid on the downstream disk side. The temperature on the upstream disk wall increases and then decreases with increasing values of Rt, and the critical value of Rt for the change of temperature variation is assessed to be at about Rt = 0.69. The temperature and radial temperature gradient of the downstream disk wall decrease with increasing Rt. With increasing Rt by increasing the disk rotation rate, the pressures near the downstream disk decrease, while the frictional moments on rotating disks increase. Due to the effect of flow structure, the frictional moment on the upstream disk is smaller than that on the downstream disk.

Heat Transfer in a Rotating Two-Pass Rectangular Channel Featuring a Converging Tip Turn With Various 45 deg Rib Coverage Designs

Varying aspect ratio (AR) channels are found in modern gas turbine airfoils for internal cooling purposes. Corresponding experimental data are needed in understanding and assisting the design of advanced cooling systems. The present study features a two-pass rectangular channel with an AR = 4:1 in the first pass with the radial outward flow and an AR = 2:1 in the second pass with the radial inward flow after a 180 deg tip turn. Effects of rib coverage near the tip region are investigated using profiled 45 deg ribs (P/e = 10, e/Dh ≈ 0.11, parallel and in-line) with three different configurations: less coverage, medium coverage, and full coverage. The Reynolds number (Re) ranges from 10,000 to 70,000 in the first passage. The highest rotation number achieved was Ro = 0.39 in the first passage and 0.16 in the second passage. Heat transfer coefficients on the internal surfaces were obtained by the regionally averaged copper plate method. The results showed that the rotation effects on both heat transfer and pressure loss coefficient are reduced with an increased rib coverage in the tip turn region. Different rib coverage upstream of the tip turn significantly changes the heat transfer in the turn portion. Heat transfer reduction (up to −27%) on the tip wall was seen at lower Ro. Dependence on the Reynolds number can be seen for this particular design. The combined geometric, rib coverage, and rotation effects should be taken into consideration in the internal cooling design.

Experimental study of liquid metal flows under volute traveling magnetic fields

Two kinds of volute traveling magnetic fields were simultaneously imposed on free surface of molten gallium. These fields drove an outward radial flow over 30 cm/s with small circumferential velocity component near the free surface of the molten gallium. Diverging radial flow causes upward component of the velocity near the surface. It was induced in wide area r < 70 mm in the vessel of 180 mm diameter. The upward component of the velocity was estimated to be 2–3 cm/s. Gallium in the vessel circulates once per 6 seconds. This surface stirrer with soft-magnetic ferrite cores performed continuous operation over 30 minutes that is much longer than the operation time of the coreless surface stirrer. This stirrer is expected to enhance interfacial reactions at slag/metal interface when it is applied to a ladle in steel making.

Application of Airborne Infrared Remote Sensing to the Study of Ocean Submesoscale Eddies

This paper explores the use of infrared remote sensing methods to examine submesoscale eddies that recur downstream of a deep-water island (Santa Catalina, CA). Data were collected using a mid-wave infrared camera deployed on an aircraft flown at an altitude of 3.7 km, and research boats made nearly simultaneous measurements of temperature and current profiles. Structure within the thermal field is generally adequate as a tracer of surface fluid motions, though the imagery needs to be processed in a novel way to preserve the smallest-scale tracer patterns. In the case we focus on, the eddy is found to have a thermal signature of about 1 km in diameter and a cyclonic swirling flow. Vorticity is concentrated over a smaller area of about 0.5 km in diameter. The Rossby number is 27, indicating the importance of the centrifugal force in the dynamical balance of the eddy. By approximating the eddy as a Rankine vortex, an estimate of upward doming of the thermocline (about 14 m at the center) is obtained that agrees qualitatively with the in-water measurements. Analysis also shows an outward radial flow that creates areas of convergence (sinking flow) along the perimeter of the eddy. The imagery also reveals areas of localized vertical mixing within the eddy thermal perimeter, and an area of external azimuthal banding that likely arises from flow instability.

Low-mass planet migration in magnetically torqued dead zones – II. Flow-locked and runaway migration, and a torque prescription

We examine the migration of low mass planets in laminar protoplanetary discs, threaded by large scale magnetic fields in the dead zone that drive radial gas flows. As shown in Paper I, a dynamical corotation torque arises due to the flow-induced asymmetric distortion of the corotation region and the evolving vortensity contrast between the librating horseshoe material and background disc flow. Using simulations of laminar torqued discs containing migrating planets, we demonstrate the existence of the four distinct migration regimes predicted in Paper I. In two regimes, the migration is approximately locked to the inward or outward radial gas flow, and in the other regimes the planet undergoes outward runaway migration that eventually settles to fast steady migration. In addition, we demonstrate torque and migration reversals induced by midplane magnetic stresses, with a bifurcation dependent on the disc surface density. We develop a model for fast migration, and show why the outward runaway saturates to a steady speed, and examine phenomenologically its termination due to changing local disc conditions. We also develop an analytical model for the corotation torque at late times that includes viscosity, for application to discs that sustain modest turbulence. Finally, we use the simulation results to develop torque prescriptions for inclusion in population synthesis models of planet formation.

Numerical simulations on flow and heat transfer in ribbed two-pass square channels under rotational effects

The main objective of this research is to study the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a rotating two-pass square channel with ribbed walls. In this study, the channel length-to-hydraulic diameter ratio of the rotating two-pass square channel (L/Dh), the rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/Dh), rib angle of attack (α) and the rib pitch-to-height (p/e) ratio are fixed at 11.33, 0.13, 60° and 10, respectively. The test fluid is air having the flow rate in terms of constant Reynolds number (Re) of 10,000. The rotation numbers (Ro) are varied from 0.1 to 0.4. The details of the local heat transfer distribution and the flow field of the rotating two-pass square channel are numerically studied by using commercial software ANSYS Fluent (ver.15.0). The results show that the ribbed walls enhance the heat transfer rate significantly. Under rotation, the average Nu in the first pass with radial outward flow is increased while that in the second pass is decreased, and also found that maximum heat transfer rate is observed for rotation number of 0.4 which is higher about 10-20% when compared with the other rotation number cases.

Transient response of a laminar premixed flame to a radially diverging/converging flow

Laminar flamelets are often used to model premixed turbulent combustion. The libraries of rates of conversion from chemical to thermal enthalpies used for flamelets are typically based on counter-flow, stained laminar planar flames under steady conditions. The current research seeks further understanding of the effect of stretch on premixed flames by considering laminar flame dynamics in a cylindrically-symmetric outward radial flow geometry (i.e., inwardly propagating flame). This numerical model was designed to study the flame response when the flow and scalar fields align (i.e., no tangential strain on the flame) while the flame either expands (positive stretch) or contracts (negative stretch, which is a case that has been seldom explored) radially. The transient response of a laminar premixed flame has been investigated by applying a sinusoidal variation of mass flow rate at the inlet boundary with different frequencies to compare key characteristics of a steady unstretched flame to the dynamics of an unsteady stretched flame. An energy index (EI), which is the integration of the source term in the energy equation over all control volumes in the computational domain, was selected for the comparison. The transient response of laminar premixed flames, when subjected to positive and negative stretch, results in amplitude decrease and phase shift increase with increasing frequency. Other characteristics, such as the deviation of the EI at the mean mass flow rate between when the flame is expanding and contracting, are non-monotonic with frequency. Also, the response of fuel lean flames is more sensitive to the frequency of the periodic stretching compared to a stoichiometric flame. An analysis to seek universality of transient flame responses across lean methane–air flames of different equivalence ratios (i.e., 1.0–0.7) using Damköhler Numbers (i.e., the ratio of a flow to chemical time scales) had limited success.

Heat transfer in a smooth rotating multi-passage channel with hub turning vane and trailing-edge slot ejection

This paper experimentally investigates the effects of rotation, turning vane, trailing edge ejection, and channel orientation on heat transfer (HT) in a typical turbine blade three-passage internal cooling test model. The cross section of the first and second passage are rectangular with aspect ratio 1:1 (AR=1) and 2:1 (AR=2) respectively, while the third passage is wedged shaped with slot discharge configuration to simulate the trailing edge ejection design. The flow direction in the first passage is radial outward, after the 180° tip turn, the flow turns radial inward at the second passage. The flow finally redirected to radial outward by the 180° hub turn and discharges through the slot configuration at the third passage. Data measurements are conducted in the second and third passages (includes the hub turn regions). The first passage is not instrumented and serves as flow inlet only. The effects of rotation on the heat transfer coefficients (HTC) were investigated at rotation numbers (Ro) up to 0.32 and Reynolds numbers (Re) from 10,000 to 40,000. This study concludes that the rotating utilizes a positive and negative effect on HT on the radial inward flow leading and trailing surfaces respectively. A reverse trend is concluded for radial outward flow. Rotation also suppresses HT in the turn portion. The effect is most severe at the hub turn side wall. The effect of turning vane slightly reduces and increases HT on all interested surfaces in radial inward and outward flow passages respectively. The turning vane effect is diluted in the hub turn area under rotation. Radial outward flow (third passage) HT is substantially impacted by the channel orientation. Combine with the discharge configuration, under rotating scheme, HT levels in β=45° is significant lower then β=90°. Regional HTCs are correlated with rotation numbers for multi-pass rectangular smooth channel with hub turning vane and trailing edge ejection.

Effect of radial flow on two particle correlations with identified triggers at intermediate p T in p–Pb collisions atsNN=5.02 TeV

Results from the two-particle correlation between identified triggers (pions ($\pi^{\pm}$) , protons (p/$\bar{p}$))) and un-identified charged particles at intermediate transverse momentum ($p_{T}$) in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = $ 5.02 TeV have been presented. The events generated from a hybrid Monte-Carlo event generator, EPOS 3.107 that implements a flux-tube initial conditions followed by event by event 3+1D viscous hydrodynamical evolution, have been analysed to calculate two-dimensional correlation functions in $\Delta\eta$-$\Delta\phi$. The strength of angular correlations at small relative angles (jet-like correlations), quantified in terms of near-side jet-like per-trigger yield has been calculated as a function of the event multiplicity. The yield associated with pion triggers exhibit negligible multiplicity dependence, while the proton-triggered yield shows a gradual suppression from low to high multiplicity events. In small collision systems like p-Pb where jet modification is expected to be less dominant, the observed suppression may be associated with the hydrodynamical evolution of the bulk system that generates an outward radial flow. Analogous measurements in Au-Au collisions at RHIC energy have shown a hint of dilution in proton-triggered correlation at its highest multiplicity suggesting that the soft physics processes in p-Pb and heavy ion collisions may have qualitative similarity.

Towards joining by plastic buckling of hollow polyvinylchloride profiles

This paper investigates the collapse by buckling of hollow polyvinylchloride profiles with various cross sections. The presentation identifies the modes of deformation and the critical buckling loads and investigates the possibility of developing innovative mechanical joining processes built upon the formation of bellow shapes (wrinkles) by radial outward flow. The methodology draws from the fundamentals of material characterization and plastic buckling by compression between flat parallel platens to the experimental and finite element analysis of the formation of wrinkles by compression in a semi-closed tool. Results show that the formation of wrinkles in hollow polyvinylchloride profiles at room temperature is limited to geometric features within a compact range. The connection of hollow polyvinylchloride profiles to polycarbonate sheets is given as examples of application of wrinkles in mechanical joining.

Disk to dual ring deposition transformation in evaporating nanofluid droplets from substrate cooling to heating.

Substrate temperature plays an important role in deposited morphologies formed after the evaporation of nanofluid droplets. The deposited patterns are shown to vary from a uniform disk-like profile to a dual ring from cooling to heating of the substrate. The droplet on the substrate with a relatively low temperature reveals three primary stages. Stage I features an outward transport of nanoparticles along the liquid-air interface near the droplet edge. Meanwhile some nanoparticles form sediment on the solid surface with a certain distance to the contact line. In the central region nanoparticles are dominated by Brownian motion so they fluctuate around their positions. Stage II is characterized by an increasing outward transport of nanoparticles in the bulk so the coffee ring is gradually enhanced. Most particles in Stages I and II are central-concentrated, leaving an annular gap sparsely covered adjacent to the outer ring. In Stage III, the pattern is homogenized by filling the gap with the arrival of the interior nanoparticles. Upon increasing the substrate temperature, the accompanied flow pattern exhibits a transition when the substrate still remains cooler than the atmosphere. It is resulted from the evaporative cooling at the droplet apex counteractive to the applied temperature gradient by substrate cooling. Above the transition temperature, the induced inward Marangoni flow takes place earlier at a higher substrate temperature, and in conjunction with the outward radial flow a dual ring pattern is formed.

Thin-sheet flow between coalescing bubbles

When two spherical bubbles touch, a hole is formed in the fluid sheet between them, and capillary pressure acting on its tightly curved edge drives an outward radial flow which widens the hole joining the bubbles. Recent images of the early stages of this process (Paulsen et al., Nat. Commun., vol. 5, 2014) show that the radius of the hole $r_{\!E}$ at time $t$ grows proportional to $t^{1/2}$, and that the rate is dependent on the fluid viscosity. Here, we explain this behaviour in terms of similarity solutions to a third-order system of radial extensional-flow equations for the thickness and velocity of the sheet of fluid between the bubbles, and determine the growth rate as a function of the Ohnesorge number $\mathit{Oh}$. The initially quadratic sheet profile allows the ratio of viscous and inertial effects to be independent of time. We show that the sheet is slender for $r_{\!E}\ll a$ if $\mathit{Oh}\gg 1$, where $a$ is the bubble radius, but only slender for $r_{\!E}\ll \mathit{Oh}^{2}a$ if $\mathit{Oh}\ll 1$ due to a compressional boundary layer of length $L\propto \mathit{Oh}\,r_{\!E}$, after which there is a change in the structure but not the speed of the retracting sheet. For $\mathit{Oh}\ll 1$, the detailed analysis justifies a simple momentum-balance argument, which gives the analytic prediction $r_{\!E}\sim (32a{\it\gamma}/3{\it\rho})^{1/4}t^{1/2}$, where ${\it\gamma}$ is the surface tension and ${\it\rho}$ is the density.

Channel morphology, hydrology and geomorphic positioning of a Middle Miocene river system of the Siwalik foreland basin, India

AbstractSystematic lithofacies, palaeocurrent, palaeomorphological and palaeohydrological analyses have provided detailed information about a hitherto unstudied river system of the Siwalik foreland basin of the Himalaya. Three distinct lithofacies associations, each representing a specific depositional setting, have been identified and named as ‘Facies Association A’, ‘Facies Association B’ and ‘Facies Association C’. The ‘Facies Association A’ comprises pebbly sandstone, cross-bedded sandstone, ripple-laminated sandy siltstone and bioturbated mudstone lithofacies and represents deposits of a braided channel. The ‘Facies Association B’ comprises cross-bedded sandstone, bioturbated mudstone, fine sandstone–mudstone alternation and lensoid to prismatic sandstone lithofacies and represents deposits of a channel, natural levee, crevasse-splay and flood plain of a meandering stream. The ‘Facies Association C’ comprises mottled siltstone–mudstone heterolith and fine sandstone lithofacies and represents deposits of the upland interfluve region. The braided stream had a maximum depth of 4.15 m, maximum width of 305 m and maximum discharge of 7045 cumec, whereas the meandering stream had a sinuosity of 1.26, maximum depth of 3.71 m, maximum width of 180 m and maximum discharge of 4070 cumec. The area had a regional radial outward flow pattern, but dominantly towards the SSW. However, the braided river had a bimodal flow pattern due to an active basement-high-induced bend along its course. A comparison of the sediment characters and morphological and hydrological parameters of these streams with those of the modern rivers of the Ganga (Gangetic) basin has enabled us to infer that this river system was located in the medial-distal megafan-interfan setting of the basin.