Family influences on type 2 diabetes self-management: Perspectives of African American adults with food insecurity.

A comprehensive review of the classical prescription Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction: meridian tropism and traditional efficacy, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacology and clinical applications.

Prophylactic effect of cefotiam against postoperative infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Evaluating the effectiveness of care bundles on the development of pressure ulcers in surgical patients: a systematic review.

We thank Stanford et al. for their careful attention to an important matter (Stanford et al., 2026). As the substantive points in the letter relate to the validity of the procedure reported, the authors of the original article (Michael et al., 2025) have provided a detailed scientific response, published alongside the letter. As a few points in the letter relate to editorial procedure, it is helpful for the Journal to also respond. The typical peer review process for original research in the BJP is as follows: A submitted manuscript, after some initial checks, is assigned to a Senior Editor. The Senior Editor makes an assessment, and, if they are satisfied, the manuscript proceeds to peer review by being passed to an Editor. The Editor will then make a second editorial assessment, before inviting reviewers. After reviews have been received, the Editor will recommend a decision, which is sent back to the Senior Editor to confirm. At any point during this process, either the Editor or the Senior Editor may choose to ask for input from any Consulting Editor from different specialties (e.g. animal welfare, design and analysis, etc.) to inform their decision. Once accepted, a manuscript is sent to a Press Editor, who conducts a final check on adherence to guidelines, before the manuscript is finally sent for publication. We share the authors' commitment to rigorous scrutiny of all submissions to the Journal. The above outline demonstrates that this scrutiny in the BJP is considerable, while remaining as efficient as possible (Papapetropoulos et al., 2025). Equally important is the ongoing review of our author guidelines and acceptance criteria, widely recognised as a global benchmark for pharmacological research. These best practice guidelines must be continually assessed to ensure they are relevant, rigorous and realistic. In 2025, the Journal updated guidance on experimental design and analysis (Curtis et al., 2025). In 2026, we will update guidance on reporting animal research (Lilley et al., 2020) and studies involving natural products (Wang et al., 2024). We thank Stanford et al. for their suggestion of a systematic use of the Consulting Editor for ARRIVE Guidelines and Animal Welfare on all relevant submissions (Stanford et al., 2026). We will consider this change as part of the forthcoming broader review of our animal research guidelines. As part of this work of updating guidelines, the Journal conducts regular audits of its publications, most recently on the use of anaesthetic agents (Ingrande et al., 2023). A consistent finding is that full compliance with all requirements in all articles is rare: work in the BJP spans a diversity of forms and contexts, where authors, reviewers or Editors may reasonably judge that methods are appropriate and findings are sound. Some articles may not meet every detail of our guidelines, yet still represent robust methodology. Their publication without complete compliance does not indicate, in itself, their scientific invalidity, nor that the peer review process is not working. We welcome this correspondence as an opportunity to reflect publicly on our processes and reaffirm our commitment to achieving the highest expectations of the British Pharmacological Society's members and the wider international pharmacological community. Péter Ferdinandy: Writing—review and editing; conceptualization. Charles Whalley: Writing—original draft; writing—review and editing; conceptualization. David J. Adams: Conceptualization. Steve P. H. Alexander: Conceptualization. Xiuping Chen: Conceptualization. Miriam Cortese-Krott: Conceptualization. Zsuzsanna Helyes: Conceptualization. Kirill Martemyanov: Conceptualization. Claudio Mauro: Conceptualization. Andreas Papapetropoulos: Conceptualization. Hemal H. Patel: Conceptualization; conceptualization. Rainer Schulz: Conceptualization. Ana M. Sebastião: Conceptualization. Alastair G. Stewart: Conceptualization. Nathalie Vergnolle: Conceptualization. Xin Wang: Conceptualization. Stephen Ward: Conceptualization. Hiroshi Yamazaki: Conceptualization. Marie Engh: Conceptualization. Charles Whalley is employed by the British Pharmacological Society, owner of the British Journal of Pharmacology. The other authors report no conflicts of interest.

Blood biomarkers of frailty and cognition: A scoping review.

This scoping review aimed to evaluate the pellicles' protective potential against mechanical tooth wear and to explore the underlying mechanisms. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science up to May 2025. Studies examining pellicles formed on enamel, dentin, or hydroxyapatite, using human saliva or salivary proteins, and subjected to mechanical challenges were included. Studies combining erosion or involving diseased subjects or non-dental substrates were excluded. Only original research articles published in English or German were considered. No supplementary approaches to identify studies were performed. Out of 893 records, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority focused on pellicles formed on enamel or hydroxyapatite. Outcome measures included wear, abrasion resistance, friction coefficient, and viscoelastic properties. While most studies found that the pellicle reduced friction and wear, its abrasion resistance to high mechanical stress was weak. Since the majority of studies were conducted in vitro, the extent to which these findings apply to the dynamic oral environment is uncertain. The pellicle may offer limited protection against mechanical wear, primarily through a boundary lubrication regime, while evidence regarding its structural integrity and resistance under mechanical stress remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for further research to validate relevant parameters and clarify underlying mechanisms.

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) represents a growing public health concern among adolescents worldwide, with prevalence rates reaching 44.8% in Asian populations. Spirituality and religiosity have been proposed as protective factors against self-injurious behaviours; however, the quantitative evidence for this association has not been systematically synthesised with rigorous methodological standards. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between spirituality/religiosity and self-injurious behaviours in adolescents and young adults, and to clarify distinctions between NSSI and suicidal behaviour. A systematic search of multiple databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science) was conducted using predefined search terms related to spirituality, religiosity, religion, self-injury, self-harm, NSSI, and adolescent populations. Original research articles reporting quantitative data on the association between spirituality/religiosity and self-injurious behaviours were included. Ten studies met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, of which six provided sufficient quantitative data for meta-analysis. Effect sizes were converted to standardised mean differences (Hedges' g) and pooled using a random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird). Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Prediction intervals (PI) were calculated alongside 95% confidence intervals (CI). The pooled standardised mean difference was −0.67 (95% CI: −1.12 to −0.21; 95% PI: −2.18 to 0.85; p = 0.004), indicating a protective effect of spirituality/religiosity against self-harm. Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 96%; τ² = 0.30), reflecting variability in study designs, populations, outcome measures, and religiosity constructs. Sensitivity analyses confirmed directional consistency of findings, though studies differ considerably in effect magnitude. Subgroup analyses identified potential differences by study design (cross-sectional vs. longitudinal) and geographic region, though these require cautious interpretation given limited sample numbers (k = 6). Meta-regression was limited by small sample size and collinearity between study characteristics. In conclusion, spirituality and religiosity demonstrated a protective association with reduced self-injurious behaviours among adolescents and young adults. However, the substantial heterogeneity, predominantly observational evidence base, concentration in Western populations, and inability to distinguish NSSI from suicidal behaviour in all studies necessitate cautious interpretation. These findings support further investigation of spiritual assessment in adolescent mental health, though clinical implications must be tempered by methodological limitations. Well-designed prospective studies examining cultural context, mechanisms of action, and distinctions between NSSI phenotypes are required.

Our paper contributes to the broader coastal studies literature, proposing a methodology and methods that can enhance young people’s participation in research and policymaking. Framed by the emerging concept of child-friendly blue urbanism and founded on principles of attentiveness and context-responsiveness it sets out a novel approach that foregrounds young people’s contributions as co-researchers, and their lives as embodied and intimately connected to the social and physical fabric of the coast. Drawing on our original research with young people in a small, English coastal town, we explore how a unique focus on children’s emplaced lives offers creative opportunities that can enhance young people’s participation. Logistical and ethical challenges about how to safely navigate and safeguard children in a spatially remote, seasonally reliant seaside location were particularly salient. We discuss how the resulting walking tours, intergenerational postcard exchange, animation and booklet emerged through this process of co-creation and solution building with young people, enabling them to express their views and influence community dialogue. In setting out our distinctive attentive, context-responsive approach we critically explore the unique challenges and creative opportunities emerging from researching with young people in coastal contexts and their potential to realise the ambitions of child-friendly blue urbanism.

Dental anomalies may lead to problems with tooth alignment, function, and esthetic appearance of the teeth. Therefore, the objective of the present systematic study was to assemble national reference data about the prevalence of different dental abnormalities in Saudi Arabia. Systematic screening was initiated to identify studies in the following databases: Medline (PubMed, Ovid), Web of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Original research of Saudi Arabian healthy cases without medical problems at any age were included. The search only included studies written in the English language, from inception until end of September 2025 and studies should at least one tooth was affected exclusion the 3rd molars. The quality and the risk of bias of the included studies were evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s appraisal tool. The data about the prevalence dental anomalies were extracted and pooled. Out of 725 identified titles, 35 studies were finally included. The highest frequency of impacted premolars (8.33%) was found in the Central region. ectopic eruption (58.2%) and tooth rotation (54.4%) were the most prevalent anomalies in the Northern region. Tooth transposition mostly affected the Southern region (10.88%). Agenesis (7.61%) was the most common abnormality in the Western area. Dilaceration was the most prevalent in the Eastern area (21.01%). Dental anomalies can cause aesthetic and functional problems, meaning that early detection, prevention, and treatment approaches are critical in minimizing their impacts.

The seeds of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill.) Pierre ex Pax (njangsa) is a West and Central African culinary condiment and spice. It has been recognized for its nutritional and functional benefits, but remains underutilized. The effect of boiling time on the nutritional, functional, and phytochemical properties of seed flour was investigated for diverse food applications. This original research article used a completely randomized design (CRD). The study was carried out in the Department of Food Science and Technology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State in June, 2024. The seeds were processed into three (3) flour samples: G1 (unprocessed control); G2 (boiled for 2 h at 800C) and G3 (boiled for 4 h at 800C). Proximate, phytochemicals, vitamins (A, E, and C), and functional properties were analyzed using standard methods. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and Fisher’s LSD post hoc test (p<0.05). There were high crude protein (23.62-24.75%) and total carbohydrate (27.91-32.42%), with crude fat significantly reduced by boiling (34.08-39.28 mg/100g). Total phenolics and flavonoids increased by boiling (7.09-8.46 mg GAE/g and 5.61-6.01 mg QE/g, respectively). Phytate was significantly reduced at 2 h (191.49 mg/100g) and increased at 4 h (240.90 mg/100g), indicating a non-linear anti-nutritional response to prolonged boiling. Vitamin A increased with boiling duration (10.08-11.23 mg/100g), while vitamin C peaked at 2 h. Vitamin E declined with boiling duration (4.58-3.66 mg/100g). Water and oil absorption capacities increased with boiling duration (102.00-127.50% and 116.50-133.00%, respectively). Foaming capacity and stability were undetectable in all samples. LGC increased (20% to 30%) with boiling time. Boiling duration significantly (p<0.05) influenced the studied parameters, with 2 h (800C) identified as optimal for phytate reduction, phenolic enhancement, and vitamin retention. The results are useful for standardizing seed flour processing and valorization.

Background: Sensors and mass spectrometry (MS) are frequently used in combination for food safety and quality assessment, yet their functional integration lacks a formal methodological framework. This review categorizes the synergies between these technologies into distinct Relational Connections. Methodology: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 155 original research articles published between 2015 and 2025 were systematically analyzed. Records were identified via the Scopus database within the food science domain. Experimental meta-data, including extraction protocols, instrumental configurations (ionization source, mass analyzer, cost tier), and chemometric strategies, were extracted to identify core methodological patterns. Statistical associations were quantified using chi-squared tests with Cramer’s V effect sizes. Results: Five Relational Connections were identified: (1) MS as reference for sensor validation (25.2%); (2) MS-sensor correlative analysis (10.3%); (3) MS quantifying data to train predictive sensor models (6.5%); (4) MS identifying targets for sensor detection (7.1%); and (5) MS enabling sensor classification models (51.0%). Technology pairing is governed by a three-level hierarchy: analyte polarity determines the ionization source (V = 0.69), required precision determines the mass analyzer (V = 0.64), and cost/availability constraints shape the practical integration strategy. Gas Chromatography (GC)-MS is predominantly coupled with Electronic Noses for volatile profiling (86% of classification studies), while Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) pairs with biosensors for contaminant analysis (74% of reference validation studies). Systematic analysis of the full pairing matrix reveals that 75% of theoretically possible MS-sensor combinations remain unexplored or underrepresented, identifying both technical boundaries and innovation frontiers. Discussion: The findings clarify the strategic logic behind technology pairings, demonstrating that MS provides the quantitative molecular data required for sensor training. The hierarchical decision framework and identification of underexplored pairings provide an evidence-based guide for designing future integrated food analysis systems.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to reshape health care, supported by advances in computing power, affordable data storage, and widespread electronic health record adoption. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searching PubMed, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2020 and September 2025. Eligible articles included original research addressing AI applications in clinical contexts with prospective or external validation. Results: Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria. Publication volume peaked in 2024 (n = 5, 33.3%). Deep learning was the most widely adopted method (60.0%), with convolutional neural networks frequently used in medical imaging. Radiology comprised 33.3% of applications, followed by oncology (20.0%) and cardiology (13.3%). The median diagnostic performance of imaging-based models was an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 AUC. Primary implementation challenges included regulatory compliance (53.3%), lack of algorithmic transparency (40.0%), data quality problems (33.3%), and clinical integration challenges (26.7%). Compared with earlier reviews (2015–2019), recent studies demonstrated increased external validation rates (rising from 23% to 46.7%) and greater focus on algorithmic fairness. Conclusions: Artificial intelligence demonstrates substantial potential to advance health care quality across multiple domains improving diagnostic accuracy and patient safety, enhancing care efficiency and timeliness, and supporting equitable care delivery when appropriately validated across diverse populations. However, realizing these quality improvements requires addressing persistent implementation barriers including regulatory uncertainty, algorithmic transparency, data quality concerns, and clinical workflow integration challenges.

Sepsis and septic shock are major causes of mortality in critically ill patients. They are linked to widespread metabolic and immune dysregulation, including alterations in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) not only plays a role in mineral balance, but also modulates key immune pathways and may contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis. A systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) were searched for studies published since 1990. To be eligible for inclusion, articles had to be original research, reviews, or clinical trials involving adult models (mammalian or human). Full-text availability was required. Risk of bias was assessed for all studies included. Sixty-six articles met the inclusion criteria: 49 original studies and 17 reviews. No randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses were identified. Most studies relied on in vitro or in vivo models. CaSR was consistently reported to be upregulated or activated following exposure to bacterial and inflammatory stimuli in immune cells, including monocytes and lymphocytes. CaSR activation promotes proinflammatory cytokine release, notably IL-1β via the NOD like receptor family 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome although results in intestinal epithelial models remain inconsistent. In non-septic models, CaSR activation was associated with tissue and organ injury, including renal and cardiac damage, as well as vasoplegia related to endothelial dysfunction. Preclinical models of pneumonia and endotoxemia suggest that CaSR antagonists may effectively mitigate inflammation and organ injury. This systematic review identifies the CaSR as an amplifier of the host inflammatory response across both septic and non-septic preclinical models The lack of robust clinical data underscores the need for translational studies assessing CaSR expression or activity in patients with sepsis or septic shock, alongside in vivo validation of CaSR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy.

Abstract The recent announcement of an undergraduate dual degree program that combines the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) and Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) signifies an advancement in Indian medical education. Although this idea has historical origins, attempts to implement it have often been obstructed by professional apprehensions, particularly concerns such as ‘mixopathy’ and even quackery. Nevertheless, the increasing burden of lifestyle-related diseases and the necessity for comprehensive, evidence-based primary health care present a justification for such an integration. This article is a policy analysis and perspective piece; it does not present original research data but critically examines the rationale, potential benefits, implementation challenges and regulatory considerations of the proposed MBBS–BAMS dual-degree programme. This article examines the reasoning, advantages, issues and counterarguments related to the suggested programme, referencing both historical and international examples, particularly the effective model of integrated medicine in China.

The research aims to: construct a training situation test to measure passing skill among futsal players representing the University of Mosul college teams, and to establish normative scores and standard levels for the training situation test used to measure passing skill among futsal players of the University of Mosul college teams. The researchers adopted the descriptive method due to its suitability for the research problem. The research population consisted of players from the University of Mosul's college teams for the academic year (2024–2025), totaling 23 colleges. The research sample included players from 16 college teams, representing (69.56%) of the total research population. The total number of players in the research sample was 143. The construction sample consisted of (104) players, representing (72.72%) of the original research sample, while the application sample included (39) players, representing (27.27%) of the original research sample. To obtain the required data and information, the researchers used questionnaires, tests, and personal interviews, and applied scientific criteria such as validity, reliability, and objectivity. The statistical tools employed in the study included: the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test with equal sample sizes, skewness coefficient, chi-square test, and the standard score (δ-6). Based on the results, it was concluded that The designed test is appropriate for the research sample, The adopted test follows a normal distribution Special tables of scores and standard levels for the test were successfully established

Abstract This article examines how and why auxiliaries combine into complex verb constructions in Old West Germanic. It integrates findings from prior corpus studies on Old Dutch and Old English with original corpus research on Old Saxon, Old High German, and Early Middle High German up to 1150. The combined results indicate that all Old West Germanic varieties combine only two auxiliaries, with the finite auxiliary always being a modal. These finite modals could have scope over a wide range of potential auxiliaries, including passive, perfect, modal, aspectual, and causative auxiliaries, as well as perception verbs. The range of auxiliary combinations is shown to expand progressively over time and across regions. The article reveals that the combinatorial potential of auxiliaries relates to their degree of grammaticalization and the availability of a nonfinite verb form. This relationship is argued to be bidirectional: (a) the ongoing grammaticalization of auxiliaries creates and expands their combinatorial potential, while (b) the combination of auxiliaries into complex verb constructions in turn stimulates the emergence of auxiliaries as a category of their own. This implies that the combination of auxiliaries is not only a symptom of their grammaticalization but also a catalyst for further change.*

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming intensive care medicine by enabling advanced analysis of complex clinical data generated in intensive care units (ICUs). This review explores current and emerging applications of AI in ICU practice, including sepsis prediction, mechanical ventilation management, acute kidney injury (AKI) forecasting, haemodynamic monitoring, and prognostication. AI-based models have demonstrated the ability to improve early detection of complications, support clinical decision-making, and optimise resource utilisation. However, challenges such as limited interpretability, data integration constraints, and the need for prospective validation continue to hinder widespread clinical adoption. A comprehensive narrative review was conducted using publications from January 2015 to June 2025. Combinations of the terms "artificial intelligence", "machine learning", "deep learning", "intensive care unit", "critical care", "clinical decision support", and "sepsis prediction" were used to search PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses reporting on the practical uses or clinical validation of AI tools in ICUs were given precedence, while studies focusing solely on algorithm development without clinical integration were excluded. Sepsis, mechanical ventilation, AKI, haemodynamic monitoring, and prognostication are among the thematic areas of application that organise the review. AI has shown significant utility across ICU domains, including early prediction of complications, forecasting mechanical ventilation duration, risk stratification, haemodynamic instability alerts, and mortality prognostication. Models trained on real-world ICU datasets have demonstrated high predictive accuracy and potential for early intervention. However, challenges such as model interpretability, data fragmentation, and ethical concerns remain.

Background Post-stroke morphological and structural alterations in lower-leg muscles—including changes in muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, and echo intensity—are key factors contributing to gait impairment and functional disability in stroke survivors. Conventional clinical assessments, such as the Modified Ashworth Scale and Fugl-Meyer Assessment, are limited by subjectivity and an inability to quantify intramuscular structural changes. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography, as a non-invasive, real-time, and quantitative imaging tool, has emerged as a valuable technique for evaluating post-stroke muscle alterations. Objective This systematic review aims to synthesize the literature published in the past 5 years on the application of musculoskeletal ultrasound—including B-mode, shear wave elastography, dynamic ultrasound, and quantitative ultrasound—in assessing morphological and functional changes of lower-leg muscles in stroke patients, and to explore its correlations with clinical outcomes and its utility in guiding rehabilitation interventions. Methods PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang Data were searched from January 2020 to December 2025 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were included if they were original research involving stroke patients, utilized ultrasound to assess lower-leg muscles, and reported at least one morphological or functional parameter. Results A total of 8 studies published between 2020 and 2025 were included. The most frequently assessed muscles were the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Compared with the non-paretic side or healthy controls, the paretic lower-leg muscles commonly exhibited reduced muscle thickness and cross-sectional area, altered pennation angle, shortened fascicle length, increased echo intensity (indicating fat infiltration or fibrosis), and elevated shear wave velocity or Young’s modulus (indicating increased stiffness). These ultrasound parameters showed significant correlations with clinical measures of spasticity (e.g., Modified Ashworth Scale), motor function (e.g., Fugl-Meyer Assessment), and muscle strength. Ultrasound was also effectively used to monitor treatment responses, including changes following botulinum toxin injection and rehabilitation training. Conclusion Musculoskeletal ultrasonography is a promising imaging modality for objectively assessing structural and biomechanical alterations in lower-leg muscles after stroke. Recent evidence from the past 5 years confirms its value in providing insights into the pathophysiology of post-stroke muscle changes, correlating with functional outcomes, and guiding personalized rehabilitation. Future efforts should focus on establishing standardized imaging protocols to enhance clinical applicability and cross-study comparability.

The Special Issue “Technological Convergence in Visual Arts: Integrating AI, Data-Driven Systems, and Immersive Media for Creative Transformation” invites original research, reviews, and creative–critical works that examine how rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, data-driven systems, and immersive technologies are reshaping visual arts. It focuses on the evolving intersections of computational intelligence, virtual and augmented environments, and artistic practice—highlighting shifts in creation, curation, authorship, ethics, and audience experience. Emphasizing interdisciplinary inquiry across visual arts, media studies, design, and cultural studies, the issue seeks theoretically rigorous, methodologically innovative, and practice-based contributions that explore new forms of storytelling, interactive installations, virtual exhibitions, and digitally mediated cultural expression, ultimately advancing discourse on the transformative impact of technological convergence on contemporary creative practices. Issue Editor: Dr. Chaitanya ShinkhedeAssistant Professor, School of Media and Communication, MIT World Peace University, PuneEmail: chaitanyashinkhede@gmail.com Dr. Tejee IshaHead of Department & Assistant Professor, Faculty of Mass Communication & Media Technology, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana – 122505, IndiaEmail: totejeeisha@gmail.com Dr. Harish BarapatreYadavrao Tasgaonkar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Karjat, Maharashtra, IndiaEmail: Jksa.Saudi@gmail.com Dr. Balkrishna K. PatilAssistant Professor & Head of Department, PhD in Computer Science, Former Tech Lead, Nashik, Maharashtra, IndiaEmail: balkrishnapatileng@gmail.com Dr. Bayram ÇAĞLARLecturer, Kocaeli University Ömer İsmet Uzunyol Vocational School,Department of Auditory Techniques and Media Production, TurkeyEmail: bcaglar@kocaeli.edu.tr