Panulirus Ornatus Research Articles

Neural remodelling in spiny lobster larvae is characterized by broad neuropeptide suppression

Neuropeptides are ancient endocrine components which have evolved to regulate many aspects of biology across the animal kingdom including behaviour, development and metabolism. To supplement current knowledge, we have utilized a transcriptome series describing larval development in the ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus. The biology of this animal has been leveraged to provide insights into the roles of molting, metamorphosis and metabolism across the neuropeptide family. We report an extensive list of neuropeptides across three distinct life phases of the animal. We show distinct groups of neuropeptides with differential expression between larval phases, indicating phase-specific roles for these peptides. For selected neuropeptides, we describe and discuss expression profiles throughout larval development and report predicted peptide cleavage sites and mature peptide sequences. We also report the neuropeptide nesfatin for the first time in a crustacean, and report secondary peptide products with a level of evolutionary conservation similar to the conventional mature peptide nesfatin-1, indicating a conserved role in these secondary products which are widely regarded as biologically inactive. In addition, we report a trend of downregulation in the neuropeptides as the animal undergoes extensive neural remodelling in fulfillment of metamorphosis. We suggest that this downregulation in neuropeptides relates to the brief, yet dramatic changes in morphology experienced by the central nervous system in the process of metamorphosis.

Parameter estimation of laboratory-reared Panulirus ornatus

In the fisheries study, fish growth is typically in an indeterminate fashion implying a continuous growth function occurs throughout the life. Most existing studies of fish trajectories are continuous; however, it is not true when modelling growth of the crustacean species with discontinuous growth paths. In this context, it is imperative to insure that a different type of model for describing absolute growth in crustaceans. Crustaceans must moult for them to grow. A moulting process is of periodical shedding of the exoskeleton and thus the crustacean growth is known to be a discontinuous process. The sudden growth of crustaceans through the moulting process makes the growth estimation more complex. To model the discontinuous growth, we consider stochastic approaches where the growth model only considers for a monotonically increasing function. To this end, we introduce a subordinator that is a special case of a Levy process. A subordinator is a non-decreasing Levy process, that enabling the individual variability and environmental perturbation to be included in modelling growth. A dataset in the laboratory setting (e.g. in an aquarium) is developed. The motivational dataset is from the ornate rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus, where the growth parameters can be estimated through two inter-correlated variables, namely the intermoult periods and the moult increments. We propose a joint density function, consisting of the moult increments and the intermoult periods. Both of these variables are assumed to be conditionally independent based on the Markov property. In the four-year studies from 1995 to 1999, the growth rates for females and males are estimated averagely 0.307 mm year–1 and 0.205 mm year–1, respectively. Therefore, the growth parameters of moult increments and intermoult periods can be quantified individually. The corresponding functions will then be convoluted through a simulation approach to obtain a population mean curve for crustaceans.

The differences of depth on the species composition of spiny lobster puerulus on south Pacitan Regency East Java

Lobster resources are one of renewable resources but if catches are increasing without any control will cause a depleted resource. Catching lobsters is not only in the adult phase but all phases are captured. The purpose of this study to determine the composition of lobster seeds between depths that have a high value of lobster seeds collection so that it can be used as a reference for lobster protection in nature. This research was conducted in January – February 2019, located in Pacitan district with the operational area in Wawaran beach waters. The statistical method used in this research was Chi-Square analysis and Kruskall-Wallis. Based on the results of the operation atracror puerulus lobster in two different depths (14 and 20 meters) in Wawaran beach waters found that there are four species puerulus, i.e., Panulirus homarus, Panulirus penicillatus, Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus versicolor. Its found that different depths did not affect the composition of the collected puerulus species. Then the Kruskal-Wallis test at 14 meters and 20 meters depth found a significant difference in the value of each type of lobster. The type of puerulus from Panulirus homarus has the dominant results compared than the other three species.

A crustacean annotated transcriptome (CAT) database

BackgroundDecapods are an order of crustaceans which includes shrimps, crabs, lobsters and crayfish. They occur worldwide and are of great scientific interest as well as being of ecological and economic importance in fisheries and aquaculture. However, our knowledge of their biology mainly comes from the group which is most closely related to crustaceans – insects. Here we produce a de novo transcriptome database, crustacean annotated transcriptome (CAT) database, spanning multiple tissues and the life stages of seven crustaceans.DescriptionA total of 71 transcriptome assemblies from six decapod species and a stomatopod species, including the coral shrimp Stenopus hispidus, the cherry shrimp Neocaridina davidi, the redclaw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, the spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus, the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, the coconut crab Birgus latro, and the zebra mantis shrimp Lysiosquillina maculata, were generated. Differential gene expression analyses within species were generated as a reference and included in a graphical user interface database at http://cat.sls.cuhk.edu.hk/. Users can carry out gene name searches and also access gene sequences based on a sequence query using the BLAST search function.ConclusionsThe data generated and deposited in this database offers a valuable resource for the further study of these crustaceans, as well as being of use in aquaculture development.

The differences of depth on the species composition of Spiny Lobster Puerulus on South Pacitan Regency, East Java

Lobster resources is the one of renewable resources but if catches are increasing without any control will cause a depleted resource. Catching lobsters is not only for adult phase but for all phases are captured. The purpose of this study to determine composition of lobster seeds between depths which has a high value of lobster seeds collection so that it can be used as a reference for lobster protection in nature. This research was conducted in January – February 2019, located in Wawaran beach waters, Pacitan. The statistical method used in this research are Chi-Square and Kruskall-Wallis analysis. Based on the results of atractror puerulus lobster in two different depths (14 and 20 meter) in Wawaran beach waters found that there are 4 species puerulus, i.e. Panulirus homarus, Panulirus penicillatus, Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus versicolor. It was found that different depths did not affect the composition of the collected puerulus species. Then the Kruskal-Wallis test at 14 meters and 20 meters depth found a significant difference in the value of each type of lobster. The type of puerulus from Panulirus homarus has the dominant results compared than the other three species.

Distribusi Bakteri Penghasil Enzim Ekstraseluler Pada Saluran Pencernaan Lobster Mutiara (Panulirus ornatus)

The activity of the digestive function of animals is influenced by the secretion of extracellular enzymes from bacteria in the digestive tract. This study aims to evaluate the distribution of bacteria producing protease enzyme, amylase and lipase from the digestive tract of pearl lobster, Panulirus ornatus. Bacterial isolates that have extracellular enzyme activity are based on their ability to form clear zones in the test media. The results showed that of 51 bacterial isolates from the digestive tract of P. ornatus, proteolytic bacteria were 27.45%, amylolytic bacteria were 23.53% and lipolytic bacteria were 21.77%. Based on bacterial dominance in the gastrointestinal segment, namely the cardiac, piloric and intestinal sections, it was dominated by amylolytic bacteria at 33.33%, proteolytic at 37.50% and lipolytic at 29.41%. The activity of proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic bacteria based on the highest clear zone diameter was achieved respectively by SP5 isolates of 12 mm, SK10 isolates of 21 mm and SU15 isolates of 20 mm. The three bacterial isolates were potential as probiotic aquacultur candidates

The dynamic of spiny lobster larvae abundance in Awang Bay waters of Lombok Island, Indonesia

The activity of catching the lobster larvae that has been increased for the long term will bring a negative effect to the lobster population on earth. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to get a better knowledge about the dynamic of spiny lobster larvae abundance and its relation to the condition of the waters spatially and temporally in Awang Bay Waters of Lombok Island, Indonesia. The data collection covered the lobster larvae abundance and the quality of waters which included the physical parameter, chemistry, and phytoplankton. There were 5 random stations collected in research location. The observation of lobster larvae abundance did by installing the collector tools where the collection of the larvae is the amount of the whole collector in each station. The measurement of the waters parameter quality did directly on location and the analysis did on the laboratory. The result of the research shows that lobster larvae consist of 2 species which were Panulirus homarus (82,9%) and Panulirus ornatus (17,1%). Lobster larvae were found dominantly on January and February with the abundance 62-76 ind./unit and found more around the bay side and influenced by the condition of the water's quality. The lobster larvae abundance were positively correlated to the phytoplankton abundance, salinity, brightness, temperature, flow, turbidity, nitrate, and phosphate. Meanwhile, the larvae abundance were negatively correlated to the pH and dissolved oxygen.

Biodiversity of lobster larvae (Panulirus spp.) from the Indonesian Eastern Indian Ocean

Lobster fisheries play an important role in the development of Indonesian fisheries management. The tropical lobster genus Panulirus has high species diversity in the Indonesian Eastern Indian Ocean. The Indonesian government has designated lobster fisheries as one of the types of fisheries requiring special attention in 11 of the Fisheries Management Areas in the Republic of Indonesia (FMARI). Each management area has specific ecological characteristics and may have unique lobster species richness. Studies on the temporal and spatial distribution of lobster species during all life phases are necessary to determine the connectivity of lobster populations. This study aimed to identify the species of lobster larvae of the genus Panulirus in FMARI 573. Samples were collected from several locations, including Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Banyuwangi, and Lombok, in July-August 2018. Data were analysed descriptively through species identification based on morphological traits. Identification of the samples was carried out at the sampling site and in the laboratory. The study found six species of lobster larvae: Panulirus ornatus (local name udang mutiara), P. homarus (udang pasir), P. penicillatus (udang batu), P. versicolor (udang bambu), P. longipes (udang batik) and P. polyphagus (udang Pakistan). These species were unevenly distributed at the study sites. Further research is needed to analyse the distribution and connectivity of lobster populations by analysing species composition during different life phases (larva/puerulus, juvenile, adult) at different spatial and temporal scales.

Transcriptional profiling of spiny lobster metamorphosis reveals three new additions to the nuclear receptor superfamily

BackgroundThe Crustacea are an evolutionarily diverse taxon which underpins marine food webs and contributes significantly to the global economy. However, our knowledge of crustacean endocrinology and development is far behind that of terrestrial arthropods. Here we present a unique insight into the molecular pathways coordinating crustacean metamorphosis, by reconciling nuclear receptor (NR) gene activity from a 12-stage, 3-replicate transcriptome in the ornate spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus) during larval development.ResultsWe annotated 18 distinct nuclear receptor genes, including three novel NRs which are upregulated prior to metamorphosis and have hence been named the “molt-associated receptors” (MARs). We also demonstrate the ecdysone-responsive expression of several known molt-related NRs including ecdysone receptor, fushi-tarazu-F1 and E75. Phylogenetic analysis of the curated NR family confirmed gene annotations and suggested that the MARs are a recent addition to the crustacean superfamily, occurring across the Malacostraca from the Stomatopoda to the Decapoda. The ligand-binding domain of these receptors appears to be less conserved than that of typical group-1 NRs. Expression data from two other crustacean species was utilized to examine MAR expression. The Y-organ of the tropical land crab showed a decline in expression of all MARs from intermolt to post-molt. Tissue distributions showed gonad-enriched expression in the Eastern rock lobster and antennal gland-enriched expression in the tropical land crab, although expression was evident across most tissues.ConclusionBy mining transcriptome data, we have curated an extensive list of NR genes expressed during the metamorphic molts of P. ornatus, including three novel crustacean NRs which appear to play a role in the molting process. Divergence of the E-region of these new receptors indicates that they may have adopted a function that is unconventional for NRs. Based on expression patterns, we can confirm that a number of NRs play a role in the ecdysone cassette which regulates molting in crustaceans. This study describes in detail the molecular events surrounding crustacean molting and metamorphosis by taking advantage of the distinctive life history unique to achelatan crustaceans.

Biodiversity of Lobster (Panulirus) from Eastern Indian Ocean of Indonesia Waters

Lobster fisheries play a very important role in the development of Indonesian fisheries management. Lobster fishing for Indonesian people plays a role in the economic, social and political fields. The key reason for this important role is because lobster fisheries are dominated by small-scale fishermen. Lobster also has ecological functions that play a key role in a benthic aquatic ecosystem. Tropical lobsters in the Panulirus group in Indonesian waters (Eastern Indian Ocean) are the most species and have high endemic levels. It is reasonable if the Indonesian government makes lobster fisheries as one of the fisheries groups that need to be considered in its territorial fisheries management (FMARI: Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia). Each management area has different ecological characteristics. Differences in ecological conditions will cause differences in the composition of lobster species. For the sake of lobster fisheries management in each region, it is necessary to specify indicator species on the spatial and temporal scale. This study aims to identify lobster species of the genus Panulirus in the FMARI 573 eastern part of Indonesian waters. Data retrieval is done by taking samples from lobster fishermen. Sampling locations include Kebumen, Trenggalek, Blitar, Lumajang, Jember, and Sumenep. The sampling time was carried out in August-September 2018. Data was analyzed descriptively by identifying morphologically and recording the number of individuals per species. Identification of samples is carried out at the study site and also in the laboratory. The study found six lobster species, namely: Panulirus ornatus (Udang mutiara), P. homarus (U. pasir), P. penicillatus (U. batu), P. versicolor (U. bambu), P. longipes (U. batik) and P. polyphagus (U. pakistan) with the type of sand most often found among the study sites. Further research needs to be done to look at the distribution and connectivity of lobster populations by analyzing species variation in each life phase (larvae / puerullus, juvenile, adult) at a certain space and time scale.

The effect of conspecific interaction on survival, growth and feeding behaviour of early juvenile tropical spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus

Behaviour underpins many facets of the performance of animals in aquaculture. By manipulating culture systems to segregate or allow particular aspects of conspecific interaction, we found physical interactions between P. ornatus individuals to be essential for better culture performance. Three culture types were used to control conspecific interactions: isolated culture (individual vessels) excluded all conspecific interactions, separated culture (lobsters cultured in adjacent cages) excluded physical interactions, and communal culture allowed for all interactions. Two water exchange rates were introduced to investigate the influence of chemical cue intensity on growth and survival. Time-series photography was used to determine the feeding behaviour and preference for different feeds including mussel gonad, commercial prawn feed and moist feed. The experiment showed improved growth and moulting frequency in communally cultured lobsters. These results suggest that direct physical contact between conspecifics is required to optimise growth of lobsters, which may be related to the complex social structures of this gregarious species. Behavioural observations of two juvenile instars (2 and 4), revealed circadian rhythm of interactions with feeds, feed preferences and intake. Observations revealed differing behaviours between the different culture types, where lobsters reared in separation displayed higher level of interactions with feeds; however this was not associated with higher feed intake. Observations of two juvenile instars (2 and 4) exhibited increase of daylight activity (interactions with feeds and feed intake) in older lobsters (instar 4).

Haemolymph microbiome of the cultured spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus at different temperatures

Lobsters have an open circulatory system with haemolymph that contains microorganisms even in the healthy individuals. Understanding the role of these microorganisms becomes increasingly important particularly for the diagnosis of disease as the closed life-cycle aquaculture of the spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus nears commercial reality. This study aimed to characterise haemolymph responses of healthy cultured P. ornatus juveniles at control (28 °C) and elevated (34 °C) temperatures. This was assessed by measuring immune parameters (total granulocyte counts, total haemocyte counts, clotting times), and culture-independent (pyrosequencing of haemolymph DNA) and culture-dependent (isolation using nonselective growth medium) techniques to analyse bacterial communities from lobster haemolymph sampled on days 0, 4 and 6 post-exposure to the temperature regimes. Elevated temperature (34 °C) affected lobster survival, total granulocyte counts, and diversity, load and functional potential of the haemolymph bacterial community. Pyrosequencing analyses showed that the core haemolymph microbiome consisted of phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteriodetes. Overall, culture-independent methods captured a higher bacterial diversity and load when compared to culture-dependent methods, however members of the Rhodobacteraceae were strongly represented in both analyses. This is the first comprehensive study providing comparisons of haemolymph bacterial communities from healthy and thermally stressed cultured juvenile P. ornatus and has the potential to be used in health monitoring programs.

Distribution and Composition of Lobster Species Caught in Java Sea of East Java, Indonesia

Lobster resources are abundant in Indonesia waters. Lobster’s catch production is known as an important fishery commodity. A lobster fishery is considered important fisheries within the Indonesia fishe ies management zone. So that, its management plan is needed to be developed. As a consequence, preliminary study on lobster distribution by its species proportion or composition in their catches by its fishing ground and fishing season (month) are important to mitigate the resources. The study was conducted in Java Sea of East Java to explore the lobster species distribution and composition. The Java Sea is laid within the Fisheries Management Zone of the Republic of Indonesia number 712. Lobster catch data were collected from 4 regions (landing bases) across East Java. They are Lamongan, Bawean, Tuban and Sumenep. The data was collected from December 2016 - March 2017. These regions are representing over all biogeography of marine ecology of East Java. Statistical test for homogeneity of composition/proportion of species of lobster by its regions or location and time/month were analyzed and tested statistically using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results shows that the composition o lobster species in each regions or location in different time/month are different. There were our species o lobster identified. They are Panulirus ornatus, P. homarus, P. polyphagus, and P. Versicolor. P. ornatus found in those four locations. All 4 species are caught in Lamongan. there are no species of P. Homarus have been caught in Bawean. In Tuban there is 3 species of Panulirus ornatus, P. polyphagus, and P. homarus. While in Sumenep there are only two species which are P. ornatus and P. Versicolor. Panulirus polyphagus is dominant in Lamongan, Bawean, and Sumenep while P. homarus is in Tuban. Those four species were caught in the month of December, January, February and March with P. Polyphagus as a dominant catch.

Can AQUI-S help as an aneasthetic in long-distance live transportation of spiny lobsters (<i>Panulirus ornatus</i> and <i>P. Homarus</i>)?

In Southern Central Vietnam, there are approximately 40,000 spiny lobster cages producing 1,500-2,000 metric tones of product annually, worth around US$70 million. The major international markets for commercial-size lobsters are main-land China, Hongkong and Taiwan. This study includes three successive experiments including suitable AQUI-S dosage determining, dry transport and wet transport. The suitable AQUI-S dosage withdrawn from dosage trial was 50 mg/L which was suitable for local transport and handling procedures in 15 minutes. What we can see from the wet transport trial with AQUI-S were as follows: the (day 7) survival rate was 100% for both species P. ornatus and P. homarus. The health status of the survived lobster was normal. The possible transport density for P. ornatus and P. homarus was 200-400 individuals per cubic meter, respectively. In the dry transport method with AQUI-S, the survival rate of the ornate and Homarus lobster at day 1 for 30 hr and 40 hr transport was 100% and 92%, and 91 and 73%respectively. The survival rate at day 7 for 30 hr and 40 hr transport of the ornate and homarus lobster was 88% and 79%, and 91 and 64%, respectively. The health status of the survived lobster of both species was normal, except for the Homarus spawners (~50%) in 40 hr treatment. The possible transport density for P. ornatus and P. homarus was 530 and 720 individuals per cubic meter, respectively.
 Keywords: Spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, Panulirus homarus, Live transportation, AQUI-S.

Wild lobster (Panulirus ornatus) fry fishery in Balete bay, Davao Oriental: Catch trends and implications to fisheries management

The coastal ecosystem of the Philippines is one of the richest and most diverse on earth. Lobsters are one of the commercially exploited species targeted by small-scale fishers for their livelihood and income. This study aims to determine the catch, and catching pattern of the wild lobster fry fishery, quantify the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and identify issues and challenges present in the lobster fry fishery for improved conservation and management. A combination of semi-structured interviews (n = 90), focus group discussion (n = 35) and actual catch monitoring for three months of lobster fry fishers (n = 20) were conducted to elicit information on lobster catch, composition, fishing practices and issues and challenges. Results from the interview and focus groups showed that majority of fishers catch the fries of Panulirus ornatus, Parribacus antarcticus and Panulirus versicolor. They catch most of the lobster fries using bamboo traps and beach seine. The analysis of the CPUE also revealed significant results (P ≤ 0.05) with the good catch having the highest CPUE value (0.30 g) followed by the normal catch (0.16 g) and worst catch of (0.02 g). In terms of weekly field monitoring of the catches of 20 fishers, temporal variation in terms of weeks was highly significant (P = 0.000; R2 = 22). Some management issues mentioned by fishers include effluents from shrimp farming, illegal fishing, chemical residues from mango farms and improper waste disposal. The lack of a management plan, as well as a system to control who has access to the fishing ground of lobster fries, can negatively affect the long-term sustainability of the lobster fry fishery.

The influence of flesh ingredients format and krill meal on growth and feeding behaviour of juvenile tropical spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus

One of the main challenges for spiny lobster aquaculture is the successful development of formulated feeds that are attractive, readily consumed by lobsters and promote optimal growth and survival. In a 54-day growth trial, we investigated the performance of four moist formulated feeds containing A) non-homogenised flesh ingredients; B) fish meal only; C) 10% krill meal; or D) homogenised flesh ingredients; and a reference diet of shucked blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) flesh, on growth, nutritional condition and feeding behaviour of juvenile tropical spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus) reared either communally or individually. Growth and survival achieved by lobsters fed mussel were significantly higher than all other treatments. However, lobsters fed the formulated feed containing 10% krill meal (treatment C) and reared communally had a significantly higher growth, survival and feeding performance when compared to the formulated feeds with inclusion of non-homogenised and homogenised flesh ingredients (treatments A and D). The highest levels of feed interaction and pellet consumption among the formulated feeds were also recorded for treatment C. We demonstrated that the inclusion of krill meal in formulated feeds provides a benefit when compared to the inclusion of the flesh ingredients. Flesh ingredient format (homogenised or non-homogenised) had no effect on growth performance of lobsters, suggesting that the process of homogenisation of flesh ingredients does not provide any benefit in promoting feed consumption. Furthermore, time-series photography analysis trials showed that all the formulated feeds only promoted a feeding response within the first 2–3 h post-feeding, whereas mussel retained its attractiveness throughout the feeding period. These results suggest that the prolonged attractiveness remains an impediment for formulated feed performance in lobster culture. The present study also showed that growth performance and feeding response were higher in lobsters reared communally than individually. As observed in other spiny lobster species, it is likely that social interactions in communal housing may have provided cues that stimulated feeding responses and promoted higher growth rates.

Evaluating an empirical harvest control rule for the Torres Strait Panulirus ornatus tropical rock lobster fishery

The Torres Strait tropical rock lobster, Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius, 1798), fishery is a culturally and economically important fishery. The Australian Commonwealth has an obligation under the Torres Strait Treaty to protect the traditional way of life and livelihood of Traditional Inhabitants, as well as promote employment opportunities for them. Management of the fishery is complicated by the high natural recruitment variability, and diving surveys have been used for the past 28 yrs to monitor changes in the size of the recruiting population. Here, we describe development of an empirical harvest control rule (eHCR) to achieve defined biological, economic and sociocultural objectives for the lobster fishery. A key principle is that fishery managers, fishers, and key stakeholders utilize pre–agreed upon and pretested rules to adjust management recommendations given updates of data. The performance of eHCR alternative candidates is evaluated using four alternative operating models, with 200 stochastic replicates each and 800 total simulations, accounting for observation error and implementation uncertainty. The eHCR adjusts recommended biological catches relative to a recent average, based predominantly on the logarithm of the slopes of recent trends in the preseason recruiting lobster, with lower weighting accorded to trends in recently-settled lobster and catch per unit effort (CPUE) from two fishing sectors. In addition, a maximum catch limit of 1000 t is set. The eHCR formula thus uses recent trends in survey and CPUE information to implement rapid, but precautionary, short- term adjustments needed to effectively manage a highly variable fishery.

Progress and obstacles in establishing rock lobster aquaculture in Indonesia

On-growing of wild caught rock lobster pueruli first began in Indonesia around 2004 as a derivative of seaweed and fish culture. In the southeast of the Indonesian island of Lombok, farmers growing seaweed or grouper noticed pueruli settling on their apparatus. Realizing these were small lobsters, they stocked them to cages to on-grow, and thus the Indonesian lobster farming industry began. Despite relatively high abundance of the naturally-settling lobster seed, no more than 50 tonnes of lobster were produced each year to 2009 due to limited farming skills and nutritionally deficient feed. The primary species was Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758), and it was typically on-grown for around 12 mo to a mean size of around 100 g, fetching a price of around 35,000 Indonesian Rupiah per kg, less than $US30. At that time, Vietnam was experiencing rapid growth of its own lobster farming industry, which was producing >1,500 tonnes of 1 kg lobsters of the species Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius, 1798), with price exceeding $US60 per kg. Collaborative research involving Vietnam and Australian research agencies was assisting the Vietnam lobster farmers to achieve best farming practices, and that research was expanded to transfer the successful practices of Vietnam to Indonesia. In 2017, 13 yrs after the Indonesian lobster farming began, growout production has declined by >95% due to perceptions of risk by farmers, and through a policy intervention. Here, I describe the progress and constraints of Indonesian lobster aquaculture, and the opportunity and mechanisms available to reach its potential.

THE BODY OF LOBSTER CATCHES IN PALABUHANRATU THAN THE APPLICABLE REGULATORY

Lobster is one of the commodities that Indonesia export fisheries worth selling high. The value of selling lobster is affected by type, size, and condition or completeness of her body. Palabuhanratu is one of the centers of the lobster fishery in the South of West Java. Research on condition of fishing lobster in Palabuhanratu was done in April through November 2016 include the type, gender, number, and size (carapace length and weight) and its relationship with regulatory. Observation and measurement of the collecting is done in the lobster that come for each/sold to the warehouse by fisherman and follows directly the activities of catching lobsters. The data already obtained tabulated and analyzed. The results showed that types of lobsters captured fisherman Palabuhanratu are Panulirus ornatus, Panulirus penicillatus, Panulirus versicolor and Panulirus homarus. The majority of lobsters are caught is a kind of lobster P. homarus and P. ornatus and then followed P. penicillatus and P. versicolor. The number of the male for P. homarus, P. versicolor and P. ornatus more than females while the females of P. penicillatus more than males. The majority of the lobster weights less than 300 grams and carapace length less than 8 cm. The body condition of fishing lobster in Palabuhanratu based on the lobster fishery regulations that exist for all types of lobsters is a majority yet decent catch. Keywords: type, lobster, Palabuhanratu, size

Developmental and gut-related changes to microbiomes of the cultured juvenile spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus.

With recent technologies making it possible for commercial scale closed life-cycle aquaculture production of spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus) comes a strong impetus to further understand aspects of lobster health. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host health, affecting growth, digestion, immune responses and pathogen resistance. Herein we characterise and compare gut microbiomes across different developmental stages (6-7 days post-emergence [dpe], 52 dpe and 13 months post-emergence [mpe]) and gut regions (foregut, midgut and hindgut) of cultured P. ornatus juveniles. Gut samples were analysed using 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing. Core gut microbiomes of P. ornatus comprised the phyla Tenericutes and Proteobacteria. Within class Gammaproteobacteria, families Pseudoalteromonadaceae and Vibrionaceae were dominant members across the majority of the gut microbiomes. Characterisation of bacterial communities from 13 mpe lobsters indicated that the hindgut microbiome was more diverse and compositionally dissimilar to the foregut and midgut. The bacterial composition of the hindgut was more similar among younger juveniles (6-7 dpe and 52 dpe) compared to 13 mpe lobsters. This is the first study to explore gut microbiomes of spiny lobster juveniles. We demonstrate that the composition of the gut microbiome was shaped by gut region, whereas the structure of the hindgut microbiome was influenced by developmental stage.