Share Of Output Research Articles

Foreign Direct Investments, Renewable Electricity Output, and Ecological Footprints: Do Financial Globalization Facilitate Renewable Energy Transition and Environmental Welfare in Bangladesh?

Phasing out fossil fuel dependency to adopt renewable energy technologies is pertinent for both ensuring energy security and for safeguarding the well-being of the environment. However, financial constraints often restrict the developing countries, in particular, from undergoing the renewable energy transition that is necessary for easing the environmental hardships. Against this background, this study makes a novel attempt to evaluate the impacts of FDI inflows on enhancing renewable energy use and attaining environmental sustainability in Bangladesh between 1972 and 2015. Using the autoregressive distributed lags with structural break approach to estimate the short- and long-run elasticities, it is found that FDI inflows enhance the share of renewable electricity output in the total electricity output levels of the country. Besides, FDI inflows are also evidenced to directly hamper environmental quality by boosting the ecological footprints figures of Bangladesh. Hence, it can be said that FDI promotes renewable electricity generation in Bangladesh but transforms the nation into a pollution haven. However, although FDI inflows cannot directly reduce the ecological footprints, a joint ecological footprint mitigation impact of FDI inflows and renewable electricity generation is evidenced. Besides, the findings also verify the authenticity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Bangladesh’s context. Therefore, economic growth can be referred to as being both the cause and the panacea to the environmental problems faced by Bangladesh. These results, in a nutshell, calls for effective measures to be undertaken for attracting the relatively cleaner FDI in Bangladesh whereby the objectives of renewable energy transition and environmental sustainability can be achieved in tandem. In line with these findings, several appropriate financial globalization policies are recommended.

Металургійна галузь України: динаміка виробництва крізь призму зовнішніх факторів

Domestic metallurgical industry is an integral part of the world industry, and its development takes place in the context of global trends, such as constant growth of metallurgical production with simultaneous excess of smelting, increasing concentration of production, and increasing consumption and export of metal products in TOP-15 leading smelting countries. The main consequence of such trends is a significant intensification of competition on the global steel market. Despite the fact, that Ukraine’s metallurgical industry is an important participant in the global market of ferrous metals and raw materials for their production and has certain advantages in their production and export, like the whole Ukraine’s economy, is open and small in macroeconomic terms. This gives grounds to refer Ukraine’s metallurgical industry of to the category of "small open industry", which is characterized by export orientation, a small share of output in global output, exports, imports, and domestic consumption and, most importantly – by the lack of decisive influence on world prices. Since Ukraine’s metallurgical industry is small and open, and the vast majority of its products are shipped to world markets, it was suggested that the dynamics of metallurgical output is directly influenced by external factors such as world steel prices, the hryvnia exchange rate and the price for natural gas. The obtained results confirmed the hypothesis that Ukraine’s metallurgical industry throughout the entire study period was completely dependent on the action of external factors. In particular, the favorable price situation on the global market of metal products ensured a high dynamics of metallurgical output. At the same time, devaluation of Ukrainian national currency in different periods had different effects. The price for natural gas restrained the metallurgical output throughout the entire study period.

India’s rank and global share in scientific research: <em>how data sourced from different databases can produce varying outcomes?

India is emerging as a major knowledge producer of the world in terms of proportionate share of global research output and the overall research productivity rank. Many recent reports, both of commissioned studies from Government of India as well as independent international agencies, show India at different ranks of global research productivity (variations as large as from 3 rd to 9 th place). The paper examines this contradiction; tries to analyse as to why different reports places India at different ranks and what may be the reasons thereof. The research output data for India, along with the ten most productive countries in the world, is analysed from three major scholarly databases- Web of Science, Scopus and Dimensions for this purpose. Results show that both, the endogenous factors (such as database coverage variation and different subject classification schemes) and the exogenous factors (such as subject selection and publication counting methodology) cause the variations in different reports. This paper reports first part of the analysis, focusing mainly on variations due to use of data from different databases. The policy implications of the study are also discussed.

Multidimensional quantitative analysis of the Cuban scientific output and its regional context

A multidimensional approach was applied to analyze trends of the Cuban scientific output in the context of the 21 Latin American countries exceeding two million inhabitants. Output performance for each country were compared. The following parameters were analyzed: output and journals indexed at Scopus (SCImago stats, 1996–2018) and the Web of Science Core Collection (1996–2019), journals covered by SciELO, academic journals registered at Latindex, and the number of serials registered by the ISSN International Centre. The comparative elements include: Web of Science vs. Scopus annual output and by cumulative frequency, share of academic journal output by country vs. total output, output in national journals and document typologies. It was shown that either annual or cumulative, ranking in the LAC region has been quite stable despite few changes during 2015–2019. The rise of Brazil’s output either in foreign or Brazilian journals increased its cumulative regional contribution by 11.37% from 1996 to 2018 and equivalently stabilized or decreased the relative regional contribution indexes for most countries either cumulative (positive change only for Mexico) or annual (positive changes for Colombia, Ecuador, Chile and Peru). In spite of its 11th position in population and 10th position in GDP, Cuba ranked among the first eight most productive countries (ranked 7th in total documents), quantitatively outperforming LAC countries with more GDP and population. Its ranking was highly influenced by Cuban journals’ output. Some considerations are provided for a more balanced analysis of scientific output in relation to socio-economic and database indexing aspects.

CO2 emissions from the electricity sector during China's economic transition: from the production to the consumption perspective

Abstract China's economy has entered the ‘New Normal’ era, transferring from the fast growth to the medium-high growth with ambitious targets on climate change mitigation and pollution alleviation. As the largest CO2 source among all industrial sectors, the electricity sector plays an important role in China's recent stagnating CO2 emissions and achieving mitigation targets. Here we estimate CO2 emissions from electricity production by using up-to-date emission factors and calculate the CO2 emissions embodied in purchased electricity using the Quasi-Input-Output (QIO) model. In addition, we quantify the drivers of CO2 emissions from electricity production and consumption using the index and structural decomposition analysis. Our results show that China's economic transition and increasing electricity intensity largely contributed to the growth of CO2 emissions in the electricity sector, while the improvement of energy efficiency, non-fossil fuel substitution, and shrinking share of industrial output reduced CO2 emissions. The consumption-based CO2 emissions in developed regions in China are higher than their production-based CO2 emissions in 12 provinces. The recent slowing down of economic growth, energy transition, improved efficiency, non-fossil fuel substitution, and electricity trade have altered the CO2 trajectory in the electricity sector since 2008 global financial crisis. This study could help policymakers better understand CO2 emissions in the electricity sector and formulate effective policies to decarbonize the electricity sector in the future.

Determinants of Exports Behaviour of India’s Agro-processing Firms: Role of Technology, Imported Raw Materials and Logistics Infrastructure

Despite accounting for a sizeable share in the overall output and employment of the manufacturing sector, the export potential of India’s Agro-processing firms has received less attention. This article investigates the determinants of export propensity and intensity of relatively labour-intensive agro-processing firms in India with a focus on the role of technology adopted, the proportion of imported raw materials used and status of the logistics infrastructure at the location of the firm. The article makes use of the CMIE-PROWESS dataset to obtain a cross-section of agro-processing firms for the year 2016–2017 and the Logistic Ease Across Different States (LEADS) database. The empirical strategy involves the Heckman two-step process to address the sample selection bias originating in modelling export behaviour. The article finds that the likelihood of an agro-processing firm to enter the exporting market increases with an increase in technology enhancing investment in terms of expenditure on research and development and import of capital goods. Moreover, a better level of logistics infrastructure enhances the likelihood of exporting. The likelihood of a firm to export also increases with the increase in the use of imported raw materials, firm size, age and superior managerial quality. However, the paper finds only the expenditure on imported capital goods and imported raw materials to be positively and significantly associated with the export intensity of the exporting firms.

Liquidity, hedging and the survival of North German dairy farms

AbstractIncreasingly, European dairy farmers have to manage the raw milk price risk. Price hedging for raw milk and an increasing number of individual fixed-price contracts with processors are now available. However, the choice of hedging a certain share of milk output still leaves individual farmers facing a complex decision. The cash flow model in this study explains the probability of a typical northern European dairy farm surviving illiquidity over an 18-month period under common milk price volatility. The probability of farm survival was modelled in relation to available liquidity buffers and different levels of farm-specific production costs. The model allowed minimum shares of milk output to be determined, for which a fixed price should be hedged if the objective is farm survival at a given probability. Using these modelling results, practitioners are able to determine this share graphically.

AUTOMATION, PARTIAL AND FULL

When some steps of a complex, multi-step task are automated, the demand for human work in the remaining complementary sub-tasks goes up. In contrast, when the task is fully automated, the demand for human work declines. Upon aggregation to the macroeconomic scale, partial automatability of complex tasks creates a bottleneck of development, where further growth is constrained by the scarcity of essential human work. This bottleneck is removed once the tasks become fully automatable. Theoretical analysis using a two-level nested constant elasticity of substitution production function specification demonstrates that the shift from partial to full automation generates a non-convexity: humans and machines switch from complementary to substitutable, and the share of output accruing to human workers switches from an upward to a downward trend. This process has implications for inequality, the risk of technological unemployment, and the likelihood of a secular stagnation.

Indicators of Sustainable Development Goals in the Rural Territories of Russia

This paper analyzes the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals [SDG] in the rural territories of Russia. The sustainable development of rural territories is a problem of world significance. The importance of the discussed problem is that economically steady and socially developed rural territories are the guarantors of stability, independence, and food security of the state. Therefore, the vector of their development becomes the priority direction of national policy. The solution to this scientific problem is the formation of a new scientific direction in studies of sustainable development of rural areas by justifying the necessary conceptual basis and defining indicators of regional development following the goals of sustainable development. The authors analyze rural territories with respect to the share of product output produced by the agricultural industry in the gross regional product (GRP). The correlation, dependence, or influence of the agricultural sector on the regional economy is shown. According to the received results, 57 Russian regions can be carried to rural territories that make more than 50% of all territory. The authors analyzed indicators of sustainable development of the rural territories included in the State program “Complex development of rural territories,” according to SDG. It is shown that not all SDGs were included in the state program of development of rural territories. However, Russia is at the level of world indicators in terms of achieving these goals.

Employment and output effects of federal regulations on small business

AbstractThis paper examines the disparate impact of US federal regulations on small businesses. Using a two‐sector dynamic general equilibrium model, we obtained two implications of higher regulation on small firms that have yet to be empirically tested in the published literature. First, as regulations increase, small firms’ share of employment shrinks. Second, as regulations rise, small firms’ share of total output falls. Using a panel of industry‐specific US regulatory restrictions, we found that a 10% increase in federal regulations was associated with an approximate 0.8% reduction in small firms’ share of industry employment and a nearly 1.5% decline in small firms’ share of industry output.

Decomposition of energy intensity in Chinese industries using an extended LMDI method of production element endowment

The purpose of this paper is to decompose the impacting factors of production element endowment (PEE) on energy intensity in China’s industries in 2000–2015. This is vital for China’s policy-making in terms of the development of low-energy-consumption (LEC) industries under relatively rapid industrialization and urbanization. This study contributes to the comprehensive investigation of PEE’s impact on energy intensity (EI), which can bridge the existing literature gap.A PEE extended logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method was developed to decompose the changes in the Chinese industrial EI into three PEE, two intensity, and two structure factors. These driving factors include the energy–capital ratio (EK), capital–labor ratio (KL), labor–technology ratio (LT), R&D intensity (RI), investment intensity (II), energy mix (ES), and share of provincial industrial output (OS). The results demonstrated the following. (1) Overall, the effects of LT and EK are the two leading contributors to the decline in EI in Chinese industry. Moreover, OS exerted a negative effect on EI, and ES showed a marginal negative effect on EI. KL, II, and RI played roles in the increase in Chinese industrial EI. (2) In terms of the cumulative effects at the provincial level, LT and KL had the largest curbing and stimulating effect on the EI of all provinces, respectively. EK, II, RI, and OS had positive or negative effects on EI in all provinces with some fluctuations. Among all factors, the ES effect was the weakest and demonstrated mixed results in different provinces. (3) In the eastern, central, and western regions, LT, EK, and OS decreased Chinese industrial EI. KL, II, and RI were the three major contributors to the improvement in EI. Finally, the policy recommendations for EI reduction in Chinese industry are presented on the basis of the empirical results.

Macro-Regional Economic Structural Change Driven by Micro-founded Technological Innovation Diffusion: An Agent-Based Computational Economic Modeling Approach

This paper introduces an agent-based computational economic modeling approach into an input–output analytical framework and proposes diffusion of technological innovation behavior into the simulation models. A large number of heterogeneous firms with macro-regional economic frameworks are included to perform policy simulation scenarios to investigate the impact of diffusing technological innovations on the dynamic changes in the regional economic structures of major global economies (i.e., China, Japan, the United States, Russia, India, and the European Union). This study reveals that process innovation may be more conducive to promoting the transfer of resource elements between regions for China, the EU, Japan, India, and Russia. However, for the U.S., product innovation may facilitate upgrading its industrial structure. Furthermore, from 2012 to 2030, for these six economies, the output share of the primary industry will likely decline by varying degrees, while the output share of the tertiary industry will show an uptrend. The employment share in the tertiary industry in these six economies decreased. Another important finding is that differentiated technological innovation-driven policies must be adopted within the context of global economic governance. Moreover, each economy should choose a technological innovation mode that is suitable for its economic development. Thus, these findings provide an important theoretical basis for formulating global economic governance policies in the future.

The “Matthew Effect” and Market Concentration: Search Complementarities and Monopsony Power

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms that face search complementarities in the formation of vendor contracts. Search complementarities amplify small differences in productivity among firms. Market concentration fosters monopsony power in the labor market, magnifying profits and further enhancing high-productivity firms’ output share. Firms want to get bigger and hire more workers, in stark contrast with the classic monopsony model, where a firm aims to reduce the amount of labor it hires. The combination of search complementarities and monopsony power induces a strong “Matthew effect” that endogenously generates superstar firms out of uniform idiosyncratic productivity distributions. Reductions in search costs increase market concentration, lower the labor income share, and increase wage inequality.

The 'Matthew Effect' and Market Concentration: Search Complementarities and Monopsony Power

This paper develops a dynamic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms that face search complementarities in the formation of vendor contracts. Search complementarities amplify small differences in productivity among firms. Market concentration fosters monopsony power in the labor market, magnifying profits and further enhancing high-productivity firms' output share. Firms want to get bigger and hire more workers, in stark contrast with the classic monopsony model, where a firm aims to reduce the amount of labor it hires. The combination of search complementarities and monopsony power induces a strong “Matthew effect” that endogenously generates superstar firms out of uniform idiosyncratic productivity distributions. Reductions in search costs increase market concentration, lower the labor income share, and increase wage inequality. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

Quantitative and qualitative assessment of Indian research yield in type 1 diabetes during 1996–2020

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a well-researched disease globally. The Indian contribution to global T1D research is unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of publication output of Indian authors in the field of T1D. Materials and Methods: Scopus database was used to retrieve Indian publications on T1D during 1996–2019. The extracted data included the number of publications, citation metrics, top productive organizations and authors, research collaborations, most cited papers, and active journals, and were analyzed using appropriate bibliometric indicators. Results: Globally, the USA leads the ranking, of about 100 countries which participated in T1D research, with 29.3% of publication share, followed by UK (11.4%), and Germany, Italy, and Australia (6.9%–5.0%). India contributed only 1.7% (513 publications) share of global output, registered annual growth of 26.3% and averaged 9.7 citations per paper (CPP). Only 21.6% of publications involved international collaboration and 15.7% received funding. The two most productive organizations were PGIMER, Chandigarh and AIIMS, New Delhi with 51 and 43 papers, respectively. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (42 papers) and International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries (24 papers) were the two leading Indian journals, which published research on this topic.

Climate Change in Developing Countries : Global Warming Effects, Transmission Channels and Adaptation Policies

Using panel data covering 126 low- and middle-income countries over 1960-2017, we find that sustained positive temperature deviations from their historical norms have a non-linear negative effect on economic growth and growth per capita. A sustained 1°C temperature increase lowers real GDP per capita annual growth by 0.74–1.52 percentage points, irrespective of levels of development. We also find that temperature rise affects the households’ intertemporal trade-off between consumption and investment, since the share of private consumption in total value-added increases while the share of investment declines. A sectoral decomposition shows that the share of industrial value-added also declines. While the share of agricultural value-added increases, agricultural output and productivity declines. Taken together, our results suggest that global warming will reinforce development traps, hindering further adaptation to climate change, particularly in the countries with the lowest levels of income given their lower resilience and higher socioeconomic vulnerability.

Covid-19 and Neuroscience Research: A Scientometric Assessment of India's Publications during 2020–21

Neurological management in the present global Covid-19 crisis in India could be evaluated by undertaking assessment of current literature which may be useful to policy-makers and clinicians. Keeping this in view, the present study examines the Indian output on ‘Covid-19 and Neuroscience’ using bibliometric methods. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of Indian publications was performed for all the publications in Scopus database by using ‘Covid- 19’ and its synonyms keywords in ‘Keyword’ and ‘Title’ tags. The results obtained were further restricted to subject ‘Neurosciences’ under subject tag. The top 5 countries producing the highest number and share in global output were: United States 1,316 papers and 29.65% share), United Kingdom (597 papers and 13.45% share), Italy (552 papers and 12.44% share), China (382 papers and 8.61% share) and India (292 papers and 6.58% share). The organisations that produced the highest number of publications were NIHMANS-Bangalore, PGIMER-Chandigarh and AIIMS-New Delhi (30 papers each), K.G. Medical University-Lucknow (13 papers) and AIIMS-Rishikesh (11 papers). The journalsthat produced the highest number of publications were ‘Neurology India’ (29 papers), ‘Psychiatry Research’ (24 papers), ‘Journal Of Neurosciences In Rural Practice’ (16 papers), ‘Lancet Psychiatry’ (14 papers) and ‘Peerj’ (13 papers). The most commonly investigated topics in terms of frequency of appearances of keywords were ‘anxiety’ (36), ‘neurological disease’ (32), ‘depression’ (26), ‘mental disease’ (26), ‘mental health’ (26), ‘Gullain Barre syndrome’ (19), ‘neurosurgery’ (18), ‘Cerebro vascular accidents’ and ‘stroke’ (17 each), ‘Cykotine storm’ and ‘nervous system disease’ (15 each). The present study has the potential to provide a guide that can contribute to improvement in the literature.

Leaping into the Dark: A Model of Policy Gambles with Self-Fulfilling Features

We examine why rational voters support risky “policy gambles”, even when detrimental to welfare, over maintaining a safe status quo. We present a model of electoral competition with two groups of agents. Elites own the means of production and choose how much future output they require as compensation for investing in risky projects. Voters are residual claimants of output. The output depends on the future government’s policy. When investments are made, the incumbent cannot pre-commit to retain the status quo. Instead, future policy is determined by political parties vying to win the election. Voters can increase their expected output share by supporting policy gambles. Our analysis highlights how uncertainty about future policy shapes equilibrium policy choices and provides a mechanism where income inequality is a driver for abandoning the status quo. Institutions that support consensus between political parties can improve welfare by eliminating the gamble equilibrium.

Research on bipolar disorder from India: A bibliometric analysis of papers published during 2000-19.

The paper examines 1037 publications on bipolar disorder (BD) during the years 2000-19 from India, as listed in the Scopus database. India's publications constituted 2.27 % share of global output (45,624 publications) in the study period of 20 years. India does not figure in the top 10 countries in terms of research output on BD. The number of publications on BD from India increased from 13 in 2000 to 107 in 2019, registering 14.44 % annual average growth, higher than world's growth of 6.02 %. India's 10-year cumulative publications increased from 264 during 2000-09 to 773 during 2010-19, registering 192.8 % absolute growth, much higher than world cumulative growth of 63.27 %. India's publications on BD averaged citation impact per paper of 14.24, which decreased from 25.38 to 10.43 from 2000-09 to 2010-19. Maximum numbers of papers from India on BD were published by researchers from National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore (222 papers),Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh(118 papers), and AII India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (79 papers). Lady Harding Medical College, New Delhi (36.20 and 2.54), Schizophrenia Research Foundation, Chennai (27.45 and 1.93), and King George's Medical University, Lucknow (25.21 and 1.77) were the most significant organizations in terms of citation per paper and relative citation index. Maximum number of papers were published in Indian Journal of Psychiatry (101 papers), followed by Asian Journal of Psychiatry (88 papers) and Indian Journal of Psychology Medicine (34 papers).

Trade Liberalization and Productivity Growth: Firm-Level Analysis from Kenya

We analyze the impact of trade liberalization on firm productivity growth in Kenya’s manufacturing sector, using a panel spanning 8 years; 1992-1999. Our analysis reveals that liberalizing trade generates high productivity improvements in the manufacturing sector. We find that a one-unit reduction in import duties as a percentage of total imports significantly increases firm-level productivity in the manufacturing sector by 5.7%. When we examine this effect on the firm’s share of exported output, we find that lowering of import duties significantly increases the share of output exported by 0.7%. Further, we sought to assess how the effect of import duties varied across the different industries in our sample. Examining the effect of import duties on industrial performance, we find a negative and statistically significant relationship in some of the industries. Our results show heterogeneous effect of reduction of import duties on industrial performance. Not all industries benefited from the lowering of import duties, especially the food and bakery, and garment industry, where productivity did not increase. These findings have important policy implications for improving the manufacturing sector. Consequently, formulating policies that effectively relax restrictive barriers to trade in the economy could speed up firm-level productivity in the manufacturing sector.