Outcome Assessment Instruments Research Articles

Development of a signs and symptoms outcome measure for caregivers of patients with methylmalonic acidemia and propionic acidemia (MMAPAQ)

Background and objectiveMethylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and propionic acidemia (PA) are rare inborn errors of metabolism with shared signs and symptoms that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. No disease-specific clinical outcomes assessment instruments for MMA and/or PA currently exist to capture the patient perspective in clinical trials. Because patients with these conditions are generally young and have cognitive impairments, an observer-reported outcome (ObsRO) instrument is crucial. We report results from qualitative research supporting development of the Methylmalonic Acidemia and Propionic Acidemia Questionnaire (MMAPAQ), a signs and symptoms ObsRO measure for caregivers of patients with MMA and/or PA. MethodsConcept elicitation (CE) interviews were conducted with 35 participants across 2 studies who were aged ≥18 years and caregivers of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of MMA or PA, and an additional 5 patients aged ≥6 years with MMA or PA in Study 1, to identify core signs/symptoms for inclusion in the MMAPAQ. All interviews were conducted in English. Study 2 included cognitive interviews (CI) with caregivers and clinical experts to further assess content validity. CE and a conceptual framework review were also conducted with clinical experts to further support findings. ResultsA consistent set of signs/symptoms of MMA and PA were reported by eligible caregivers interviewed in study 1 (n = 21) and study 2 (n = 14), representing 11 patients with MMA and 20 with PA. Based on concepts reported in study 1, a draft instrument was constructed and compared with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) and Family Impact module, demonstrating face validity for measuring key signs/symptoms important to patients and caregivers. The PedsQL™ and Family Impact modules were preferred to assess patient and caregiver impacts. Two waves of CE and CIs were conducted in study 2, with wave 1 resulting in removal of 7 items and other revisions to improve clarity, and wave 2 resulting in modification of examples used for 2 items. The final instrument consisted of the following 7 items assessed over the past 7 days using a Likert-type response scale ranging from “never” to “very often”: uncontrollable or involuntary movements, dehydration, rapid breathing at rest, appearing lethargic, appearing disinterested in eating, refusing to eat, and vomiting. ConclusionsThis study establishes the content validity of the MMAPAQ as the first ObsRO questionnaire for measuring core signs and symptoms of MMA and PA in clinical trials and community research. Scoring and psychometric measurement properties of the MMAPAQ will be established in future studies. The PedsQL™ was found to have face validity in measuring concepts that affect the MMA and PA patient populations and should also be considered for use in clinical trials in MMA and PA.

HOTS-Based Science Learning Outcomes Assessment Instrument for Measuring Elementary School Learning Outcomes

Teachers should develop effective assessment instruments to measure student learning outcomes well. Assessment instruments must also improve students' thinking abilities (HOTS). However, teachers need help compiling assessment instruments based on Revised Bloom's KKO Taxonomy, and the assessment instruments prepared are still LOTS-oriented. So far, research has yet to discuss the preparation of HOTS-based science learning outcomes assessment instruments. Therefore, this research aims to develop a HOTS-oriented assessment instrument for science content. This research is development research with a 4-D model. The subjects of this research were 69 students and involved two expert lecturers/science experts. Data collection in this study used the multiple-choice test method. The data analysis techniques in this research are validity, reliability, distinguishability, level of difficulty, and quality of distractors. The results of the research show that the assessment instrument developed is declared valid, has high reliability (reliable), and the level of difficulty is in the very good category; in terms of different power, it is stated that the instrument has good different power, and the quality of the distractor functions well. The test results show that the HOTS-oriented science learning outcomes assessment instrument is suitable for measuring student learning outcomes. This research implies that continuously using the HOTS standard assessment instrument will improve students' thinking.

Motivasi Belajar Mahasiswa pada Mata Kuliah Evaluasi Proses dan Hasil Pembelajaran Biologi

This research is based on the low learning outcomes of biology education students in biology learning process and outcome evaluation courses. On the other hand, the biology learning process and outcomes evaluation course is a course that equips prospective educators to determine the success of the learning process that their students go through. One of the factors that can influence student learning outcomes is students' motivation in understanding evaluation material and the biology learning process, especially in designing and processing learning outcome assessment instruments. The aim of this research is to describe student learning motivation in terms of designing and processing learning outcomes assessment instruments. This research uses a qualitative approach and is descriptive in nature. The subjects of this research were students of the 2021 department of biology education at University of PGRI West Sumatra. The instruments used in this research were a learning motivation questionnaire and interview guide. The research results show that the overall learning motivation of biology education study program students is 76.2%, with high criteria. The conclusion is that the learning motivation of biology education study program students in biology learning process and outcome evaluation courses is at high criteria.

Management of the preparation of student learning outcomes assessment instruments

The purpose of this study is to examine more deeply the procedure for preparing student learning outcomes assessment instruments on archival management elements at SMK Negeri 9 Semarang in accordance with the mechanism for implementing the independent curriculum. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Data analysis is carried out by collecting data, condensing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the preparation of assessment instruments had been carried out in terms of planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. In planning, teachers develop learning tools and types of assessments to be used. On organizing, teachers make a cooperation, division of labor, and designing forms of assessment. In actuating, teachers do not compile assessment grids, but compile worksheets and assessment rubrics. In addition, the teacher only conducts qualitative analysis of question items. In controlling, teachers set criteria for achieving learning outcomes that refer to the criteria for achieving learning objectives. The conclusion of this study is that the preparation of learning outcome assessment instruments in terms of the planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling stages has been carried out in accordance with the mechanism for implementing the independent curriculum.

Development of Interactive E-Books Oriented Towards Science Literacy Skills on Immune System Material

This research aims to get interactive e-book learning media oriented to science literacy skills on immune system material. The e-book learning criteria produced in this study have been valid, practical, and effective. This type of research is development research that uses 4D models (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). This study used 6 instruments, namely: interview instruments, validation instruments, student response instruments, learning implementation assessment instruments, student activity assessment instruments, and learning outcome assessment instruments (pre-test and post-test). The results found that the validity test based on the assessment results of validators of material experts, media experts, question experts and teachers obtained x ̅ scores of 98%, 97%, 93.33%  and 91.33% (very good) respectively. The practicality test for the results of learning implementation in this study was the first meeting and the second meeting got a score of x ̅ 97%, the results of student activities in the first and second meetings got a score of x ̅  respectively 87%, and 90%, and the results of student responses in this study got a  score x ̅ is 86% (all of those results belong to the "very practical" category). The effectiveness test based on the results of N-Gain analysis in this study received a value of 0.80 (effective). The author concludes  that the interactive e-book developed is valid, practical, and effectively used in the Biology learning process at SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo

Perceptions of Science Teachers in Developing Student Learning Outcomes Instruments Online

This study aims to determine the perceptions of science teachers in compiling student learning outcomes instruments online, the obstacles faced by Science Teachers in making student learning outcomes instruments online. This research uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive research type. The sample in this study were 11 teachers of science subjects. Research data collection techniques, through filling out questionnaires, interviews and documentation studies. The results of the study show that the online science learning outcomes instrument at SMA Negeri 6 Banda Aceh has been prepared very well. The teacher's ability to plan an online science learning outcome assessment instrument at SMA Negeri 6 Banda Aceh has been carried out in the very high category. However, some of the obstacles faced by teachers in developing online science learning assessment instruments include: difficulties in carrying out the assessment because it is done online considering that this is the first time this online assessment has been carried out, however, according to the results of interviews, teachers at SMA Negeri 6 Banda Aceh, especially those who teach science subjects, are very motivated because this is a challenge in applying technology in learning; requires a longer time allocation in compiling instruments for assessing student learning outcomes so that it has an impact on the allocation of learning time which is limited and insufficient in conducting student assessments.

Digital-Reported Outcome from Medical Notes of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Patients Using Hierarchical BERT

Patient-reported (PRO) and clinician-reported (CRO) outcomes are assessment instruments that are completed by patients and trained healthcare professionals, respectively. A PRO is a report of the direct experience of the patient with a given disease condition. A CRO is an assessment of the condition of the patient by the healthcare provider. PROs may not be accessible to all patients, especially those suffering from severe disease conditions. CROs are time-consuming and therefore administered infrequently. In the present study, we introduce a new form of assessment, the digital-reported outcome (DRO), which is automatically derived from the medical notes of the patient. DROs have a low overhead and can be generated at each patient’s visit to complement other outcome-assessment instruments and enhance clinical decision support by identifying at-risk patients. In this study, a DRO is developed to evaluate the functional impairment in the daily activities of two cohorts of patients suffering from bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The input of the DRO is a single medical note from the electronic medical record of the patient. This note is submitted to a hierarchical bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model. First, a sentence-level embedding is produced for each sentence in the note using a token-level attention mechanism. Second, an embedding for the entire note is constructed using a sentence-level attention mechanism. Third, the final embedding is classified using a feed-forward neural network. The model is trained to classify patients into moderate or severe functioning impairment levels according to the general assessment of functioning (GAF) scale, a CRO instrument for the assessment of the impact of mental illness on the daily activities of the patient. The DRO is validated using medical notes that were labeled by multiple healthcare providers from different healthcare institutions. The results indicate that a general DRO is able to classify patients from the two cohorts according to the two functioning impairment levels (severe versus moderate) prior to the onset of disease with an AUC of 76%. Disease-specific DROs are only applicable after the onset of the disease and produced AUCs of nearly 85%. The methodology introduced in the present paper is practical and can support the automated monitoring of the severity of the functioning impairment of bipolar and schizophrenia patients. Extending the proposed DRO to other psychiatric conditions and types of impairments is the subject of ongoing research work.

PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PBL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN BILANGAN BULAT BAGI SISWA KELAS VI SDN KAMBANGAN 01

The problems in this research are (1) how is the validity of the PBL learning tools developed to improve critical thinking of addition and subtraction of integers for students of class VI at SDN Kambangan 01? how practical is the PBL learning tool developed to improve critical thinking of addition and subtraction of integers for class VI students at SDN Kambangan 01? how effective is the PBL learning tool to improve critical thinking of addition and subtraction of integers for class VI students at SDN Kambangan 01?. The aims of this study were (1) to develop and produce valid PBL learning tools to improve critical thinking in addition and subtraction of integers for sixth grade students at SDN Kambangan 01, (2) to develop and produce practical PBL learning tools to improve addition and critical thinking reduction of integers for class VI students at SDN Kambangan 01, (3) Develop and produce effective PBL learning tools to improve critical thinking by adding and subtracting integers for class VI students at SDN Kambangan 01. The subjects in this study were 34 students in class VI at SDN Kambangan 01 and SDN Kambangan 02. Data collection methods used are questionnaires, documentation and tests to students at the beginning and end of learning. Data analysis used was descriptive analysis, pre-requisite test, and hypothesis testing. From the results of the study it can be seen that PBL-based Mathematics learning tools in the form of lesson plans, textbooks, worksheets, learning media, and learning outcomes assessment instruments on aspects of learning objectives achieve very high criteria. valid, aspects of learning materials achieve very valid criteria, aspects of learning strategies are said to be valid, aspects of selecting learning media achieve valid criteria, selection of materials and learning resources achieve very valid criteria, and learning evaluation achieves very valid criteria. PBL-based Mathematics learning tools were declared practical because two indicators were achieved, namely the teacher's response was in the positive category with an achievement of 82.5% and student responses were in a very positive category with an achievement of 86.61%. The PBL-based mathematics learning tool was declared effective because three indicators were achieved, namely student learning outcomes achieving 90% completeness in the very good category with an average student score of 84.24 in the good category, students' critical thinking skills in the pre-test of 79.97% in the good category and at the post test it increased to 86.125% in the very good category, and the teacher's ability to manage learning in the very good category, namely 88.75%.

Development of Physical Education Learning Outcomes Assessment Instruments for Volleyball Materials Based on Game Performance Assessment Instrument

Study purpose. The basic assumption of this development is that there is no Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) based on physical education (PE) learning outcome assessment, so researchers are trying to develop the instrument. The teacher has not used the GPAI instrument in assessing the PE learning outcomes for volleyball material. The purpose of the study was to develop a valid and reliable assessment of PE learning outcomes for volleyball based on GPAI. Materials and methods. This type of research is research and development. The subjects used were PE learning expert lecturers and volleyball expert lecturers with a minimum qualification of 5 Doctoral degrees. The field test was conducted on 18 junior high school students. The instrument uses a questionnaire with a score of 1-4 with the terms “Very Appropriate (score 4)”, “Agreed (score 3)”, “Not Appropriate (score 2)”, and “Very Not Appropriate (score 1)”. The validity data analysis technique uses Aiken validity, and reliability tests are carried out using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. Results. Based on the results of the research and the results of the data analysis that has been carried out, it is concluded that the instrument for assessing the learning outcomes of PE on volleyball material in Junior High School based on GPAI that was developed is valid and reliable, with V Aiken ≥ 0.87. Furthermore, the reliability of the PE learning outcomes assessment instrument for volleyball material in GPAI-based junior high schools was 0.797 in the "High" category. Conclusions. The researcher hopes that the resulting product in the form of an assessment of PE learning outcomes for volleyball material in junior high schools based on the GPAI can be a guide or reference for evaluating students on volleyball material.

Analysis of Hots-Based Learning Outcomes Assessment Instruments in Class VII Mathematics Learning at MTs At-Taqwa Beru

Mathematics learning based on the 2013 curriculum aims to develop students' knowledge, understanding, and analysis skills of the natural environment and its surroundings. The assessment of the 2013 curriculum explicitly requested that teachers in schools in balance in conducting assessments in three domains of domains, namely cognitive, affective and psychomotor in accordance with their goals to be measured. One of the abilities that are considered low according to the teacher and most students are the ability to solve mathematical problems that are categorized as HOTS. Through the matter of hots, the curiosity and understanding of students of the material also increase. This research is a type of qualitative research with a qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach. In this study, validity, reliability, problem distinguishing power and difficulty level were conducted. The results showed that the aspect of its validity was that there were 2 (8%) the problem was very significant, 8 (32%) the problem was categorized as significant, and 15 (60%) the category was not significant. Reliability test results on questions belong to the high category. The results of his research show that the results of the analysis of the distinguishing power of the learning outcomes test items are questions that have good differentiating power should be entered and recorded in the bank's book. And the results of the difficulty level of the difficulty have not met the criteria as good, as the level of difficulty is unbalanced.

Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian Hasil Belajar Yang Mendukung Asesmen Kompetensi Minimum (AKM) bagi Guru Matematika SMP

DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNİNG OUTCOMES ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS THAT SUPPORT AKM (ASESMEN KOMPETENSI MINIMUM) FOR MİDDLE SCHOOL MATHEMATİCS TEACHERS. The cancellation of the implementation of the UN was realized due to the Covid-19 pandemic that hit in 2020, so it was not possible to carry out the UN with various considerations. Over time, preparations were made to strengthen the AKM and character surveys. The process of developing assessment instruments for junior high school teachers is carried out in a continuous training setting accompanied by experts from universities. Through this service activity for junior high school mathematics teachers, it is possible to collaborate among teachers in various educational units or to develop joint programs for the common good; For example, in professional development. Training and mentoring activities in the development of electronic-based learning outcomes assessment instruments that support AKM have been carried out very well. This is indicated by the results of the response questionnaire of 85% which exceeds the indicators of the success of training and service activities.

Development of Interactive E-Modules Based-Kvisoft Flipbook Maker Pro in Direct Learning on Redox Reaction Materials

This study aims to develop an Interactive E-Module Based on Kvisoft Flip Book Maker Pro, its implementation of the level of students' understanding of redox reaction material. The interactive e-module referred to in this case is an electronic module that can be viewed through mobile devices and computers offline. The population and samples in this study were all students of class X MAN 1 North Halmahera for the 2021/2022 academic year, which amounted to 44 people and were spread in 2 different classes. Sample selection using saturated sampling techniques. The method used in this research is research and development. The product to be developed is an interactive E-Module based on Kvisoft Flip Book Maker Pro, with other supporting learning tools in the form of a syllabus, learning implementation plan (RPP), and practicum guide. The development model used from Plom consists of 5 stages, namely: 1) preliminary investigation, (2) design, (3) realization / construction, (4) evalusai and revision, (5) implementation. Product effectiveness trials are limited trials in the form of experimental research using the Two-Group Pretest Posttest research design. Research instruments are in the form of E-module validation and practicality sheets, student response assessment questionnaires, and learning outcomes assessment instruments. Data analysis uses descriptive and inferential analysis, using SPSS applications.

Comparison of Effectiveness of Movement with Mobilization and Muscle Energy Technique in reducing Pain and improving Functional Status in patients with Frozen Shoulder

Adhesive capsulitis, “popularly is a condition with an unclear etiology known as Frozen Shoulder (FS)". This disorder limits the range of motion of the shoulder joint. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of movement with mobilization and muscle energy technique (METs) in reducing pain and improving functional status in patients with frozen shoulder Methods: Study was conducted at Department of Physiotherapy, Mayo Hospital Lahore after obtaining the consent from 36 patients. Patients were divided into Two groups. For two weeks, Group 1 received Movement with Mobilization Protest movements (MMM) while Group 2 received METs. The data was processed into SPSS and evaluated using the Independent Sample t test and Paired Sample t test. Results: The outcome assessment instruments, “goniometer for ROM” and “shoulder pain, and disability index,” revealed that “Motion by Mobility is more effective than Muscle Energy Technique in increasing ROM and operational condition” of the patient having frozen shoulder. Conclusions: There was a considerable improvement in pain and ROM from pre-treatment levels in both the study groups. Whereas “Movement with Mobilization is more effective than Muscle Energy Technique” in alleviating pain, enhancing range of motion, and enhancing functional capacity in “patients with shoulder pain.”

Education for sustainable development-based lesson plan validity test for mastery of pre-service science teacher learning outcomes

Higher education has the responsibility to be a source of development and implementation of education for sustainable development, which is a global issue. This modality can be operationalized through a lesson plan. Education for a sustainable development-based lesson plan is a plan that utilizes project-based learning as part of active learning recommendations for college students. Updating lesson plans is an activity that pre-service teachers must carry out to ensure professionalism that follows the development of science. This study aims to test the validity and reliability of experts and users of updating lesson plans for mastery of learning outcomes, collecting data using documentation and questionnaires on three experts and 40 pre-service science teachers. Validation test using Gregory formula for validity and Cronbach-Alpha for Reliability. The results of the validity assessment are categorized as high validity. The level of agreement reliability between experts and users generates no significant differences in the learning outcome instrument. The development of this lesson plan resulted in 39 items out of 42 items. The reliability of the learning outcomes assessment instrument for pre-service science teacher reached the reliable criteria. Education for a sustainable development-based lesson plan becomes a recommendation to produce a varied and comprehensive lesson plan for natural science learning in schools.

Development of Learning Outcomes Assessment Instruments Using Computer Based Test (CBT)

This study aims to develop an instrument for evaluating learning outcomes using the Computer Based Test (CBT) in an effort to facilitate educators in the input of question banks and be efficient in recapitulating learning outcomes. The development model used is the Dick & Carey model with ten stages. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, interviews and tests analyzed descriptively qualitative and descriptive statistics. The results showed that 1) Teachers were able to formulate learning outcomes assessment instruments in accordance with competency standards, basic competencies and learning achievement indicators by using Computer Based Test (CBT) which can be accessed offline or online that makes it easy for educators to input question bank . 2) This is supported by several factors, namely: the presence of computer laboratories and supporting facilities , educators are motivated to improve self-competence and support students who are enthusiastic about learning innovations in the form of the application of Computer Based Test (CBT) . 2) Research on the development of assessment instruments for learning outcomes using the Computer Based Test (CBT) is a research and development (R&D) research development with a Dick & Carey development model consisting of ten steps. 3) The instrument for evaluating learning outcomes using the Computer Based Test (CBT) is considered to be very feasible to use. This was reviewed based on individual test results (material and media experts) with a mean score of 4.4 in the excellent and valid categories . Practicality was reviewed based on the teacher's questionnaire with a mean score of 102 in the excellent category and the student questionnaire with a mean score of 103.8 in the very good and practical category. Effectiveness is reviewed based on the level of completeness of student learning outcomes with an average score of 90.9 with very good and effective categories.

The Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Suicidal Ideation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Meta-Analysis.

Objective: To quantitatively synthesize the literature on the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on suicidal ideation (SI) in patients with treatment-resistant depression.Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid, MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to January 11, 2021, for the keywords repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, suicidal ideation, suicidality, treatment-resistant depression, refractory depression, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and brain stimulation.Study Selection: A total of 16 publications were eligible for inclusion. Studies were included that investigated the effects of rTMS in adolescents and/or adults 16 years or older diagnosed with unipolar or bipolar depression with suicidal ideation data before and after rTMS intervention.Data Extraction: Data were extracted and managed using Covidence. Extracted data included authors, publication year, country of origin, study design, patient demographics, primary diagnosis, comorbidities, mean age, outcome assessment instruments, detailed stimulation parameters, sham control procedures, and any serious adverse events related to SI.Results: A quantitative analysis of effect size using Hedges g was calculated for both randomized controlled trials and all other uncontrolled trials. We found a decrease in SI scores in randomized controlled trials (g = 0.158, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.078 to 0.393, P = .191), although the effect was not significant. There was a significant decrease in suicidal ideation scores for uncontrolled trials (g = 0.692, 95% CI = 0.463 to 0.922, P < .001).Conclusions: Our findings suggest that rTMS may be an effective treatment for SI in individuals with treatment-resistant depression, although further investigation is warranted.

Teaching Material Development of Islamic Education in Multicultural Perspective at Smk Negeri 4 Manado

This study aims to describe the level of validity, practicality and effectiveness of Islamic Education teaching materials in a multicultural perspective. The procedure for developing teaching materials is conducted by adapting Research and Development (R&amp;D) using the Four-D model. The research subjects were Islamic education teachers and 30 students of class XI. Data collection was conducted using interview techniques, questionnaires, and the feasibility assessment sheet, practicality, and effectiveness of the product. The results showed that the teaching material products in the form of books for students as companion books on Islamic Education subjects were in the very valid category. The results of expert tests on Islamic Education teaching material products showed very valid criteria assessment. While the learning tools which include: learning implementation plans, teacher and student observation sheets and learning outcome assessment instruments are in the very valid category. The teaching material products developed meet practical criteria based on the target user test, namely educators on the ability of educators to manage the learning process with a fully implemented category as well as educators' responses to teaching material products are very positive. Teaching material products are effective because of a positive response from students and an increase in learning outcomes after using these teaching material products.&#x0D;

Development of Learning Outcome Assessment Instruments with Mathematics Communication Ability in High School Mathematics Learning

This study (1) develop a learning assessment instrument with the assignment technique-oriented to mathematical communication ability in high school mathematics of trigonometry material (2) reveal the feasibility of the developed instrument, (3) reveal the characteristics of the developed instrument, (4) reveal the users' responses to the instrument, (5) measure the ability of mathematical communication of the students on high school mathematics in learning trigonometry. This study was research and development using the procedure of tests preparation based on Mardapi (2017 ) with the steps including preparing test specifications, writing test questions, reviewing tests, administering tests, analyzing tests items, improving the tests, assembling the tests, administering the tests and interpreting results. The initial product was field-tested to 254 students of high schools in Yogyakarta City. The result of the research was an assessment instrument of learning outcomes with assignment technique-oriented to the mathematical communication ability in high school mathematics learning of trigonometry. The Aiken index was 0.7 for this instrument, and the instrument was reliably tested to a test of participants with the ability ( q ) between -4.07 logits &lt; q &lt;3.79 logits. The teachers' responses to test instruments were good. The results of field trials showed that 20 items fit with the PCM model. The level of difficulty was in the range of -1.29 logits &lt;b &lt; 1.32 logits. The function of the test information Obtained by q = -0.11 logit and the standard error of measurement was 0:18. The measurement result of 90 students shows that the student's mathematical communication ability was 67%.

P.0467 Clinical outcome assessment instruments in schizophrenia: a scoping literature review

P.0467 Clinical outcome assessment instruments in schizophrenia: a scoping literature review

How to identify the most suitable questionnaires and rating scales for your clinical practice or research?

BackgroundSelection of the most suitable instrument for a health outcome or exposure assessment is challenging, as there are many different instruments and their versions, most with unknown validity.AimsTo develop guidelines facilitating the search for the most suitable instrument.Materials and MethodsBased on our experience, we formalised a five‐step process. The first step is the search for systematic reviews of available instruments validity in COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN), International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), or conventional (eg, Medline and Web of Science) databases. If there is no systematic review, the clinician should look for original validation studies and assess them critically. We presented two alternatives of this assessment: qualitative using COSMIN and quantitative using our methodological framework. The latter helps to decide upon the instrument validity completeness and interpret the statistical results from original studies objectively. This process was then transformed into guidelines, which were tested by three external clinicians to select the most appropriate instrument to measure depression, occupational stress and daily fatigue.ResultsThe guidelines were proved to facilitate the instrument search and selection, practical and time‐saving.DiscussionThe guidelines assessment highlighted that clinicians should check whether the instrument that they are looking for was developed for screening or diagnosing purposes, whether it can be self‐administered or not, and for which setting it was validated (academic vs clinical).ConclusionThese guidelines facilitate the objective choice of the most suitable instrument in clinical practice by making the search simple, systematic and time‐effective.