University Of Oslo Research Articles

Metal Organic Frameworks as Drug Targeting Delivery Vehicles in the Treatment of Cancer.

In recent years, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely developed as vehicles for the effective delivery of drugs to tumor tissues. Due to the high loading capacity and excellent biocompatibility of MOFs, they provide an unprecedented opportunity for the treatment of cancer. However, drugs which are commonly used to treat cancer often cause side effects in normal tissue accumulation. Therefore, the strategy of drug targeting delivery based on MOFs has excellent research significance. Here, we introduce several intelligent targeted drug delivery systems based on MOFs and their characteristics as drug-loading systems, and the challenges of MOFs are discussed. This article covers the following types of MOFs: Isoreticular Metal Organic Frameworks (IRMOFs), Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MILs), Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs), University of Oslo (UiOs), and MOFs-based core-shell structures. Generally, MOFs can be reasonably controlled at the nanometer size to effectively achieve passive targeting. In addition, different ligands can be modified on MOFs for active or physicochemical targeting. On the one hand, the targeting strategy can improve the concentration of the drugs at the tumor site to improve the efficacy, on the other hand, it can avoid the release of the drugs in normal tissues to improve safety. Despite the challenges of clinical application of MOFs, MOFs have a number of advantages as a kind of smart delivery vehicle, which offer possibilities for clinical applications.

Skin emollient and early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial

Skin emollients applied during early infancy could prevent atopic dermatitis, and early complementary food introduction might reduce food allergy in high-risk infants. The study aimed to determine if either regular skin emollients applied from 2 weeks of age, or early complementary feeding introduced between 12 and 16 weeks of age, reduced development of atopic dermatitis by age 12 months in the general infant population. This population-based 2×2 factorial, randomised clinical trial was done at Oslo University Hospital and Østfold Hospital Trust, Oslo, Norway; and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Infants of women recruited antenatally at the routine ultrasound pregnancy screening at 18 weeks were cluster-randomised at birth from 2015 to 2017 to the following groups: (1) controls with no specific advice on skin care while advised to follow national guidelines on infant nutrition (no intervention group); (2) skin emollients (bath additives and facial cream; skin intervention group); (3) early complementary feeding of peanut, cow's milk, wheat, and egg (food intervention group); or (4) combined skin and food interventions (combined intervention group). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) using computer- generated cluster randomisation based on 92 geographical living area blocks as well as eight 3-month time blocks. Carers were instructed to apply the interventions on at least 4 days per week. Atopic dermatitis by age 12 months was the primary outcome, based on clinical investigations at 3, 6 and 12 months by investigators masked to group allocation. Atopic dermatitis was assessed after completing the 12-month investigations and diagnosed if either of the UK Working Party and Hanifin and Rajka (12 months only) diagnostic criteria were fulfilled. The primary efficacy analyses was done by intention-to-treat analysis on all randomly assigned participants. Food allergy results will be reported once all investigations at age 3 years are completed in 2020. This was a study performed within ORAACLE (the Oslo Research Group of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood; the Lung and Environment). The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02449850. 2697 women were recruited between Dec 9, 2014, and Oct 31, 2016, from whom 2397 newborn infants were enrolled from April 14, 2015, to April 11, 2017. Atopic dermatitis was observed in 48 (8%) of 596 infants in the no intervention group, 64 (11%) of 575 in the skin intervention group, 58 (9%) of 642 in the food intervention group, and 31 (5%) of 583 in the combined intervention group. Neither skin emollients nor early complementary feeding reduced development of atopic dermatitis, with a risk difference of 3·1% (95% CI -0·3 to 6·5) for skin intervention and 1·0% (-2·1 to 4·1) for food intervention, in favour of control. No safety concerns with the interventions were identified. Reported skin symptoms and signs (including itching, oedema, exanthema, dry skin, and urticaria) were no more frequent in the skin, food, and combined intervention groups than in the no intervention group. Neither early skin emollients nor early complementary feeding reduced development of atopic dermatitis by age 12 months. Our study does not support the use of these interventions to prevent atopic dermatitis by 12 months of age in infants. The study was funded by several public and private funding bodies: The Regional Health Board South East, The Norwegian Research Council, Health and Rehabilitation Norway, The Foundation for Healthcare and Allergy Research in Sweden-Vårdalstiftelsen, Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association's Research Foundation, Swedish Research Council-the Initiative for Clinical Therapy Research, The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, SFO-V at the Karolinska Institute, Freemason Child House Foundation in Stockholm, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare-FORTE, Oslo University Hospital, the University of Oslo, and Østfold Hospital Trust.

What Brings International Students to Norway?

What Brings International Students to Norway?

How to make Music Research Open?

In this episode, we talk about Music Research, and how it is to practice open research within this field. Our guest is Alexander Jensenius, Associate Professor at the Department of Musicology - Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion (IMV) at the University of Oslo. He is also behind MusicLAb, an event-based project where data is collected, during a musical performance, and analyzed on the fly. The aim of MusicLab is to explore new methods for conducting research, research communication, and education. Rather than keeping the entire research process closed, MusicLab wants to share the data with the public, and show how it can be analyzed.
 The host of this episode is Erik Lieungh.
 This episode was first published 27 December 2019.

Ragnar Rommetveit: A full life

Over a long professional lifetime, Ragnar Rommetveit contributed to numerous disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, reflecting discussions in global social science and his own unending quest to understand social and individual life. His remarkable career and impact can be outlined in terms of four main phases. The first involved general social psychology in the 1950s and was reflected in Social Norms and Roles (1953/1955). In the second phase during the 1960s and 1970s, he focused on language-related psycholinguistic research leading to publications such as his 1968 volume Words, Meanings and Messages. The third phase came in the 1970s and 1980s and was motivated by his critique of formal linguistics and resulted in his short, magisterial 1974 volume On Message Structure. The fourth phase between 1980 and 2010 focused on “dialogism,” giving rise to works such as his 1992 article “Outlines of a dialogically based social-cognitive approach to human cognition and communication.” Along with his intellectual accomplishments, Rommetveit’s brilliance and generosity inspired students and colleagues at the University of Oslo, as well as from around the world. His capacity to engage with others in unending mediations on communication and mental life ranks among his most important legacies.

Litigating Sustainability – Towards a Taxonomy of Counter-Corporate Litigation

The paper sets out to establish a basis for research into the role of litigation involving business entities as part of the larger project of regulating business activity for sustainability. The paper frames the wave of climate litigation against companies in domestic courts alongside the expanding practice of domestic legal actions against business alleging human rights abuses. Drawing on case law databases, the paper develops a taxonomy of litigation involving business entities, across fields of litigation normally fragmented by legal regime and jurisdiction. Based on the substance of these cases, the paper identifies four broad categories of litigation - biosphere violations, eco-human toxicity, predation, and corporate lawfare – and describes the main dimensions in each category. The substance of these cases reflect attempts to enforce legal standards of sustainability against business entities or, in the case of corporate lawfare, to challenge attempts to corporate accountability for their impacts on people and the planet. The paper suggests that by framing the substance of these cases as part of a set of cases involving business entities, we may better understand the place of litigation in general, and counter corporate litigation in particular, as a legal tool in the development of regulation designed to secure sustainability. The paper is a result of research conducted as part of the project Sustainable Market Actors and Responsible Trade (SMART, EU Horizon 2020) Faculty of Law, University of Oslo.

Wrinkle structure on multifunctional MOFs to facilitate PPCPs adsorption in wastewater

A novel multifunctional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO-66@Fe3O4@UiO-66 (UiO = University of Oslo) was fabricated to adsorb pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) under near neutral conditions. We designed a wrinkle structure on the surface of UiO-66@Fe3O4@UiO-66 by seeded growth strategy. These wrinkles were composed of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and outermost UiO-66. It made the specific surface area of the MOFs increases, and provided multiple active sites for a representative pollutant salicylic acid (SA) adsorption. Moreover, lattice defects formed during secondary growth facilitating the coordination interaction between SA and the secondary building unit of UiO-66@Fe3O4@UiO-66 under near neutral conditions. These advantages made the adsorption capacity of per unit mass UiO-66 in UiO-66@Fe3O4@UiO-66 about 42% higher than that of the pristine UiO-66, and the removal rate of 1 mg L−1 SA reach 64.5% in real wastewater. Furthermore, magnetic Fe3O4 particles in the wrinkles exhibited outstanding magnetic separation performance. So that UiO-66@Fe3O4@UiO-66 can be effectively separated from the liquid media and regenerated after adsorption. The results show that the wrinkled MOFs could be used as an excellent candidate for SA adsorption in real wastewater. More importantly, this strategy could guide the preparation of different kind of MOFs to adsorb PPCPs in wastewater.

Erratum

Geophysical ProspectingVolume 68, Issue 2 p. 732-732 ErratumFree Access Erratum This article corrects the following: Fast estimation of prestack common reflection surface parameters Anders U. Waldeland, Tiago A. Coimbra, Jorge H. Faccipieri, Anne H. Schistad Solberg, Leiv-J. Gelius, Volume 67Issue 5Geophysical Prospecting pages: 1163-1183 First Published online: March 5, 2019 First published: 17 January 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12925AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL In Waldeland et al. (2019), the following error was published on page 1163. The affiliations for three of the authors currently read: Tiago A. Coimbra2, Jorge H. Faccipieri2 2Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371 Oslo, Norway Leiv-J. Gelius3 3Center for Petroleum Studies, State University of Campinas, Coralina, 350 Campinas São Paulo, Brazil These should be: Tiago A. Coimbra2, Jorge H. Faccipieri2 2Center for Petroleum Studies, State University of Campinas, Coralina, 350 Campinas São Paulo, Brazil Leiv-J. Gelius3 3Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 1, 0371 Oslo, Norway We apologize for these errors. REFERENCE Waldeland A.U., Coimbra T.A., Faccipieri J.H., Solberg A.H.S. and Gelius L.-J. 2019. Fast estimation of prestack common reflection surface parameters. Geophysical Prospecting 67, 1163– 1183. Volume68, Issue2February 2020Pages 732-732 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Digital fieldwork with Fieldmove - how do digital tools influence geoscience students’ learning experience in the field?

ABSTRACT Third year geoscience students were introduced to digital tools for fieldwork, Fieldmove on iPads, in a capstone field mapping course at Oslo University, Norway. Despite little prior experience with digital tools for fieldwork, they became independent Fieldmove users in a few hours. They self-report positive cognitive impacts, including positive effects on quality of fieldwork, maps and reports. However, submitted course material suggest students achieved similar levels of understanding with and without digital tools. We hypothesize that students’ confidence in their work increases when supported by digital tools, however, they may also overrate their proficiency due to the ease of collecting large data sets, and the professional look of the digital outputs. Students report both positive and negative effects on teamwork; observations suggest this reflects sharing of devices rather than use of digital tools per se. The students also report pronounced positive affective impacts, which appear to be the main effect of the digital tools in this study. Overall, the students are very positive to digital tools in fieldwork, preferring they were introduced early during the bachelor program, but after traditional field methods are learnt. When given a choice, most students chose to combine traditional and digital tools for their fieldwork.

Do Audits Improve Future Tax Compliance in the Absence of Penalties? Evidence from Random Audits in Norway

This research has been carried out as a collaboration between the Norwegian Tax Administration and Oslo Fiscal Studies (Department of Economics, University of Oslo). Support from the Norwegian Research Council to Oslo Fiscal Studies is gratefully acknowledged.

Det förflutna är ett främmande land. Medierade minnen av Jugoslavien i postjugoslavisk dokumentärfilm

Abstract: The Past Is a Foreign Country. Mediated Memories of Yugoslavia in Post-Yugoslav Documentary FilmSvein Mønnesland (University of Oslo) reviews The Past Is a Foreign Country. Mediated Memories of Yugoslavia in Post-Yugoslav Documentary Film, by Sanjin Pejkovic.

We are calling for adoption of universal, redistributive and solidarity-based policies with a rights-oriented approach to leave no one behind.

Serving in her present role since the economic crisis of 2008, Alicia Bárcena is no newcomer to regional and global emergencies, economic or otherwise. She also has extensive experience in the UN system, including as chief of staff to the UN Secretary-General and later, during Ban Ki-moon's tenure in that position, as Under-Secretary General for Management. From 2016 to 2017, she co-chaired the International Resource Panel at the UN Environment Program. A biologist trained in her home country of Mexico, she later received a master's degree in public administra-tion from Harvard University, USA. For decades, Ms Bárcena has devoted her professional career to issues of sustainable development, fi nancing of public policies, and the environment. She has received Doctor Honoris Causa degrees from the University of Oslo, Norway (2014); the University of Havana, Cuba (2016); and the Universidad Autónoma de México (2019). Today, she is a board member of the Global Partnership for Sus-tainable Development Data and a member of the University of Oslo/The Lancet Independent Panel on Global Governance for Health.

Nordic Word Order Database: Motivations, methods, material and infrastructure

In this article, we present the Nordic Word Order Database (NWD), with a focus on the rationale behind it, the methods used in data elicitation, data analysis and the empirical scope of the database. NWD is an online database with a user-friendly search interface, hosted by The Text Laboratory at the University of Oslo, launched in April 2019 (https://tekstlab.uio.no/nwd). It contains elicited production data from speakers of all of the North Germanic languages, including several different dialects. So far, 7 fieldtrips have been conducted, and data from altogether around 250 participants (age 16–60) have been collected (approx. 55 000 sentences in total). The data elicitation is carried out through a carefully controlled production experiment that targets core syntactic phenomena that are known to show variation within and/or between the North Germanic languages, e.g., subject placement, object placement, particle placement and verb placement. In this article, we present the motivations and research questions behind the database, as well as a description of the experiment, the data collection procedure, and the structure of the database

Feltkurs som læringsform. 50 år med arkeologisk feltutdanning ved Universitetet i Oslo.

The archaeological field course is the forum where many archaeology students meet and take part in an archaeological excavation for the first time. To excavate and generate scientific data through excavations is at the core of the archaeological discipline. For that reason, introducing students for theoretical and practical knowledge about field archaeology have been a central part of the discipline for the last 150 years at Norwegian universities. In this paper, we look closer at how the field course has developed at the University of Oslo during the last half century. Based on a compiled overview of field courses, we discuss how the field course has developed and changed over time in relation to the development in the discipline and higher education at large. A central question is whether the field course succeed in giving the students skills to perform an excavation and document the process. A main find is that collegial knowledge transfer run as a thread through the disciplines’ history as the most important way of training new archaeologists.

Librarian Co-Authored Systematic Reviews are Associated with Lower Risk of Bias Compared to Systematic Reviews with Acknowledgement of Librarians or No Participation by Librarians

Abstract
 Objective - To explore the prevalence of systematic reviews (SRs) and librarians’ involvement in them, and to investigate whether librarian co-authorship of SRs was associated with lower risk of bias.
 Methods - SRs by researchers at University of Oslo or Oslo University Hospital were counted and categorized by extent of librarian involvement and assessed for risk of bias using the tool Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews (ROBIS).
 Results - Of 2,737 identified reviews, 324 (11.84%) were SRs as defined by the review authors. Of the 324 SRs, 4 (1.23%) had librarian co-authors, in 85 (26.23%) librarians were acknowledged or mentioned in the methods section. In the remaining 235 SRs (72.53%), there was no clear evidence that a librarian had been involved. Librarian co-authored SRs were associated with lower risk of bias compared to SRs with acknowledgement or no participation by librarians.
 Conclusion - SRs constitute a small portion of published reviews. Librarians rarely co-author SRs and are only acknowledged or mentioned in a quarter of our sample. The quality and documentation of literature searches in SRs remains a challenge. To minimise the risk of bias in SRs, librarians should advocate for co-authorship.

Energy and nutrient intakes in relation to National Nutrition Recommendations in a Norwegian population-based sample: the Tromsø Study 2015-16.

IntroductionAccording to the Global Burden of Disease project, unhealthy diet accounts for most of the disease burden in Norway. Current recommendations on nutrient intake in Norway reflect those published in the evidence-based Nordic Nutrition Recommendations from 2012 (NNR2012).AimTo study energy and nutrient intakes and compliance with the NNR2012 among women and men in a population-based study.MethodsA total of 15,146 participants (aged 40–99 years) completed a validated food frequency questionnaire (261 questions on food items, meals, and beverages) in the seventh survey of the Tromsø Study in 2015–16; 11,425 participants were eligible for the current analysis. Nutrient intake was estimated by a food and nutrient calculation system at the University of Oslo, Norway. We compared energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes with the NNR2012.ResultsIn total, 85% of the women and men were not in compliance with the maximum recommended intake of saturated fat, and 40 and 77% of women and men, respectively, were not in compliance with the lowest recommended intake of fiber. More than 30% of women and 25% of men had a relatively high probability of inadequate intake of vitamin D, and more than 10% of the men had a relatively high probability of inadequate intake of vitamin B6 and vitamin C. More than 20% of women and men had a high probability of excessive intake of niacin, and almost 40% of women had a high probability of excessive intake of vitamin A.ConclusionAlthough most participants were in compliance with NNR2012, a large proportion of participants had higher intakes than maximum recommended for saturated fat, and lower than recommended for fiber and vitamin D.

Investigation of mineralization products of lead soaps in a late medieval panel painting

Metal soaps pose significant concerns in the preservation of paintings made with oil as a binding medium. In highly alkaline environments, metal soap aggregates may undergo mineralization processes with the formation of new phases, such as carbonates, chlorides, oxides and sulfates of the metal cations that are present in pigments or paint additives. In this work, we report new examples of the mineralization of lead soaps in paint-cross sections taken from a late-medieval panel painting owned by the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo. Scientific analyses were carried out with optical microscopy under UV and visible light, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to investigate and characterize the nature of the compounds present in the samples. Lead (II,IV) oxide, which is presumed to be a secondary product in the mineralization of lead soaps, has been identified in lead-based paint.

Dual sensing of copper ion and chromium (VI) oxyanions by benzotriazole functionalized UiO-66 metal-organic framework in aqueous media

A new dual chemosensor UiO-66-NH-BT (BT=1-methylenebenzotriazole) based on the UiO-66 (University of Oslo) framework, containing benzotriazole functionalized dicarboxylate struts was synthesized and characterized. This isoreticular Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) was found to be a very selective and ultrasensitive for copper ion and chromium oxyanions in aqueous media. It showed a detection limit of 16.9 ppb (0.266 μM) for Cu2+ ion, 280 ppb (1.3 μM) for Cr2O72− and 47.7 ppb (0.411 μM) for CrO42− anions. The quenching constants (Ksv) for Cu2+, Cr2O72−, CrO42− was found to be 1.1x105 M−1, 3.9x103 M−1, and 6.7x103 M−1 respectively. The covalently bonded benzotriazole moiety with the UiO-66 framework not only produces an emission peak at 491 nm but also act as an intrinsic binding site for both cations and anions. The nature of the coordinative interaction between the analytes and the UiO-66-NH-BT has also been elaborated with the help of ICP and FTIR. This chemosensor also demonstrated a regenerative property without the loss in performance for five consecutive cycles.

P4487Inhibition of aortic valve calcification by SNF472 in vitro

Abstract Background Calcific aortic valve disease is the 2nd most frequent cause of open heart surgery. The valve interstitial cells (VIC) are crucial for calcification. SNF472 (a derivative of phytic acid) is a calcification inhibitor currently in clinical development for the treatment of cardiovascular calcification (Phase 2 CaLIPSO trial, EudraCT 2016–002834–59). SNF472 has been shown to inhibit vascular calcification in several preclinical models. Purpose 1. Establish a new model of calcification in cultured human VIC; 2. Investigate whether SNF472 would inhibit calcification in this model, and 3. Study if SNF472 might inhibit ongoing calcification processes. Methods Healthy and calcified aortic valves were obtained from heart transplant recipients and patients undergoing aortic valve replacement due to calcific valve disease, respectively. VIC were isolated and seeded in basic growth medium, osteogenic differentiation medium (Osteodiff) alone, and with addition of different concentrations of SNF472. The following series of studies were performed: 1. VIC from healthy and calcified valves were cultured for three weeks with Osteodiff; 2. VIC from calcified valves were cultured for 3 weeks in Osteodiff media with 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100 μM SNF472; 3. VIC from calcified valves were cultured for 3 weeks in Osteodiff media in total, but after 1 or 2 weeks 30 or 100 μM SNF472 was added to the cultures (n=8). Calcification was visualized by Alzarin Red staining and quantified by spectrophotometry. Statistics analysis was performed nonparametric One-Way ANOVA (Friedman and Kruskal–Wallis tests) with Dunn's post-test. Results Calcification was found to be 30% stronger in cultures of VIC from calcified valves as compared to cultured VIC from healthy valves (p=0.03). SNF472 successfully inhibited VIC calcification in a dose-dependent manner. SNF472 concentrations of 1, and 3 μM inhibited calcification by 7% (not significant) and 66% (p=0.08) respectively. Concentrations of 10, 30, and 100 μM completely inhibited calcification. 30 and 100 μM of SNF472 added after 1 week reduced ongoing calcification by 84% (p<0.01) and 100% (p<0.01) respectively. When given after 2 weeks of ongoing calcification non-significant inhibition was still observed (21 and 30%, respectively). Conclusions VIC from calcified valves have a more pro-calcification phenotype than VIC from healthy valves. SNF472 is able to inhibit the development VIC calcification in vitro. By early intervention SNF472 is also able to stop the progression of ongoing calcification. SNF472 shows to be a promising therapy to treat heart valve calcification. Acknowledgement/Funding EC FP7 (GA 609020), Balearic Islands Government grant (ES01/TCAI/41_2017), FEDER 2014-2020, Laboratoris Sanifit, Palma, Spain; University of Oslo

Research integrity: environment, experience, or ethos?

Background: Research integrity has gained attention in the general public as well as in the research community. We wanted to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices amongst researchers that have recently finished their PhD and compare this to their responses during their PhD fellowship. In particular, we wanted to investigate whether their attitudes are related to their experiences of their immediate research environment. Material and method: Researchers ( n = 86) awarded the PhD degree at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo in 2016 were invited to answer a questionnaire about knowledge, attitudes, and actions related to scientific dishonesty. Seventy-two responded (83.7%). The results were compared with results among first-year doctoral students who responded to the same questionnaire during 2010–2017. Results: Overall, 13% of PhDs reported that they knew of people in their immediate research environment who had committed serious forms of scientific dishonesty. A small percentage of PhDs (1.4%) indicated that they themselves had committed such acts. About 3% of the candidates had experienced pressure to commit serious forms of dishonesty and nearly a third of respondents had experienced unethical pressure with respect to authorship during the course of their fellowship. Thirteen percent reported that they had experienced unethical pressure in relation to other forms of dishonesty and 11% had experienced the consequences of some form of scientific dishonesty. Eighteen percent of the respondents believed that one or more actions, which in the literature were perceived as scientific misconduct, were not wrong. We find a connection between attitudes and the perceived research integrity of their research environment. The results also show a difference between PhD students and graduated PhDs in terms of scientific dishonesty. In some areas, the PhDs’ norms are stricter, such as for the use of statistical analysis methods, while there is little change in others, such as in misconduct in order to expedite publications. Conclusion: Many PhDs knew about serious forms of scientific misconduct from the research environment in which they are trained, and some also report misconduct themselves. Some experienced pressure to serious forms of misconduct and a large proportion of the respondents had experienced unethical pressure with respect to authorship during their fellowship. Attitudes change during the PhD studies, but ambiguously. Scientific misconduct seems to be an environmental issue as much as a matter of personal integrity.