Treatment Plant Outlet Research Articles

Performance of Microfiltration Membranes to Turn Processed Water from Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) into Clean Water

Problems arise when there are tax fees on groundwater use by hospitals. This will, of course, burden the hospital's operational costs. The solution to reducing groundwater use is the use of microfiltration membranes. Microfiltration membranes can be used to recycle wastewater into clean water so that it can be collected and used for cleaning, washing, and watering gardens. They can reduce groundwater taxes and hospital groundwater use. The research objectives are to know the efficiency of reducing wastewater recycling equipment from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlet using a microfiltration membrane. The research methodology used was a quasi-experiment in laboratories and workshops, with a pre-test (before treatment) and post-test (after treatment) design. Stage one Microfiltration Membrane is a medium for processing wastewater into clean water in the first stage. Stage two, Microfiltration Membrane, is a medium for processing wastewater into clean water. In the second stage, it ensures that clean water quality is met. The results that the efficiency of reducing the wastewater recycling equipment from the WWTP outlet using Microfiltration Membrane for pH 7%, Temperature 6%, Turbidity 64%, Colour 85%, Dissolved Solids (TDS) 40%, Nitrate 70%, Nitrite 94%, dissolved Iron (Fe) 33%, Manganese 60%, Cadmium 50%, Lead 43%, Fluoride 46%, Cyanide 96%, Hardness (CaCO3) 11%. In conclusion, all the parameters studied experienced a decrease in concentration. This research suggests conducting further research to reduce the current research discharge so that the parameter reduction can be more significant.

Oil-based extraction as an efficient method for the quantification of microplastics in environmental samples

BackgroundWastewater treatment plant outlets are a major source of microplastics, with more than 90% retained in sewage sludge. No standardised method for the extraction, quantification, and characterisation of microplastics in sewage sludge or soil exists, and direct comparison of studies is often impossible. Our aim was to validate oil extraction efficiency with and without pre-treatment with Fenton’s reagent of selected microplastics in various types of environmental samples (sewage sludge and organic-rich substrates).ResultsOxidation with Fenton’s reagent removed up to 90% of organic material, which improves the recovery rate and made quantification and characterisation easier and more reliable, regardless of type, shape, size, or density of the selected microplastic particles used in this study. Pre-treatment, as a pre-step of the oil extraction method, was shown to be important in reducing organic matter in all environmental samples, including sewage sludge and organic-rich substrates. It also improved the reliability of the selected method, shortened its duration, and, by reducing organic matter, made extracted microplastics more visible. The recovery rate was better for particles 1–5 mm and lower for particles 0.1 < 1 mm.ConclusionsBy achieving up to a 100% recovery rate for certain types of microplastics (polypropylene and polystyrene), the selected method proved to be a promising extraction method. It was also shown to be efficient in the organic-rich substrates, for which the characterisation of microplastic particles was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The most commonly detected types of microplastics in organic-rich substrates were polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyester.

Pengaruh Limbah Industri Tahu Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai Berdasarkan Parameter Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solid (Studi Kasus Industri Tahu di Dusun Janten, Ngestiharjo, Kasihan, Bantul)

This research aims to evaluate the influence of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlets on the water quality of the Kalibayem River in the Dusun Janten, Ngestiharjo, Kasihan, Bantul area. The research method employed involved collecting river water samples from points before and after the WWTP outlets, as well as analyzing water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, and TSS. The research findings indicate that the WWTP outlets have a significant impact on the water quality of the Kalibayem River. After undergoing treatment processes at the WWTP, there was a reduction of 0.85% in BOD, 1.28% in COD, and 62% in TSS levels in the river water. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that the WWTP outlets of the tofu industry do not have a significant impact on pollution in the Kalibayem River in the Dusun Janten, Ngestiharjo, Kasihan, Bantul area. This means that the WWTP has been successful in reducing pollution loads and maintaining the water quality of the river. The implications of this research can be used as a reference for managing and controlling industrial waste and preserving the sustainability of the river ecosystem in that area.

Impact of Mn2+ in bisphenol A degradation by chelating agents-assisted manganese dioxide: Mechanism understanding and efficiency evaluation

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is popular in eliminating organic pollutants in water. The application of chelating agents to enhance the reactivity of MnO2 has been previously reported. Much attention has been taken to increase the amount of Mn(III) species in the manganese oxide/ligands system to achieve a higher degradation. However, the role of Mn2+ is rarely studied. In this study, the efficiency and mechanism of bisphenol A (BPA) degradation by pyrophosphate (PP)-assisted MnO2 in the presence of Mn2+ was investigated. The results show that 25 μM of BPA can be completely removed by the MnO2/PP/Mn2+ system in 90 min. Increasing PP and Mn2+ concentrations effectively improved the degradation of BPA. The primary reactive species for the degradation of BPA was determined to be the Mn(III)-PP complex. Moreover, Mn2+ were verified to play the bridging, reductive, and catalytic roles to enhance the degradation of BPA. Furthermore, the substituted ligands such as nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt hydrate (EDTA) were verified to exhibit higher activity than citrate on MnO2 activation in the presence of Mn2+. The adaptability of the proposed system was evaluated in various conditions such as the presence of metal cations or inorganic ions and wide solution pH range. In addition, the performance of MnO2/PP/Mn2+ system on BPA removal in the sewage treatment plant outlet water was evaluated as well. These findings highlight the positive role of Mn2+ in the system of MnO2/ligands and provide a practical reference for the application of ligands-assisted manganese oxides in wastewater treatment.

Radiological study of a wastewater treatment plant associated with radioiodine therapy at a hospital in West Java, Indonesia

Nuclear medicine (NM) services in Indonesia have rapidly developed due to the increasing number of patients, and this growth has been supported by standardized regulations in the field, including the management of solid waste generated. However, multiple reports indicate that licensing control does not regulate liquid waste disposal from patient excretions to protect personnel and the community from radiopharmaceutical exposure. One of the radiopharmaceuticals commonly used in NM and having the longest half-life among the radiopharmaceuticals used in NM is iodine 131(I-131). Thus, this study used a high-purity germanium detector to measure iodine-131 (I-131) activity in liquid waste from decay tanks, temporary collection channels, the hospital’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlet, and six points around the NM service and liquid waste treatment unit. Concentration measurements in three decay tanks were carried out sequentially every 12 h for 3 d, corresponding to the therapy period. The results showed that the I-131 activity levels in the decay tanks and temporary collection channels, before being mixed with liquid waste from other units, were 95.9 × 106 ± 4.4 × 106 Bq m−3. At the point where the liquid waste from other units was mixed, the activity level decreased significantly to 472 680 ± 22 160 Bq m−3, which was below the clearance level of 107 Bq m−3. However, the recorded concentration exceeded the standard for environmental radioactivity at the hospital’s WWTP outlet, namely 37 670 ± 2040 Bq m−3. The measurement results for I-131 in the air in the open space for two nuclear buildings was above the standard at 1.3 ± 0.27 Bq m−3. According to the RESRAD simulation, based on the initial dose taken from the liquid waste treatment outlet point, the accumulation of doses and the risk of cancer among workers and the community decreased within 3 months after the maximum exposure.

Seasonal analysis of commonly prescribed antibiotics in Istanbul city.

Antibiotics are among the most common medicine groups since they are used to treat infectious diseases, as nutritional supplements in livestock breeding, and for preservation in the food industry. Turkey is among the highest antibiotic consumers in the world. In the present study, the most popular 14 antibiotics available in Turkey were monitored in one hospital sewage and two urban wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents seasonally in Istanbul province, the largest metropolitan center in Turkey. The present research aimed to develop a robust analytical method to determine 14 antibiotics, including six chemical groups, in environmental matrices which are considered significant antibiotic pollution sources, namely hospital sewage and urban wastewater. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and UPLC-MS/MS analysis parameters included optimized column temperature, eluent, mobile phase, and flow rate. Three SPE cartridges were employed in recovery studies. The antibiotic recovery rates varied between 40 and 100%, and all analytes were identified within 3min with UPLC-MS/MS under optimal conditions. It was determined that method detection limits (MDLs) varied between 0.07 and 2.72µg/L for the antibiotics. In all seasons, the highest beta-lactam group antibiotic concentrations were identified in hospital sewage. The season with the greatest variety of antibiotics in urban wastewater was spring. Clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin were the antibiotics determined at the highest concentration in the influent and effluent of the wastewater treatment plant in all seasons. This study showed that the most widely used beta-lactam group antibiotics were found in high amounts in hospital sewage wastewater but in low concentrations in the treatment plants, and hence, it is seen that the degradability of beta-lactam group antibiotics was high. The presence of clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim antibiotics in hospital sewage in higher amounts and also in inlet and outlet of wastewater treatment plants proves that those are resistant antibiotics.

Unaccounted Microplastics in the Outlet of Wastewater Treatment Plants—Challenges and Opportunities

Since the 1950s, plastic production has skyrocketed. Various environmental and human activities are leading to the formation and accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, causing detrimental effects on water, soil, plants, and living creatures. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the primary MP management centers meant to check their entry into the natural systems. However, there are considerable limitations in effectively capturing, detecting, and characterizing these MPs in the inlet and outlet of WWTPs leading to “unaccounted MPs” that are eventually discharged into our ecosystems. In order to assess the holistic picture of the MPs’ distribution in the ecosystems, prevent the release of these omitted MPs into the environment, and formulate regulatory policies, it is vital to develop protocols that can be standardized across the globe to accurately detect and account for MPs in different sample types. This review will cover the details of current WWTP adoption procedures for MP management. Specifically, the following aspects are discussed: (i) several processes involved in the workflow of estimating MPs in the outlet of WWTPs; (ii) key limitations or challenges in each process that would increase the uncertainty in accurately estimating MPs; (iii) favorable recommendations that would lead to the standardization of protocols in the workflow and facilitate more accurate analysis of MPs; (iv) research opportunities to tackle the problem of ‘missing MPs’; and (v) future research directions for the efficient management of MPs. Considering the burgeoning research interest in the area of MPs, this work would help early scientists in understanding the current status in the field of MP analysis in the outlet of WWTPs.

Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of antibiotic residues in urban wastewater discharged into the coastal environment of the Persian Gulf (the case of Bandar Abbas).

This is the first attempt to detect antibiotic residues released into the Persian Gulf marine environment. In particular, this study quantifies and assesses the ecological risks of amoxicillin (AMX) and azithromycin (AZM) residues in wastewater outfalls from Bandar Abbas, one of the major coastal cities in southern Iran. The wastewater effluent samples were collected from two main wastewater discharging stations, Gursuzan and Suru, between December 2020 and February 2021. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the average concentration (± 95% CL) of AMX were 460 ± 230.0μg L-1 and 280 ± 100.6μg L-1 in Gursuzan and Suru stations. Mean AZM concentrations were also 264 ± 10.59μg L-1 and 295 ± 89.75μg L-1 in these stations, respectively. Pooled data indicated that there are 335.17 ± 105.11 and 288.17 ± 37.94μg of AMX and AZM residues in the wastewater per liter. The values of potential ecological risk, hazard quotient (HQ), were extensively above 10 (AMX: 90,586.5 and AZM: 5541.7) which suggest that these substances have a high health risk for the ecosystem and public. Given that Bandar Abbas wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlets are discharged at about 500 to 700 L s-1, the daily maximum potential AMX and AZM released were estimated to be 19.05 (± 0.283) × 103 and 14.74 (± 0.113) × 103gday-1, respectively (α = 0.05). Our findings show that there is a concerning volume of antibiotic residues released into the northern Persian Gulf, and hence urgent policies and actions are necessary to reduce this pollution.

The Impacts of Precipitation on Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter (FDOM) in an Urban River System

Precipitation is considered a key factor influencing the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) of urban rivers. However, the multiple effects of precipitation on FDOM in urban rivers and the long-term impacts of precipitation on the spatial patterns of FDOM are seldom known. Spatiotemporal variations of FDOM at 36 sites from the urban rivers of Jinan City during dry and wet seasons were investigated in this study. Four components were identified using an excitation–emission matrix and parallel factor analysis. Overall, the total fluorescence intensities in dry and wet seasons ranged from 6.59 to 35.7 quinine sulfate units (QSU) and 3.42 to 69.3 QSU, respectively. Significant variations were found for different components that C2 and C3 declined but C4 increased in the wet season (p &lt; 0.05). The temporal variations for different components could be explained by the different combined effects of precipitation dilution and flushing. Three different reference FDOM sources, including background water, spring water, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlets, were illustrated using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The places of FDOM in most sites were more closed to the PCoA location of WWTP outlets in the dry season while central shifted in the wet season. The changes of FDOM sources in the wet season could be explained by the mixed effect of precipitation. In conclusion, this study provided new insights into the multiple impacts of precipitation on FDOM in urban river systems, and also data support for precise pollution discharge and water resource management.

Evaluation of water quality and potential scaling of corrosion in the water supply using water quality and stability indices: A case study of Juja water distribution network, Kenya

Drinking water quality describes the conditions for water to be accepted as suitable for human consumption. The water quality index is characterized by including, in the assessment process, water quality parameters such as physical, chemical and micro-biological. The availability of adequate management strategies to maintain good quality water has always been a challenge for water utilities. To proffer a solution to ths problem, a simple and effective tool that can be used to easily assess the quality of water is required. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Water Stability Index (WSI) are the most reliable tools for assessing water quality and aggressiveness. This study, therefore assessed the water quality, potential scaling and corrosion of the water supply in the Juja water distribution network by using WQI and WSI based on Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). Five sampling locations including the treatment plant outlet and consumption points were selected for physical, chemical and bacteriological water quality analysis and determination of WQI and WSI. It was found that 100 % of the collected water samples had Calcium concentrations within the World Health Organization (WHO) and Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) acceptable ranges.Additionally, all the collected water samples had TDS concentrations within the WHO and KEBS acceptable ranges. However, water quality parameters such as Residual Chlorine, E. coli, Alkalinity, and Turbidity deviated from the WHO and KEBS standards. The pH values ranged from 6.29 to 8.06 and were generally within acceptable limits. The WSI ranged between – 3.04 to – 0.99, indicating that the water is generally corrosive and may pose a risk to water quality and shorten the lifespan of the network facilities. Generally, the water from the Treatment Plant was of good quality, while at consumption points, JKUAT Main Gate, JKUAT Campus, High Point, and Juja Stage had fair water quality based on the calculated WQI. Also, low concentrations of residual chlorine and E. coli slightly dropped the water quality at all the stations. Overall, the water quality deteriorated in the distribution network and was corrosive throughout the system right from the Treatment Plant based on the WQI and WSI. The water company needs to improve on the water quality chemically by adjusting the Calcium and Alkalinity concentration up to 40 mg/L CaCO3 as recommended for stable water and relook at management strategies of the network to provide better services to consumers.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of microplastics in an urban river network area

Microplastics contamination in the environment is a global problem, but little is known about their dynamics in urban river networks, an important site of microplastics occurrence and harboring complex transport pathways. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic of microplastics in a typical urban river network in eastern China from December 2018 to September 2019. microplastics abundance (mean ± standard deviation) in the river network ranged from 2.3 ± 1.2 to 104.6 ± 5.6 particles/L and was significantly higher during the wet than during the dry season. The distribution of microplastics in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river network did not significantly differ, nor did the abundance of microplastics in the surface water vs. the bottom water. However, high abundances were determined in commercial and industrial areas, at a wastewater treatment plant outlet, in an urban canal, and in an urban-rural fringe area. The seasonal dynamics of the overall abundance of microplastics could be explained by the hysteresis effect of urban plastic production and the variation in regional precipitation. 78.2% of the microplastics were < 330 µm in size; the most common colors were blue and black, and the most common shapes were fragments and fibers. The polymer types of the microplastics were assessed using laser direct infrared (LDIR), a novel chemical imaging system that identified silicone, rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polypropylene as the main components of the microplastics. A non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) based on the abundance of the polymer components across samples showed aggregations of sampling sites, that indicated the possible sources of the microplastics. Our study provides insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of microplastics in an urban river network and suggests the potential of LDIR in the accurate quantitative analysis of microplastics in the environment.

Study of Monitoring Water Quality as Impact of Steam Power Plant (SPP) 3 x 10 MW Tanjung Enim Banko Operational Activities

The construction of power plants is very necessary to anticipate the crisis of electricity resources and always increases every year. Tanjung Enim city has Steam Power Plant (SPP), one of them is Banko SPP which has 3 x 10 MW capacity. It was built to meet the demand for society electrical energy. The existence of this SPP construction can cause environmental degradation such as a decrease in water quality that does not meet environmental quality standards. The decline in environmental quality can also have a direct impact on the community around the Tanjung Enim SPP location. This is due to the existence of SPP operational activities that can produce liquid waste such as boiler blowdown, airheater blowdown, cooling system and domestic waste waterfrom the manufacturing process. This research study aims to analyze water quality around Banko SPP based on the physical and chemical parameters by testing in the laboratory. The approach employed in this study was an experimental method that included laboratory sample and testing. The water quality pollution index (PI) which refers to the Ministerial Decree No. 115/2003 (Environmental Decree) was used to analyze the result of laboratory testing. The water quality samples examined in this study were wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlet, river water, and groundwater nearest to the SPP's location. The phenol and chlorine parameters exceeded the quality requirements referred to in the South Sumatra Governor Regulation No. 16 of 2005, according to the findings of laboratory testing of river water samples. The mercury (Hg) parameter in the WWTP outlet samples surpassed the South Sumatra Governor Regulation No. 16 of 2005 quality criteria. Meanwhile, the manganese (Mn) parameter in groundwater samples surpasses the quality requirement established by the Government of South Sumatra Regulation No. 82/ 2001 as Class I clean water quality criteria. The water quality pollution index (PI) method achieves a score of 1.52 with the category of Lightly Polluted. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the influence of SPP Banko's operations on water contamination is minor.

Responses of aquatic organisms downstream from WWTPs to disinfectants and their by-products during the COVID-19 pandemic, Wuhan

The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the large-scale usage of chlorinated disinfectants in cities. Disinfectants and disinfection by-products (DBPs) enter rivers through urban drainage and surface runoff. We investigated the variations in residual chlorine, DBPs, and different aquatic organisms in the Hanjiang, Fuhe, and Qinglinghe Rivers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sampling sites were from the wastewater treatment plant outlets to the downstream drinking water treatment plant intakes. Total residual chlorine and DBPs (dichloromethane and trichloromethane) detected in the river water ranged from 0 to 0.84 mg/L and 0 to 0.034 mg/L, respectively. The residual chlorine and DBPs showed a gradual reduction pattern related to water flow, and the concentration at intakes did not exceed the Chinese drinking water source quality standards. Phytoplankton and zooplankton densities were not significantly correlated with residual chlorine and DBPs. The fluctuations in phytoplankton resource use efficiency (RUE) and zooplankton RUE in the Fuhe River, with the highest residual chlorine, and the Qinglinghe River with the highest DBPs, were higher than those in the Hanjiang River. For benthic macroinvertebrates, the number of functional feeding groups in the Hanjiang River was higher than that in the Fuhe and Qinglinghe Rivers. The water and sediment bacterial communities in the Hanjiang River differed significantly from those in the Fuhe and Qingling Rivers. The denitrification function involved in N metabolism was stronger in the Fuhe and Qinglinghe Rivers. Structural equation modelling revealed that residual chlorine and DBPs impacted the diversity of benthos through direct and indirect effects on plankton. Although large-scale chlorine-containing disinfectants use occurred during the investigation, it did not harm the density of the detected aquatic organisms in water sources. With the regular use of chlorinated disinfectants for indoor and outdoor environments in response to the SARS-CoV-2 globally, it is still necessary to study the long-term and accumulated responses of water ecosystems exposed to chlorine-containing disinfectants.

Natural treatment of village domestic wastewater with plants

Natural treatment plants were constructed in 30 selected villages of Sivas and Erzincan provinces of Turkey. 16 of those villages were from Sivas province and 14 were from Erzincan province. The works were implemented within the village improvement infrastructure sub-component of Sivas–Erzincan Development Project. This project was funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and implemented by the former Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock with the technical assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The natural treatment plants were constructed after constructing septic tanks between the years 2007 and 2011 to treat domestic wastewater of the villages. Constructed wetlands with reeds were used for the natural treatment systems. Water Quality Analysis for 11 systems in villages of Sivas and 4 systems in villages of Erzincan provinces were conducted between the year 2008 and 2012 via taken water samples from the discharge of septic tanks and outlet of the natural treatment plants. Samples were taken in the winter season, when villagers mostly spend their time at home, to evaluate the effect of the natural treatment systems in the water quality parameters. It can be concluded that the average change rate of related parameters in the water taken from discharge of septic tanks and outlet of natural treatment is mostly more than 0.60%.

Evaluation of Water Quality and Potential Scaling and Corrosion of the Water Supply Using Water Quality and Stability Indices: A Case Study of Juja Water Distribution Network, Kenya

Drinking water quality describes the conditions for water to be accepted as suitable for human consumption. Water quality index is characterized by including in the process of assessment, water quality parameters such as physical, chemical and micro-biological. Nowadays, the management of hazardous events has become a big problem for water utilities and leads to the increase of the rate of public health risk. Availability of adequate management strategy in order to maintain good quality water has been always a challenge for water utilities. To provide a solution to the problem, one needs to think of a simple and effective tool that can be used to easily assess the quality of the water. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Water Stability Index (WSI) are known as the most reliable tools for assessing water quality and aggressiveness. This study aims at assessing the water quality and potential scaling and corrosion of the water supply in the Juja water distribution network by using WQI and WSI based on Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). Five sampling locations were selected including the treatment plant outlet and consumption points for physical, chemical and bacteriological water quality analysis and determination of WQI and WSI. It was found that 100% of the collected water samples had Calcium concentrations within the World Health Organization (WHO) and Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) acceptable ranges. Additionally, 100% of the collected water samples had TDS concentrations within the WHO and KEBS acceptable ranges. However, at time, water quality parameters such as Residual Chlorine, E. coli, Alkalinity, and Turbidity were out of the WHO and KEBS standards. pH values ranged from 6.29 to 8.06 and was generally within acceptable limits. The WSI ranged between – 3.04 to – 0.99, indicating that the water is generally corrosive and may pose a risk to water quality and shorten the lifespan of the network facilities. Generally, the water from the Treatment Plant was of good quality, while at consumption points JKUAT Main Gate, JKUAT Campus, High Point, and Juja Stage had fair water quality based on the calculated WQI. There was a slight drop of the water quality associated with the low concentrations of residual chlorine, and the presence of E. coli at all the stations. The water quality therefore deteriorates in the distribution network and is corrosive throughout the system right from the treatment plant based on the WQI and WSI. The water company needs to improve on the treatment process, and relook at management strategies of the network, provide better services to consumers.

Occurrence and Origins of Cerium Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in the Loire River (France) by Single Particle ICP-MS and FEG-SEM Imaging

The need to quantify engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment is due to the increasing incorporation of these particles in the daily products, which threatens human health and can possibly impact natural systems. Ceria NPs (CeO2NPs) and titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2NPs) are two of the most used ENPs in the world. In this study their occurrence was determined in river waters with accurate and relevant techniques such as single particle ICP-MS (spICPMS). In the Loire River (France), the variation of both CeO2NPs and TiO2NPs could be assessed locally, with an increase of the concentrations near a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outlet as well as in a lake connected to the river and dedicated to outdoor activities. In the upstream river water, supposedly less impacted by NPs, 6.4 ± 1.2 x 104 part mL-1 Ce-bearing and 13.4 ± 1.8 x 104 part mL-1 Ti-bearing particles were measured. These values increased to 33.9 ± 3.4 x 104 part mL-1 Ce-bearing and 80.3 ± 3.4 x 104 part mL-1 Ti-bearing particles near the WWTP outlet. Equivalent size for sphere distributions ranged from 24 nm to 70 nm for CeO2 and from 80 nm to 500 nm for TiO2 in the river water. In the lake, a raise of the concentrations has been observed with 38.3 ± 2.0 x 104 part mL-1 and 71.6 ± 2.1 x 104 part mL-1 containing Ce and Ti, respectively, with similar size distributions. FEG-SEM imaging confirms the occurrence of Ce- and Ti-bearing particles in the water samples. On the contrary, NPs seem to undergo strong heteroaggregation in the Loire river water. The Ce/La elemental ratios does not evolve from upstream to downstream the WWTP outlet, suggesting that a natural origin cannot be excluded to explain the increase observed in NPs number concentration. On the contrary, the Ce/La ratio increases in the outdoor activities center, which suggests the contribution of NPs potentially related to the cars parked nearby. Besides, elemental ratios Ti/V and Ti/Y have been assessed to highlight an anthropogenic source of Ti in both sampling sites, possibly to the sunscreens used during the summer.

Development of Chemical Oxygen on Demand (COD) Soft Sensor Using Edge Intelligence

The Internet of Things (IoT) based water quality monitoring system, mostly uses cost-effective sensors with a faster response time. Few water quality parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chlorine (Cl), and Total Phosphorous, hard to be measured online, soft sensing techniques are used as an alternate solution to this. This paper studies different Machine Learning (ML) models to prefer a suitable one that can identify the non-linearity of the dependency and establish a correlation between input and output parameters to design a COD soft sensor. The selected models are deployed in the proposed IoT architecture to predict the COD in real-time. More than 16000 data samples from the river Ganga with ten independent water quality parameters are collected and tested to validate the proposed IoT architecture. The paper compares the results of a few best performing ML algorithms like Multiple Linear Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN). Where, KNN technique proves to be the most efficient one in the prediction of COD in terms of response time and other performance matrices like R, R2, MSE, MAE, and RMSE. Finally, the preferred model (KNN) with the IoT setup is deployed and tested at the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) outlet of the authors’ institute to verify the accuracy of the COD in real-time.

Model kebijakan strategis pengelolaan lingkungan kawasan industri (Studi Kasus Kawasan Industri Jababeka dan EJIP di Kabupaten Bekasi)

The model of key factors contributing to support sustainability of the environmental management in the industrial estate were studied. These factors were the result of the prior research of prospective analysis that classified as the leverage factors and the driving factors. These factors were studied by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the criteria and alternatives input to elaborate the priority in the model of environmental management. AHP matrices were analyzed by purposive expert in the depth interview procedure. The analysis result showed that the industrial estate manager is the most important as the firts actor in the model (63.7%), the second actor is the industrial company as the tenant of the first actor (25.8%), and third actor is the local government (10.5 %). The priority of the dimension of the model in a row were economic (38.1%), social (19.4%), institutional management (19.3%), ecology (13.8%) and technology (9.4%). For developing the model there were five driving factors that develop the alternatives of the policy for achieving the goal. The priority of the alternatives in a row were improving the quality of industrial wastewater (29.5%), improving wastewater quality of integrated wastewater treatment plant outlet of the estate manager facility (21.5%), obtaining the industrial water demand (19.1%), conducting 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle) program of hazardous waste, and maintaining and supporting employed people in condusive work environment. By AHP result which resulting the priority of actors, dimensions, and alternatives, the model was developed effectively .

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Bay of Marseille (NW Mediterranean Sea) and the Rhône River.

Four perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in 62 duplicate surface water samples from the Rhône River and Marseille Bay (France; NW Mediterranean Sea). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected in all samples and exceeded the European Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) values in over 80% of the cases. The most contaminated samples were from the Rhône River (up to 200 ng L-1 ∑4 PFAS), as well as those collected near a wastewater treatment plant outlet in Marseille Bay (up to 9 ng L-1 ∑4 PFAS). While PFOS was the predominant PFAS in Marseille Bay, remarkably high concentrations of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were measured in the Rhône River (8-193 ng L-1). The relative abundances of individual compounds differed thus significantly between the Rhône River and Marseille Bay, indicating different sources. A simulation made with the MARS3D model showed that PFOS inputs from the Rhône River can enter Marseille Bay at levels > EQS.

The Assessment of Trihalomethanes Concentrations in Drinking Water of Hamadan and Tuyserkan Cities, Western Iran and Its Health Risk on the Exposed Population.

The aim of the present study was to calculate and to assess the potential lifetime cancer risks for trihalomethanes from consuming chlorinated drinking water in Hamadan and Tuyserkan cities, western Iran in 2016-2017. A cross-sectional study. Seventy-two water samples were collected from the distribution systems and from the outlet of water treatment plants (WTPs) and the experiments were carried out to determine the desired parameters. All the sampling and measurement methods were according to Standard Methods. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. The mean concentration of total THMs in the summer and winter was 42.75 and 17.75 μg/L, respectively, below the WHO and Iranian standard. The positive correlation was observed between temperature and THMs levels. Moreover, THMs concentration in Shahid Beheshti's WTP was several times lower than in Ekbatan's WTP. Chloroform, the dominant species of THMs, was identified at different sampling points. The highest cancer risk in Hamadan was 1.4×10-5 and 4.8×10-5 for male and female, respectively; and the cancer risk was obtained to be 5.6×10-7-2.26×10-6 in Tuyserkan. The drinking water obtained from the studied area is safe in terms of THMs concentration. Nevertheless, the highest cancer risk was higher than the EPA's acceptable level of 10-6.