Oropharyngeal Fluid Research Articles

Potential effect of topical antibiotics administration in the oral cavity on the reduced number of bacteria entering the lower respiratory tract after oral cancer surgery

Background/purposeOne of the causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is aspiration of oropharyngeal fluid containing pathogenic microorganisms into the lower respiratory tract. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether antibiotic ointment applied to the oral cavity can reduce the number of bacteria in the fluid on the cuff of a tracheal cannula. Materials and methodsTetracycline ointment was applied intraorally once to a patient under endotracheal intubation by postoperative tracheostomy for oral cancer. The tetracycline concentrations in the oropharyngeal fluid and fluid on the cuff of tracheal cannula were determined by bioassay, and the total viable bacterial count was determined by delayed real-time polymerase chain reaction developed by the authors from before to 6 h after application. ResultsA total of seven patients were enrolled. Very high antibiotic concentrations were maintained, ranging from 481 μg/ml to 2060 μg/ml in oropharyngeal fluid and from 267 μg/ml to 858 μg/ml in fluid on the cuff from 1 h to 6 h after application. Compared to the pre-application results, the inhibition rates of viable bacteria were 80.0–97.7% for oropharyngeal fluid and 47.6%–91.9% for fluid on the cuff at 1–6 h after application, indicating that antibiotic ointment can inhibit bacteria entering the lower respiratory tract for a long period of time in intubated patients. ConclusionOral application of antibiotic ointment reduced the number of bacteria entering the lower respiratory tract, suggesting that it may be useful in the prevention or treatment of VAP.

Newcastle Disease Outbreak in Backyard Poultry: Herbal Remediation Using Phyllanthus Polygonoides and Carica Papaya Leaves

Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating disease of backyard poultry and causes great economic losses to rural poor. The study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts of Phyllanthus polygonoides and Carica papaya leaves for control of Newcastle outbreak in backyard poultry. A total of 60 representative desi fowl (chicken 50, turkey 7 and duck 3) from 40 flocks were presented to VCC hospital, VC&RI, Orathanadu for treatment. The samples like oropharyngeal fluid/ clocal swab was collected from 40 birds (flocks) and performed haemagglutination test. Out of 40 birds screened, 18 birds (Chicken-13, turkey- 4 and Duck- 1) were positive for haemagglutination test and showed the presence of Newcastle disease virus and confirmed by PCR. The infected birds were treated with aqueous extract of Carica papaya and Phyllanthus polygonoides leaves @ 0.5ml/ kg b.wt orally for 3 days. Most of the birds recovered in single dose, the moderately infected birds recovered after 3 days of treatment. The herbal extract was also used prophylactically other than the infected birds in their respective flocks to prevent the infection. None of the adult birds in their flocks become infected and protected from infection. The plant juice of Phyllanthus polygonoides and Carica papaya leaves were highly effective for control of ND in backyard poultry, it could be used prophylactically every 30 days to prevent Newcastle disease outbreak in backyard poultry to minimize economic losses to the farmers.

Prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) in shelter-housed cats in the Central Valley of California, USA.

Non-human animals are natural hosts for the virus causing COVID-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) and a diversity of species appear susceptible to infection. Cats are of particular concern because of their close affiliation with humans and susceptibility to infection. Cats also harbour feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Our objectives were to document the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and FECV in feline populations with high turnover and movement among households in the Central Valley of California, USA. A cross-sectional study of 128 shelter and foster cats and kittens in the Central Valley of California was performed from July to December 2020. PCR was performed on rectal and oropharyngeal samples to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and on rectal samples to detect FECV RNA. Among 163 rectal and oropharyngeal fluid samples gathered from sheltered and fostered cats and kittens in central California, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids were not detected from any cat or kitten. In contrast, FECV nucleic acids were detected in 18% of shelter-housed cats; 83% of these positive samples were collected from cats housed in adjacent cages. These data may be helpful when considering the allocation of resources to minimise the harm of FECV and SARS-CoV-2 in household pets and shelter environments.

Abstract PO-097: Tumor-associated extracellular vesicles from HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer lymphatic fluid trigger an anti-tumor response through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway

Abstract Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPC) is increasing rapidly in incidence and is now the most common HPV-associated malignancy in the U.S. Our group previously demonstrated that lymph-enriched fluid from surgical drains in HPV+ OPC patients is rich in tumor-derived cell-free DNA, with prognostic implications. In this study, we characterize extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cervical lymph in HPV+ OPC patients and explore the impact on innate immune response. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) pathway plays a key role in immune response by detecting pathogenic or damaged host DNA. We propose that HPV DNA-containing EVs uptake by HPV-negative cells modulates their immune responses via activation of cGAS-STING signaling. Methods: Surgical lymphatic fluid samples were collected from 31 HPV(+) and 10 HPV(-) OPC patients 24 hours post neck dissection, along with supernatant from HPV(+) and HPV(-) OPC cell lines. EVs were isolated from both biofluids and characterized using immunoblotting, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). EVs were then treated with DNase to eliminate external DNA before extracting EV DNA. Lymph cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was also extracted. We used qPCR to quantify HPV16 levels in supernatant and lymph EVs. Next, we incubated HPV(-) OPC cells with EVs that were isolated from the supernatant from HPV (+) or HPV (-) cells. Finally, we compared cGAS-STING activation induced by HPV (+) EVs to the STING agonist 2,3-GAMP (Sigma) through IFNβ mRNA expression and phosphor-TBK1 immunoblotting. Results: Lymphatic EVs showed typical morphology with diameters ranging 70–150 nm, and were CD63 and TSG101 positive by immunoblot. 27 HPV (+) OPC patients (87%) had detectable HPV16 DNA in their postoperative lymph EVs, while all HPV(-) lymph EVs were negative for HPV16. Comparison of bulk lymph cfDNA and lymph EV DNA showed a significant proportion (39.5±24.4%) of lymph HPV16 DNA is contained by EVs. Further, an EV uptake assay showed HPV16 DNA was trafficked into HPV(-) cells through EVs, and blocking EV internalization with heparin reduced recipient cell HPV16 levels. Crucially, HPV (-) cells cultured with HPV (+) EVs for 8 hours increased IFNβ1 expression, while HPV(-) EVs did not increase IFNβ1 expression. Lastly, we observed TBK1 phosphorylation, a reporter of STING activation, was elevated in these cells treated with HPV(+) EVs. Conclusions: Our study is the first to characterize tumor-associated EVs in lymphatic fluid. We showed many of these tumor-associated lymph EVs in HPV(+) patients harbor HPV16. Additionally, we demonstrate lymph EVs containing HPV16 activate cellular cGAS-STING intermediates. Ongoing studies are investigating the impact of EVs on the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Zhongping Xu, Noah Earland, Peter K. Harris, Sophie P. Gerndt, Ricardo Ramirez, Nicholas P. Semenkovich, Aadel A. Chaudhuri, Jose P. Zevallos. Tumor-associated extracellular vesicles from HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer lymphatic fluid trigger an anti-tumor response through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-AHNS Head and Neck Cancer Conference: Innovating through Basic, Clinical, and Translational Research; 2023 Jul 7-8; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2023;29(18_Suppl):Abstract nr PO-097.

Investigation of foot and mouth disease virus and other animal pathogens in cattle, buffaloes and goats at the interface with Akagera National Park 2017 – 2020

BackgroundFoot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a positive-sense RNA virus of the family of the picornaviridæ that is responsible for one of the livestock diseases with the highest economic impact, the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD is endemic in Rwanda but there are gaps in knowing its seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology. This study reports the FMD seroprevalence and molecular characterization of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence of FMD in the study area is at 9.36% in cattle and 2.65% in goats. We detected FMDV using molecular diagnostic tools such as RT-PCR and RT-LAMP and the phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences revealed the presence of FMDV serotype SAT 2, lineage II. Sequencing of the oropharyngeal fluid samples collected from African buffaloes revealed the presence of Prevotela ruminicola, Spathidium amphoriforme, Moraxella bovoculi Onchocerca flexuosa, Eudiplodinium moggii, Metadinium medium and Verrucomicrobia bacterium among other pathogens but no FMDV was detected in African buffaloes.ConclusionsWe recommend further studies to focus on sampling more African buffaloes since the number sampled was statistically insignificant to conclusively exclude the presence or absence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda buffaloes. The use of RT-PCR alongside RT-LAMP demonstrates that the latter can be adopted in endemic areas such as Rwanda to fill in the gaps in terms of molecular diagnostics. The identification of lineage II of SAT 2 in Rwanda for the first time shows that the categorised FMDV pools as previously established are not static over time.

Genome Sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT1 Strains Purified from Coinfected Cape Buffalo in Kenya.

ABSTRACTNearly complete genomes of 49 novel foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) SAT1 strains acquired from oropharyngeal fluid samples from asymptomatic African Cape buffalo in Kenya in 2016 were determined. Sequences were from primary passage or plaque-purified dually SAT1/SAT2-infected samples. These sequences are important for elucidation of the molecular epidemiology of persistent and subclinical FMDV infections.

Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever and Virus Detection in Rodents in Bolivia in 2019

BackgroundIn June 2019, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reported a cluster of cases of hemorrhagic fever that started in the municipality of Caranavi and expanded to La Paz. The cause of these cases was unknown.MethodsWe obtained samples for next-generation sequencing and virus isolation. Human and rodent specimens were tested by means of virus-specific real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction assays, next-generation sequencing, and virus isolation.ResultsNine cases of hemorrhagic fever were identified; four of the patients with this illness died. The etiologic agent was identified as Mammarenavirus Chapare mammarenavirus, or Chapare virus (CHAPV), which causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF). Probable nosocomial transmission among health care workers was identified. Some patients with CHHF had neurologic manifestations, and those who survived had a prolonged recovery period. CHAPV RNA was detected in a variety of human body fluids (including blood; urine; nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid; conjunctiva; and semen) and in specimens obtained from captured small-eared pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys microtis). In survivors of CHHF, viral RNA was detected up to 170 days after symptom onset; CHAPV was isolated from a semen sample obtained 86 days after symptom onset.ConclusionsM. Chapare mammarenavirus was identified as the etiologic agent of CHHF. Both spillover from a zoonotic reservoir and possible person-to-person transmission were identified. This virus was detected in a rodent species, O. microtis. (Funded by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and others.)

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Interserotypic Recombination in Superinfected Carrier Cattle.

Viral recombination contributes to the emergence of novel strains with the potential for altered host range, transmissibility, virulence, and immune evasion. For foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), cell culture experiments and phylogenetic analyses of field samples have demonstrated the occurrence of recombination. However, the frequency of recombination and associated virus–host interactions within an infected host have not been determined. We have previously reported the detection of interserotypic recombinant FMDVs in oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples of 42% (5/12) of heterologously superinfected FMDV carrier cattle. The present investigation consists of a detailed analysis of the virus populations in these samples including identification and characterization of additional interserotypic minority recombinants. In every animal in which recombination was detected, recombinant viruses were identified in the OPF at the earliest sampling point after superinfection. Some recombinants remained dominant until the end of the experiment, whereas others were outcompeted by parental strains. Genomic analysis of detected recombinants suggests host immune pressure as a major driver of recombinant emergence as all recombinants had capsid-coding regions derived from the superinfecting virus to which the animals did not have detectable antibodies at the time of infection. In vitro analysis of a plaque-purified recombinant virus demonstrated a growth rate comparable to its parental precursors, and measurement of its specific infectivity suggested that the recombinant virus incurred no penalty in packaging its new chimeric genome. These findings have important implications for the potential role of persistently infected carriers in FMDV ecology and the emergence of novel strains.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody dynamics in a Dutch household study with dense sampling frame

This study investigated the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and diagnostics in 242 household members of different ages and with different symptom severity after SARS-CoV-2 exposure early in the pandemic (March–April 2020). Households with a SARS-CoV-2 confirmed positive case and at least one child in the Netherlands were followed for 6 weeks. Naso (NP)- and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs, oral fluid and feces specimens were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and serum for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. The dynamics of the presence of viral RNA and the serological response was modeled to determine the sampling time-frame and sample type with the highest sensitivity to confirm or reject a SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. In children higher viral loads compared to adults were detected at symptom onset. Early in infection, higher viral loads were detected in NP and OP specimens, while RNA in especially feces were longer detectable. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies have 90% probability of detection from 7 days (total Ig) and 18 days (IgG) since symptom onset. For highest probability of detection in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics early in infection, RT-PCR on NP and OP specimens are more sensitive than on oral fluid and feces. For SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics late after infection, RT-PCR on feces specimens and serology are more valuable.

Viral Population Diversity during Co-Infection of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes SAT1 and SAT2 in African Buffalo in Kenya.

African buffalo are the natural reservoirs of the SAT serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in sub-Saharan Africa. Most buffalo are exposed to multiple FMDV serotypes early in life, and a proportion of them become persistently infected carriers. Understanding the genetic diversity and evolution of FMDV in carrier animals is critical to elucidate how FMDV persists in buffalo populations. In this study, we obtained oropharyngeal (OPF) fluid from naturally infected African buffalo, and characterized the genetic diversity of FMDV. Out of 54 FMDV-positive OPF, 5 were co-infected with SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes. From the five co-infected buffalo, we obtained eighty-nine plaque-purified isolates. Isolates obtained directly from OPF and plaque purification were sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained from recombination-free protein-coding regions revealed a discrepancy in the topology of capsid proteins and non-structural proteins. Despite the high divergence in the capsid phylogeny between SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes, viruses from different serotypes that were collected from the same host had a high genetic similarity in non-structural protein-coding regions P2 and P3, suggesting interserotypic recombination. In two of the SAT1 and SAT2 co-infected buffalo identified at the first passage of viral isolation, the plaque-derived SAT2 genomes were distinctly grouped in two different genotypes. These genotypes were not initially detected with the NGS from the first passage (non-purified) virus isolation sample. In one animal with two SAT2 haplotypes, one plaque-derived chimeric sequence was found. These findings demonstrate within-host evolution through recombination and point mutation contributing to broad viral diversity in the wildlife reservoir. These mechanisms may be critical to FMDV persistence at the individual animal and population levels, and may contribute to the emergence of new viruses that have the ability to spill-over to livestock and other wildlife species.

Parameterization of the durations of phases of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs

The global interconnectedness of the pig-production industry and the diversity of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses (FMDVs) currently circulating, makes modeling disease spread and control in FMD-free areas challenging. However, advances in experimental design and transmission studies create opportunities to strengthen our understanding and ability to model FMD transmission. In the current study, we estimated the duration of defined phases of FMDV infection in pigs by using data from a large collection of controlled in vivo experiments. Because the detection of low-levels of viral RNA does not correspond to infectiousness, an experimentally defined minimum threshold of FMDV RNA shedding in oropharyngeal fluids was used to estimate the onset of infectiousness in experiments in which transmission was not evaluated. Animal-level data were used in Accelerated Failure Time models to assess the effect of experimental design factors in the duration of defined phases of FMDV infection: latent, incubation, pre-clinical infectious, clinical infectious, and total infectious periods. The estimated means of the phases were latent: 25 h (95%CI 21, 29), incubation: 70 h (95%CI 64, 76), pre-clinical infectious: 36 h (95%CI 32, 41), clinical infectious: 265 h (95%CI 258, 272) and total infectious: 282 h (95%CI 273, 290). Virus strains and exposure methods had no significant influence on the duration of latency, incubation, or clinical infectious phases. By contrast, the estimated means of the duration of the pre-clinical infectious and total infectious phases were significantly influenced by virus strains, and the duration of the pre-clinical infectious phase was significantly influenced by exposure methods. This study provides disease parameters based on an estimated threshold of the onset of infectiousness and a probability distribution representing the end of infectiousness. Disease parameters that incorporate experimentally-based quantitative proxies to define phases of FMDV infection may improve planning and preparedness for FMD.

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in recovered as well as healthy cattle to study carrier status in Assam

Foot and mouth disease (FMD), one of the most contagious diseases of animals, affects different host species including wild animals. Asymptomatic FMD recovered animals may remain as carrier, which may be threat to other healthy animals. Hence, it is necessary to monitor the carrier status of the FMD recovered animals to effectively prevent further spread of the disease. Out of all the seven serotypes of FMD, O serotype is most commonly found in livestock. Therefore, in the present study, we chose to detect serotype ‘O’ in oropharyngeal fluid (OP) and to quantify cytokines, viz. IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-2. A total of 30 OP fluids and 30 blood samples were collected from 10 animals (1 in-contact healthy animal) for 3 months post infection. FMD O serotype could be detected in all the animals (100%). The RQ values were found to be 0.014 to 63.118 and 0.162 to 46.889 for IL-1α and IL-1β genes respectively, while insignificant RQ values were obtained for IL-2. In the second and third months, two animals showed down regulation for IL-1α gene, while IL-1β and IL-2 genes were down regulated in 7 animals and in all 10 animals, respectively for all the three months.

COVID-19 Test Before Tokyo2020 Paralympic Games: An Implemented Protocol to Protect Paralympic Athletes.

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic represents a difficult challenge for the whole of humanity. Sports, in which contact between athletes is essential, became impossible to practice without the risk of viral spread. Athletes of the national teams are a particular subgroup of the population for whom there is an important need for protection and the implementation of targeted preventive measures. The present report describes the protocol that was developed to answer the urgent protection need for athletes during COVID-19 pandemic. The protocol aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of a rigid prevention intervention to prevent outbreaks and infections in terms of COVID-19 as well as in other potential future pandemics from pathogens with similar path of transmission.MethodsThe study was conducted in rowing para-thletes training of the Paralympic Games in Tokyo2020. It was designed to create an anti-COVID-19 “protection bubble” with the aim to isolate para-athletes and their technical support team during pre-Olympic retreats. The “bubble” development relied on a carefully conducted protocol of repeated antigen and molecular COVID-19 tests on nasal and oropharyngeal fluids among all participants carried out before, during and at the end of each retreat.ResultsDuring the 10 months of protocol implementation there were no COVID-19 outbreaks among the para-athletes and technical personnel during the retreats. In total, 552 PCR tests and 298 antigen-based tests were performed for an average number of 42 test per athlete. The number of retreat participants was larger (n = 23) in the beginning of the year due to the Paralympic selection rounds and smaller at the end of the study period (n = 12).ConclusionThe protocol has indicated that it is possible to implement an anti-COVID-19 protection protocol where athletes and technical staff can train and compete in safe conditions. The study showed that it is feasible to implement a rigid prevention protocol for athletes and technical staff based on repeated COVID-19 antigenic and molecular tests for a long period of training with excellent participation and compliance.

Prevotella illustrans sp. nov., derived from human oropharyngeal abscess puncture fluid.

An obligately anaerobic strain, designated as A2931T, was isolated from oropharyngeal abscess puncture fluid of a patient sampled during routine care at a hospital and further characterized both phenotypically, biochemically and genotypically. This Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium was moderately saccharolytic and proteolytic. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed it to be best placed in the genus Prevotella, but to be only comparatively distantly related to recognized species, with the closest relationship to Prevotella baroniae (average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values both well below the generally accepted thresholds). Strain A2931T had a genomic DNA G+C content of 47.7 mol%. Its most abundant cellular long-chain fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. Taken together, this polyphasic data suggests strain A2931T to represent a novel species within the genus Prevotella, for which the name Prevotella illustrans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A2931T (=DSM 108028T=CCOS 1232T=CCUG 72806T). Interestingly, we found strain A2931T to correspond to the oral taxon Prevotella HMT-820 in the Human Oral Microbiome Database, as supported by overall genome relatedness index analyses >99 %. Thus, our work not only closes one of the gaps of knowledge about hitherto unnamed species isolated from humans, but also will facilitate identification of this taxon both in the clinical microbiology context and in research alike.

Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam.

The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015–2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017–2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4–6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.

Rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 using FT-IR ATR spectroscopy and machine learning

Early diagnosis of COVID-19 in suspected patients is essential for contagion control and damage reduction strategies. We investigated the applicability of attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy associated with machine learning in oropharyngeal swab suspension fluid to predict COVID-19 positive samples. The study included samples of 243 patients from two Brazilian States. Samples were transported by using different viral transport mediums (liquid 1 or 2). Clinical COVID-19 diagnosis was performed by the RT-PCR. We built a classification model based on partial least squares (PLS) associated with cosine k-nearest neighbours (KNN). Our analysis led to 84% and 87% sensitivity, 66% and 64% specificity, and 76.9% and 78.4% accuracy for samples of liquids 1 and 2, respectively. Based on this proof-of-concept study, we believe this method could offer a simple, label-free, cost-effective solution for high-throughput screening of suspect patients for COVID-19 in health care centres and emergency departments.

Применение препарата лизоцима и деквалиния хлорида в лечении острых респираторных заболеваний верхних дыхательных путей у детей

Актуальность. Острые вирусные респираторные инфекции — группа наиболее распространенных болезней, которые проявляются прежде всего катаральным синдромом с поражением ротоглотки и требуют местного применения антисептиков. Цель работы: изучить клинические особенности поражения глотки и гортани при острых респираторных инфекциях в различных регионах Украины, оценить на большом клиническом материале эффективность и безопасность применения препарата Лизак и его способность влиять на активность нативного иммунитета. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 25 229 детей в возрасте от 4 до 18 лет с острыми респираторными инфекциями, которые проявлялись воспалительным процессом в ротоглотке. Проведены общеклинические, иммунологические, бактериологические исследования. Результаты. Установлено, что применение препарата Лизак в клинической практике является эффективным и приводит к уменьшению интенсивности клинических признаков воспаления в ротоглотке, купирует сухость ротоглотки, болевой синдром, восстанавливает голосовую функцию. При изучении корреляционных связей между клинико-анамнестическими данными было установлено, что наиболее сильные взаимосвязи отмечались между тонзиллитом и выраженностью температурной реакции в первые и третьи сутки от начала лечения (r = 0,43 и 0,69 соответственно), наличие тонзиллита коррелировало также с интенсивностью боли в горле (r = 0,46) и наличием кашля на 7-е сутки заболевания (r = 0,39). В то же время выраженность кашля в первые и третьи сутки заболевания коррелировала с острым ларингитом (r = 0,51 и r = 0,36 соответственно). Охриплость коррелировала со степенью сухости в ротоглотке (r = 0,47) и была присуща ларингиту. Для определения иммунологической эффективности препарата Лизак были обследованы 124 ребенка в возрасте 7–12 лет, которые имели острые респираторные инфекции с поражением ротоглотки. Установлено, что уровень интерферона гамма в ротоглоточный жидкости и сыворотке крови имел тенденцию к снижению, что свидетельствует о снижении активности воспалительного процесса в ротоглотке. Сделаны выводы, что препарат Лизак, уменьшая интенсивность воспалительного процесса в ротоглотке, способен влиять на уровень провоспалительных цитокинов, в частности интерферона гамма. При проведении бактериологического исследования микрофлоры ротоглотки у наблюдаемых пациентов до начала лечения было выявлено повышение числа патогенных и условно-патогенных микроорганизмов. После применения препарата Лизак происходило восстановление микробиоценоза, в основном за счет уменьшения количества патогенной и условно-патогенной флоры (S.aureus, Candida albicans и др.) и увеличения количества индигенной флоры. Препарат Лизак не имел побочных эффектов у большинства пациентов, хотя у небольшого числа больных (0,76 %) наблюдались признаки аллергической реакции (першение в горле, отечность язычка, необычный вкус). Эффективность препарата Лизак была оценена врачами и пациентами в 99 % случаев как хорошая. Выводы. Применение препарата Лизак в клинической практике является эффективным и приводит к уменьшению интенсивности клинических признаков воспаления в ротоглотке, купирует сухость ротоглотки, болевой синдром, восстанавливает голосовую функцию, способствует уменьшению интенсивности воспалительного процесса в ротоглотке и влияет на уровень провоспалительных цитокинов, в частности интерферона гамма, восстанавливает микробиоценоз ротоглотки за счет уменьшения количества патогенной и условно-патогенной флоры (S.aureus, Candida albicans и др.) и увеличения количества индигенной флоры. Препарат Лизак имеет хорошую переносимость и является эффективным в 99 % случаев применения.

Актуалізація застосування інтерферону при гострому простому бронхіті в дітей

Актуальність. Основними етіологічними факторами гострого простого бронхіту у дітей є респіраторнотропні віруси, у зв’язку з чим препарати інтерферону можуть бути використані при лікуванні відповідних респіраторних захворювань. Мета: вивчення клініко-імунологічної ефективності рекомбінантного інтерферону альфа-2b при лікуванні гострого простого бронхіту в дітей. Матеріали та методи. Під наглядом перебувало 49 дітей віком від двох до шести років, хворих на гострий простий бронхіт, 23 дитини отримували препарат Лаферобіон®, що містить рекомбінантний інтерферон ­альфа-2b. При проведенні роботи використовувалися клінічні й лабораторні методи дослідження. Тяжкість стану хворого оцінювалася за Bronchitis severity score (шкалою BSS). Лабораторне дослідження включало загальний аналіз крові, сечі, застосовувались імуноферментні методи. Етіологічний діагноз встановлювався на підставі вірусологічних методів дослідження. При визначенні концентрації інтерферону гамма використовувався набір «Гамма-інтерферон-ІФА-БЕСТ А-8752» фірми «Вектор Бест»; лактоферину — набір Нuman Lactoferrin NK 329 Edition 06-16 виробництва компанії Hycult Biotech (USA), нейтрофільних a-дефензинів 1–3 — реактиви Нuman HNP NK317 Edition 08-16 виробництва компанії Hycult Biotech (USA). Результати. У всіх дітей, хворих на гострий простий бронхіт, захворювання почалося гостро й проявлялося катаральним і загальнозапальним синдромами. Згідно з оцінкою ознак гострого простого бронхіту за шкалою BSS на початку захворювання і в періоді реконвалесценції, застосування в терапії рекомбінантного інтерферону альфа-2b сприяє більш швидкому зменшенню всіх клінічних проявів захворювання й збільшенню вмісту лактоферину в ротоглотковій рідині до періоду реконвалесценції. Висновки. Ректальне призначення рекомбінантного інтерферону альфа-2b Лаферобіон® є етіопатогенетичним методом лікування гострого простого бронхіту в дітей.

Прогнозирование риска развития продолжительного течения острого простого бронхита у детей

Актуальность. Факторы и механизмы формирования длительного течения острого простого бронхита у детей на сегодняшний день до конца неизвестны. Описано участие ряда факторов, в том числе клинических, лабораторных и иммунологических. Цель исследования — выявление информативно значимых клинико-анамнестических, лабораторных и иммунологических факторов риска длительного течения бронхита у детей раннего возраста, а также создание математической модели для прогнозирования вероятности развития этой ситуации. Материалы и методы. Под наблюдением находились 122 ребенка в возрасте от 1 до 6 лет с острым простым бронхитом, которые были на обследовании и лечении в инфекционном отделении КУ «Днепровская ГКБ № 1 ДОС». Результаты. Определены факторы риска и создана математическая модель прогноза развития длительного течения острого простого бронхита у детей. Прогностическую значимость имели: масса тела ребенка при рождении более 3,7 кг, курение матери, наличие фоновых состояний, таких как перинатальное поражение центральной нервной системы и хронический тонзиллит, субфебрильная температура тела, продолжительность лихорадки более 4,7 дня, а также уровни g-интерферона и a-дефензинов в ротоглоточной жидкости. Выводы. Полученные результаты показали, что на развитие длительного течения острого простого бронхита у детей влияют клинико-анамнестические, лабораторные и иммунологические факторы. Приведенная математическая модель прогнозирования может использоваться в практической деятельности семейных врачей и педиатров.

Characterization of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT-2 in Swamp Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) under the Egyptian Smallholder Production System.

Simple SummaryContinuous mutations of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) result in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contribute to an occasional vaccination failure. Thus, molecular characterization of the circulating FMDV strains associated with a recent outbreak in Egyptian water buffaloes is essential for the control strategies. The results revealed that the circulating virus was SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with a similarity of 98.9%. The new incursions reported in this study explain the considerable high morbidity of FMDV outbreaks in Egypt in early 2019.Spontaneous mutations are a common characteristic of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), leading to wide antigenic variations resulting in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contributes to occasional vaccination failures. The objectives of the present study were to genetically characterize FMDV isolated from water buffaloes and study the biochemical and histopathological indicators of infected animals. Fifty-four water buffaloes of both sexes and different ages suffered from acute symptoms of FMD were clinically examined and randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Oral desquamated epithelial and oropharyngeal fluid samples have been tested for FMDV by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Tissue and serum samples were also collected from the diseased buffaloes and subjected to histopathological and biochemical analysis. Our findings showed that all examined samples were confirmed to be positive to FMDV serotype SAT-2 and were adjusted to be responsible for the recent disease outbreak in this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating viruses were of the SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with 98.9% identity. The new lineage of SAT-2 showed a high virulence resulting in the deaths of water buffaloes due to heart failure, confirmed by high serum levels of inflammatory and cardiac markers, including haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, cardiac troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-MB, indicating an unfavorable FMD-infection prognosis. In conclusion, we document the presence of new incursions circulating in water buffalo populations in Egypt in early 2019, explaining the high morbidity rate of FMD outbreak in early 2019. Furthermore, the newly identified serotype SAT-2 lib12 lineage, topotype VII, showed an aggressive pattern in water buffaloes of the smallholder production system.