Outer Patches Research Articles

High-Gain Third-Order Filtering Patch Antenna Array With Two Radiation Nulls Using Cross-Radiation

A compact third-order filtering antenna array with high gain and two controllable radiation nulls is proposed. The antenna consists of one narrow patch in the center fed by the coaxial port and four wide patches placed around it. Four shortend stub-loaded resonators are capacitively coupled between the center patch and the outer patches, which makes the radiated Efields of the center patch and the outer patches in-phase at the center frequency of the passband to realize the high gain and outof-phase at the low and high stopbands to introduce a pair of radiation nulls. The working principle of the filtering antenna array can be explained by the coupled-resonator network. Finally, a filtering antenna array centered at 3.5 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 4.26%, a high maximum gain of 12.2 dBi, high out-of-band selectivity, and wide stopband is designed, fabricated, and measured.

(532) An Innovative Combination of Penile Corporeal Girth Enhancement and Erection Restoration

Abstract Introduction It has been controversial in penile venous surgery for erection restoration and penile enhancement across three centuries thus far. Objective Based on the De Novo penile fibro-vascular assembly, we report an anatomy-physiology-based combination of a physiological penile corporeal diameter expansion and erection restoration surgery in recent decades. Methods From 2012 to 2022, intractable impotence and subjective micropenis prompted 23 men to seek penile venous stripping (PVS) and factual penile enhancement (TPE). All patients received dual cavernosography demonstrating penile venous anatomy and veno-occlusive dysfunction. PVS entailed the venous stripping of one deep dorsal vein and two cavernosal veins after every emissary's vein was double ligated 0.3 cm apart closest to the outer tunica with a 6-0 nylon suture. In addition, the para-arterial veins were just segmentally ligated. In TPE, a longitudinal incision was performed bilaterally over 3 and 9 O'clock positions along the pendulous penis. Every tunic defect was then water-tight sutures with a 7x3 cm rectangle venous stripe as an inner tunica bilaterally, subsequently covered with a piece of 7x3 venous wall, fascia tense lata, or a controlled tissue integration material sheet for surrogating the outer layer bilaterally. On penile girth and glans penis, the diameter was measured preoperatively and postoperatively in six months when a cavernosography was conducted, if available. Radio-opacity was used to compare the femoral cortex and the penile crus on preoperative and postoperative cavernosography. Additionally, the abridged 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score system and the erection hardness scale (EHS) was used to confirm improvement preoperatively and postoperative follow-up yearly either by telephone or INTERNET. Results The average follow-up period was 5.3±0.8 years. The operation time was 7.2±1.8 hours. The material of outer patches was fascia tense lata (n=3), Surgifrom (n=6), penile vein (n=8), internal spermatic vein (n=3), and cephalic vein (n=3). The radiopacity was unexceptionally enhanced postoperatively. It was a significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative IIEF-5scores (9.7±2.8 vs. 20.8±2.3; P<0.01). The EHS improved at least one scale. The diameter of the glans and distal penile shaft is increased from 2.78±0.33 cm and 3.41±0.41 cm (n=18) to 2.98±0.32 cm and 3.49±0.31 cm, respectively. Although the satisfaction rate is only 70.0% (16/23), the intracorporeal retention and erection quality improvement were unexceptional. Conclusions This novel combination strategy of factorial penile enhancement and erection restoration is feasible. However, it requires a more significant sample size and longer-term follow; the surgery technology is conspicuously challenging. Disclosure No

Non-Uniform Metasurface-Integrated Circularly Polarized End-Fire Dipole Array Antenna

This paper presents a high-gain wideband circularly polarized antenna composed of an end-fire dipole array antenna integrated with a metasurface. The antenna consists of a two-layer cascaded non-uniform metasurface made up of 4 × 4 circular patches with cross-slots of unequal lengths placed above an end-fire dipole array antenna with an air gap between the structures. The end-fire dipole array antenna comprises four equally spaced dipole elements, and each dipole is connected to a parallel stripline printed on the front and back sides of the substrate. The metasurface, which is made up of a circular patch with 2 × 2 center patches that have a different radius than the outer patches, and the cross-slots of unequal lengths are used for the polarization conversion of a linearly polarized wave to a circularly polarized wave. The measured reflection coefficients for |<i>S</i><sub>11</sub>| < -10 dB yielded an impedance bandwidth of 25.6–31.8 GHz (21.5%), a 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 26.1–30.5 GHz (15.5%), a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 26.0–31.1 GHz (17.4%) with a peak gain of 11.0 dBic, and a radiation efficiency of more than 80% in the axial ratio bandwidth.

보물 백담사(百潭寺) 복장 저고리 직물 문양 고찰

This study examines the patterns on textiles used for the Jeogori originally placed and later discovered inside the wooden seated Amitabha housed at Baekdamsa temple. These patterns have been schematized more precisely on the basis of hyperspectral images, and the historical characteristics of each pattern have been analyzed on the basis of related records and artifact materials. A total of three types of textiles were used for the Jeogori. A satin textile is used for the Gil (front and back panels) of the Jeogori with a pattern incorporates chrysanthemums and orchids into a continuous Wan (swastika)-inspired background pattern. The combination of chrysanthemums and orchids signifies “spring orchids and autumn chrysanthemums” and is also frequently found on other excavated artifacts from the 17th century onward. Used for the Kkeutdong (cuffs) of the Jeogori is a satin fabric with a pattern where a small flower pattern is added to a continuous Gong-charactered pattern in the background. This is a rare type not found on other textile artifacts from the same era. Used for the Git (collar) and the Gyeonmagi (underarm outer patches) of the Jeogori is a satin fabric depicting a dragon and phoenix pattern. The dragon and phoenix pattern harmoniously combines elements of the dragon pattern and the phoenix pattern that were fashionable during this period, and the characteristics of the dragon and the phoenix, respectively, conform to the age as well. The textiles used for the Jeogori are characterized by a very clear demonstration of epochality yet also use types of patterns that are not found often on artifacts from the same era. Given the period from which this Jeogori originates is certain, the garment will serve as a good material for such characteristics to become epochal indices of patterns that will be newly excavated in the future.

Frequency Reconfigurable Fractal Patch Circularly Polarized Antennas for GSM/Wi-Fi/Wi-MAX Applications

Frequency reconfigurable circularly polarized (CP) fractal antennas are presented. At first, a fractal shaped slot is inscribed on the bigger size fractal structure. Inside the scratched opening, a small size asymmetrical fractal patch is embedded and switching diodes are brought along x and y – sides to attach these internal and external patches. By applying asymmetrical fractal curves as boundaries, imbalance is developed inside the structure for CP. The sizes of the inner and outer patches are chosen in the sort of manner to resonate the antenna at GSM (1.8 GHz), WLAN (2.45 GHz) and Wi-MAX (3.4 GHz) bands, respectively. The fractal curve parameters are optimized to enhance CP radiation. Four switches are used to govern the antenna. Measured and simulation outcomes are in near agreement, which proves that the suggested antennas are well ideal for WLAN/Wi-MAX, GSM/Wi-Fi, GSM/Wi-Fi/Wi-MAX applications. Similarly, several frequency reconfigurable antennas have been studied by using various fractal curves.

Design and Analysis of Frequency-Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna using Multiple Parasitic Patches

This letter presents frequency-reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna with three switchable modes. Two RF p-i-n diodes are positioned between inner and outer patches to achieve frequency reconfigurability. Six parasitic patches are added to the antenna; therefore, gain and bandwidth are noticeably increased. The results indicate that the highest achieved bandwidth and gain are 90 MHz and 3.4 dBi, respectively. The return loss, together with the radiation patterns, are presented.

Deep magnetic field stretching in numerical dynamos

The process of magnetic field stretching transfers kinetic energy to magnetic energy and thereby maintains dynamos against ohmic dissipation. Stretching at depth may play an important role in shaping the field morphology and in the dynamo action. Here, we analyze snapshots from self-consistent 3D numerical dynamos to unravel the nature of field-flow interactions that induces stretching secular variation of the radial magnetic field at mid-depth of the shell. We search for roots of intense flux patches identified at the outer boundary. The deep radial field structures exhibit a position shift with respect to the locations of the outer boundary patches, consistent with a mixed effect of tangent cylinder rim and plume-like dynamics. A global stretching/advection rms ratio is ∼ 1.5–3 times larger than that of poloidal/toroidal flows. In addition, local stretching is often more effective than advection, in particular at regions of significant field-aligned flow. On average at roots of high-latitude flux patches, total stretching is 1.1 times larger than total advection despite the poloidal flow being only 0.37 of the toroidal flow. Radial stretching secular variation acts as an effective dynamo mechanism at regions where laterally varying radial flow shears toroidal field lines to generate a poloidal magnetic field. Stretching at depth exhibits similar parameter dependence as that of stretching at the outer boundary, with the strongest dependence being on the magnetic Prandtl number in both cases. Our results provide insights into the underlying deep dynamo mechanisms that sustain intense magnetic flux patches at the outer boundary.

Broadband gap‐coupled assembly of patches forming elliptical patch antenna

AbstractThe radiation performance of a compact gap‐coupled assembly of patches forming the geometry of elliptical patch antenna is simulated and tested using glass epoxy FR4 substrate material. This assembly is achieved by cutting a conventional elliptical patch antenna geometry into three independent patches through two narrow slits parallel to minor axis of elliptical patch. The two outer patches are identical in shape and size, and the central patch is excited through inset probe feed. Two outer patches are gap coupled to the center patch. This arrangement of antenna elements resonate at three frequencies 3.41, 3.62, and 5.54 GHz, respectively. The first two frequencies are closely spaced and gives an improved bandwidth (>10%). The radiation patterns of antenna at all three frequencies are almost identical in shape and nature. Details of the antenna design approach and experimental results are presented and discussed systematically. Measurements are in excellent agreement with simulation results which make the proposed structure promising for Wi‐Max applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:340–344, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25693

A psychophysical study of human binocular interactions in normal and amblyopic visual systems

During infancy and childhood, spatial contrast sensitivity and alignment sensitivity undergo maturation, and during this period the visual system has considerable plasticity. The purpose of this study was to compare the nature of interocular interactions of these spatial functions in normally sighted children and adults, and to study the extent to which interocular interactions are impaired in anisometropic amblyopia. Spatial functions were measured under three viewing conditions: monocular (fellow eye occluded), dichoptic (uniform stimulus presented to the fellow eye but with a peripheral fusion lock), and binocular. Measurements were made in each eye during monocular and dichoptic viewing. In the contrast sensitivity task, Gabor stimuli were presented in one of two temporal intervals. For the alignment task, a three-element Gabor stimulus was used. The task of the subject was to indicate the direction of displacement of the middle patch with respect to the outer patches. The findings indicate that in children, binocular contrast sensitivity was better than monocular (binocular summation) but so too was dichoptic sensitivity (dichoptic summation). The magnitude of binocular/dichoptic summation was significantly greater in children than in normally sighted adults for contrast sensitivity, but not for alignment sensitivity. In anisometropic amblyopes, however, we find that for the group as a whole the amblyopic eye does not benefit when the fellow eye views a dichoptic stimulus, compared to dark occlusion of that eye. In addition, we found considerable inter-individual variation within the amblyopic group. Implications of these findings for techniques used in vision therapy are discussed.

“Phase capture” in amblyopia: The influence function for sampled shape

This study was concerned with what stimulus information humans with amblyopia use to judge the shape of simple objects. We used a string of four Gabor patches to define a contour. A fifth, center patch served as the test pattern. The observers’ task was to judge the location of the test pattern relative to the contour. The contour was either a straight line, or an arc with positive or negative curvature. We asked whether phase shifts in the inner or outer pairs of patches distributed along the contour influence the perceived shape. That is, we measured the phase shift influence function. Our results, consistent with previous studies, show that amblyopes are imprecise in shape discrimination, showing elevated thresholds for both lines and curves. We found that amblyopes often make much larger perceptual errors (biases) than do normal observers in the absence of phase shifts. These errors tend to be largest for curved shapes and at large separations. In normal observers, shifting the phase of inner patches of the string by 0.25 cycle results in almost complete phase capture (attraction) at the smallest separation (2 λ), and the capture effect falls off rapidly with separation. A 0.25 cycle shift of the outer pair of patches has a much smaller effect, in the opposite direction (repulsion). While several amblyopic observers showed reduced capture by the phase of the inner patches, to our surprise, several of the amblyopes were sensitive to the phase of the outer patches. We used linear multiple regression to determine the weights of all cues to the task: the carrier phase of the inner patches, carrier phase of the outer patches and the envelope of the outer patches. Compared to normal observers, some amblyopes show a weaker influence of the phase of the inner patches, and a stronger influence of both the phase and envelope of the outer patches. We speculate that this may be a consequence of abnormal “crowding” of the inner patches by the outer ones.

Ecology of Recent Foraminifera in Northern Florida Keys

Foraminifera live in the following environments in the Florida Keys area: Florida Bay, water 0-10 feet deep; the back-reef, water mostly 15-30 feet deep but ranging from 0 to 40 feet deep; the reef, locally awash at low tide but extending seaward to a depth of about 60 feet; and the fore-reef, water deeper than 60 feet. The boundaries between the back-reef and the reef and between the reef and the fore-reef environments are transitional. The Florida Bay environment is characterized by great variations in the abundance of the Miliolidae, Peneroplidae, Nonionidae, and Rotaliidae, and by the absence of the Amphisteginidae, Textulariidae, Lagenidae, and Buliminidae. Variations in the Florida Bay fauna suggest sorting. The Amphisteginidae and Buliminidae represent families present in the back-reef environment which are not found in Florida Bay. The Peneroplidae and Amphisteginidae are most abundant and the Nonionidae are least abundant on the outer reef patches. The fore-reef environment is characterized by the appearance of the Cassidulinidae and the rise of the Anomalinidae to a position of minor abundance. Angulogerina, Bulimina, Uvigerina, and Reusella do not occur at depths much shallower than 150 feet. These environments may be recognized and differentiated by noting the relative abundance of individuals belonging to the various families without regard to the species or genera involved.

NEW CANADIAN EUCOSMIDS WITH NOTES (LEPIDOPTERA)

Walsingham described the species from 1 male, 2 females, from Shasta Co., Calif. Heinrich, in his revision, confines the distribution to the eastern section of the continent and in his key to the species (p. 132) characterizes it as having “basal patch heavily shaded with black, the blackish scaling extending diagonally to middle of costa.” Neither the original description nor the figure bears out this characterization; the figure, while somewhat crude, notable in the too great prominence given the outer patches as compared with the basal one, certainly shows no connecting band between the basal patch and the midcostal one; further the description distinctly calls for a dark spot at end of cell, in fact the name is based on this feature.