The objective was to evaluate historical and contemporary trends in the terminology used to describe pancreatic head resection procedures in the English-language medical literature and to assess whether nomenclature use has changed over time and whether linguistic accuracy aligns with term prevalence. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using a comprehensive title and abstract-based search across PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, encompassing all available publications through December 2023. Articles were included if their titles or abstracts contained any of the following terms: "pancreatoduodenectomy," "pancreaticoduodenectomy," "duodenopancreatectomy," "Whipple procedure," "pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy," or "pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy." There were no restrictions on article type, publication year, or original language. Duplicate entries were removed, and exact match algorithms were used to identify and quantify terminology usage across titles and abstracts. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze frequency trends by year. Of 28,933 identified records, 17,037 unique publications were included for analysis. From 1943 to the early 2000's, term usage was relatively balanced. However, from 2004 to 2023, "pancreaticoduodenectomy" accounted for 65.7% of all titles, and "pancreatoduodenectomy" appeared in 27.9%. The use of "duodenopancreatectomy" and other variants declined markedly. Despite grammatical and etymological evidence favoring "pancreatoduodenectomy," the less accurate "pancreaticoduodenectomy" has become increasingly dominant. Terminology describing pancreatic head resection lacks standardization, with a growing preference for a linguistically imprecise term. These inconsistencies may affect medical education, literature indexing, and the integration of terminology into data-driven systems such as electronic medical records. Standardizing language based on etymological accuracy and clinical clarity should be prioritized in surgical training, academic publishing, and health information management.

This study was conducted to identify the association between arsenic exposure and stunting in children under 5 years of age and to identify its effect on their cognitive function. The current study was a prospective case control study conducted in the Outpatient Nutrition Clinic at the Assiut University Children's Hospital for a 6-month period. The weight and height of children were measured to determine nutritional status using the weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) or height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) using the WHO Anthro software. Children who were diagnosed with moderate and severe stunting were compared with an age- and sex-matched control group. Dietary profiles and cognitive functions were assessed using questionnaires that were translated from the original language (English) into the target language (Arabic). Hair samples were collected for the detection of arsenic level among the selected stunted children and their corresponding control group. 56.7% of the examined children were diagnosed as stunted cases. Statistically significant high arsenic levels in hair were found among the stunted children compared with the controls. The median arsenic level was 0.083 mg/kg in stunted cases while in controls, it was 0.042. It was found that 43.4% of stunted children had high arsenic levels in their hair, 50% of them were in the age group (25-36 months), 55% of them were female, and 75.0% of the children's families were residing in rural areas; these differences were statistically insignificant. Delayed development in communication, problem-solving, and personal-social domains was higher in children with high arsenic levels compared to children with low arsenic levels but was not statistically significant. A significantly positive weak correlation was found between arsenic level in hair and frequency of artificial snacks consumption. As a conclusion, stunting was diagnosed in 56.7% of the study sample and was associated with high arsenic level in the hair samples of the affected children.

ABSTRACT This article examines the interpretation of the Pauline Epistles within the intellectual milieu of sixteenth-century Salamanca, understood as a continuation and transformation of medieval exegetical culture. Focusing on figures commonly associated with the School of Salamanca—Francisco de Vitoria, Melchor Cano, Domingo de Soto, Domingo Báñez, and Fray Luis de León—the study analyses how Pauline exegesis functioned at the intersection of scholastic theology, humanist philology, and ecclesiastical authority. Through close readings of commentaries, theological treatises, and methodological reflections, the article shows that Salamanca theologians developed a distinctive approach to Scripture that combined the primacy of the literal sense with a controlled use of philological tools, all within an explicitly ecclesial hermeneutical framework. Particular attention is given to Domingo de Soto's commentary on Romans, exemplifying how Pauline texts shaped Iberian debates on justification, grace, and authority during the Protestant Reformation. By situating Pauline exegesis within the cultural and institutional setting of Salamanca, marked by controversies over the Vulgate, the authority of original languages, and the legacy of medieval scholasticism, the article contributes to a broader understanding of how Scripture was read, taught, and contested in the Iberian world at the threshold between the Middle Ages and the early modern period.

Estimating evolutionary rates and divergence times for hepatitis B virus (HBV) has long been complicated by conflicting calibration approaches and extensive rate variation. To unlock the full potential of ancient and modern HBV genomic data, we develop a Bayesian mixed-effects molecular clock model that accounts for various sources of rate variation including time-dependent rate decay. Our analyses reveal a pronounced decline in evolutionary rates over time, reconciling HBV divergence estimates with human migration events across both deep and more recent timescales. We show that HBV spread into Europe through both Neolithic farming expansions and later steppe migrations, paralleling patterns proposed for Indo-European language origins. Phylogeographic reconstructions suggest that the Neolithic-associated lineage dispersed at approximately 1 km/year, consistent with archaeological estimates, while genotype D expanded during the Bronze Age at an almost threefold higher rate, plausibly driven by technological innovations underlying steppe expansions. Historical overlap between these lineages facilitated recombination, giving rise to genotype E, which has become a dominant HBV genotype in Africa. These findings demonstrate that ancient viral genomes, when analyzed with models capturing complex rate dynamics, provide a powerful lens on human prehistory and the processes shaping pathogen diversity.

To systematically describe the morphogenesis of the lacrimal system and its associated adnexal structures along the developmental timeline, from their earliest identifiable embryonic stages through fetal maturation, and to characterize postnatal anatomical and functional changes. The authors conducted an extensive review of classical and contemporary studies of the last 200 years (1837-2025) detailing the morphogenesis of the human lacrimal excretory system-including the puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct-across embryonic, fetal, and postnatal stages. All cited sources, irrespective of their original language, were comprehensively incorporated. Texts in German, French, and Italian underwent meticulous translation by the authors to ensure linguistic accuracy and contextual fidelity. This systematic synthesis integrates anatomical, histological, and molecular data, with particular emphasis on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and canalization dynamics. Controversial viewpoints regarding the origin and canalization of the nasolacrimal duct and punctal structures are critically appraised. Lacrimal excretory system development proceeds through 3 morphogenetic stages. Embryonic phase (weeks 1-8): Initiated by ectodermal thickening in the nasolacrimal groove, formation of the lacrimal lamina, and cellular proliferation into the lacrimal cord. Canaliculi arise from bifurcations at the proximal (lateral) end of the cord, while the distal end differentiates into the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct. Fetal phase (week 9-term): Canalization of the lacrimal cord begins around week 10, forming a continuous lumen. Horner-Duverney muscle fibers envelop the canaliculi, and the canalicular epithelium makes contact with the palpebral conjunctiva forming an imperforate double-layered epithelial lamina occluding the presumptive puncta that typically opens just prior to birth. The distal nasolacrimal duct forms a similar continuous imperforate double epithelial lamina with the nasal epithelium at the developing inferior meatus. Functional maturation of the lacrimal pump mechanism probably starts after eyelid separation (weeks 28-30 postfertilization). Postnatal phase: Tear drainage is physiologically active at birth in most infants, but the distal ductal membrane (valve of Hasner-better term is valve of Bianchi-Zinn) may not perforate until 6-12 months later in some infants. Lacrimal gland secretory function continues to mature for several years postnatally. Development of the lacrimal excretory system is a tightly orchestrated process requiring coordinated contributions from surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm, and cranial neural crest-derived mesenchyme. The various elements of the drainage system develop sequentially along the embryologic timeline from fertilization to early childhood. A foundational understanding of lacrimal excretory system morphogenesis is useful for elucidating the embryologic basis of congenital lacrimal disorders and for advancing therapeutic strategies. Purportedly, shared molecular pathways between fetal and adult lacrimal tissues (both secretory and excretory) suggest a future potential for regenerative therapies.

ObjectivesIn March 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released the CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, a set of voluntary recommendations for initiating and managing opioid treatment in the ambulatory setting. This scoping review examined guideline effects on patients, providers and health systems.MethodsA scoping review was conducted with a preregistered protocol. Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Embase and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature were conducted in April 2025. Reports published between 2016 and 2025 that explored the effects of the CDC guideline were included. No restrictions on language or country of study origin were applied, though all retrieved reports were published in the USA and in English. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full-text reports. Data were extracted by healthcare setting, study aims and design, sample size, study population, participant characteristics and study findings and outcomes. Reports were characterised as empirical studies that evaluated guideline effects or implementation studies that assessed uptake. Study findings were presented descriptively and by evidence maps.ResultsNinety-four studies met the inclusion criteria: 75 empirical studies and 19 implementation studies. Eighty-eight per cent measured changes in opioid prescribing; all but one found significant reductions in at least one prescribing measure, often among people receiving ≥50–90 morphine mg equivalents per day. Effects occurred across specialties and populations, including groups not targeted by the guideline. Studies found increased rates of tapering, with mixed findings on opioid-benzodiazepine coprescription. Legal analyses showed widespread policy adoption at the state level. Implementation studies described expanded risk-mitigation strategies, sometimes beyond guideline text. Few studies reported patient-centred outcomes, participant race or ethnicity or equity measures.ConclusionsThis voluntary federal guideline had significant intended and unintended effects. The guideline was associated with reductions in opioid prescribing among groups targeted and not targeted by its design, with limited evidence on patient outcomes. Future work should prioritise equity-focused patient outcomes to inform implementation of the 2022 CDC guideline.

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the evolution of the toponymy of the municipality of Angra dos Reis (RJ), from its discovery in 1502 to its promotion to the category of city (cidade), based on a historical-cartographic approach. The research used documents and maps produced between 1502 and 1835, thus covering key moments in local history. To deepen the analysis, toponyms were classified according to the language of origin, in addition to generic and specific terms, per the methodologies of Menezes (2020) and Dick (1990). The results indicate the predominance of anthropocultural toponyms, especially the hagiotoponym and sociotoponym categories, related to religious devotion and sociocultural practices. As for the physical nature, hydrotoponyms, geomorphotoponyms, and dimensiotoponyms stand out. Concerning the generic terms, the majority are associated with hydrography and localities. It is also observed the recurrence of the terms 'Angra' (inlet), 'Ilha' (island), 'Povoação' (settlement), 'Vila' (village), and 'Cidade' (city), reflecting not only the relationship of the names with the geographical configuration of the territory, but also the historical transition from an initial nuclear occupation to a consolidated urban space.

This article aims to explain the theory of “step theory”, named by me, on the origin and evolution of the language. The theory argues that it is necessary to focus not only on the origin of language, but also on its evolution after the birth. Derek Bickerton has asked “how humans made language?” in his book named Adam’s Tongue. On the other hand, the step theory seeks an answer to the question of “how did the root language evolved after the birth?” According to the theory, the language evolved through seven steps after “direct imitation”. These steps are “overcoming time and place barriers”, “the emergence of symbolic words”, “the birth of specific meanings and functions from the types of sounds (phono semantic)”, “the reproduction of words”, “word order (syntax)”, “the emergence of inflection” and “differentiation (division into dialects and languages)” respectively. Firstly, these steps and current situation are explained in the article. Furthermore, the divergence of the languages from each other and the divergence of the words from their primary forms (the emergence of arbitrariness) are explained in eight points. Parallels between human evolution and language evolution have also been drawn attention in this study.

The article presents a translation-oriented analysis of memoir and autobiographical texts, which are characterized as polygenre. The relevance of the topic is driven by the growing readership interest in memoir and autobiographical texts, as well as by the fact that for an audience not proficient in the original language, translation becomes the only source of information about events described by the participant himself in another language. Thus, unlike biographies, which can be written by domestic researchers, memoirs and autobiographies are created by participants themselves. The article aims to identify how the polygenre nature of these texts (the inclusion of genre-different microtexts within the macrotext) and the author’s mentality influence translation decisions, and to propose a toolkit for analyzing such influence based on cognitive linguistics. The methodological basis is Ch. Fillmore and E.G. Beliaevskaya frame analysis, supplemented by G. Lakoff and M. Johnson theory of cognitive metaphor, and comparative analysis of original texts and their translations. The scientific novelty lies in applying frame analysis to the translation of polygenre memoir and autobiographical texts. The article argues that the boundaries of genre-different microtexts within the memoir and autobiographical macrotext are determined by a change of protagonist. It is shown that the interaction between frames and polygenre is two-fold: a frame can be determined by the author’s professional experience (even if the events described are not directly related to his own life) or by the microtext genre. In the first case, cognitive metaphors may be used, possibly lost in translation. In the second case, the microtext genre activates a specific frame that influences the translation. Frame analysis facilitates verification of translation decisions, including at the editing stage. The results of the study can be applied in translation practice and pedagogy, as well as in editing translations of memoir and autobiographical texts.

Speech audiometry is widely used in routine clinical settings to assess auditory function in children. Appropriate test materials are available in languages such as English or German; however, formally validated translations do not exist in less widely spoken languages such as Hungarian. This protocol aims to describe an evidence-based process of translation, cultural adaptation and validation of a paediatric speech audiometry test from its original language into another. The Mainzer Audiometric Test for Children (MATCH) is a picture-pointing speech audiometry test for children aged 3-6 years. It will be translated from the original German into Hungarian in six phases: (1) identification of MATCH test items and validation of MATCH picture recognisability among children; (2) confirmation of linguistic conformity by comparing phoneme distribution of Hungarian test vocabulary to spontaneous Hungarian speech reference data; (3) recording of Hungarian speech material in a sound-treated environment complying with ISO 8253-3:2022 standards; (4) evaluation of the homogeneity of the intelligibility of the recorded Hungarian test items through speech recognition testing in adults; (5) standardisation of the Hungarian MATCH test on a cohort of normal-hearing children aged 3-6 years whose dominant language is Hungarian and (6) assessment of the diagnostic validity of the Hungarian version of the MATCH by comparing MATCH speech recognition thresholds to pure-tone audiometry results. To determine sensitivity, specificity and optimal cut-off points for the Hungarian test in detecting hearing loss among children aged 3-6 years, receiver operating characteristic analysis will be used. The protocol has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07156825), complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, and has been approved by the medical ethics committee at Semmelweis University Budapest (Ref. nr.: SE RKEB 312/2021). The study using the speech test is currently in progress. The results and conclusions will be shared with the scientific community through publication in a peer-reviewed journal. NCT07156825.

BackgroundDementia is a progressive condition that disrupts not only the cognitive and functional abilities of those diagnosed but also the quality of their closest relationships. Family carers often face profound emotional, relational, and cultural challenges as they adapt to these changes. While past studies have highlighted the grief and uncertainty associated with caregiving, less is known about how relational dynamics evolve over the dementia trajectory or how cultural contexts shape this process. This study aimed to explore how family caregivers in Australia and Japan experience and navigate relational change.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 38 family carers of people living with dementia (18 in Australia, 20 in Japan). Participants were recruited through community organisations, carer networks, and support groups. Interviews were transcribed verbatim in the original language (English or Japanese) and translated as required. Data were analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke’s framework, with bilingual researchers ensuring cultural nuance and analytic fidelity. Rigour was supported through triangulation, peer debriefing, reflexive journaling, and adherence to the COREQ checklist.ResultsFour key themes were generated: (1) Dealing with Loss: carers described relational and personhood losses, including role reversals and the erosion of reciprocity; (2) Evolving Relational Practices: carers adapted activities, communication, and routines to sustain connection; (3) Reconciling with a Transformed Relationship: carers negotiated ambivalent states of grief, gratitude, and acceptance; and (4) Motivation to Care: carers identified drivers of care, including relational closeness, duty and reciprocity, health-related rationales, and cultural negotiation between collectivist and individualist norms.ConclusionsRelational change is a central yet under-recognised aspect of dementia caregiving. This study builds on previous literature around the impact of dementia on carers by showing how cultural logics and caregiving motivations shape relational adaptation. These findings indicate that caregiving support may benefit from greater attention to relational wellbeing, duty, and cultural meanings attached to caregiving. Culturally responsive approaches that recognise relational continuity may contribute to improving the quality of life of both carers and people living with dementia.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12904-026-02085-1.

Introduction . The question of the territories and temporal reference of the origin of ethnic groups that are part of the Indo-European (IE) community remains open up to nowadays. This is due to the difficulties in localizing the area of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language, from which the origin of the IE languages is assumed. The article proposes the derivation of IE languages from the archaic dialect continuum, bypassing the stage of the simultaneous existence of a hypothetical PIE language. The relevance of the article lies in the reduction of uncertainty in the ideas about the ethnogenesis of the IE peoples. Methodology and sources . The time of the beginning of the emergence of ethnic groups from the ancient dialect continuum is determined by paleogenetic data. To determine the areas of emergence of ancient ethnic groups, data on the original names of copper ore/copper, livestock and cultivated plants, etc., were used in conjunction with data on copper deposits, areas of cattle domestication, plant cultivation, etc., the ancient areas of the carriers of which are considered to be quite well known. Results and discussion . The emergence of IE ethnic groups began in the 9th-7th millennia BC in the Fertile Crescent zone and was associated with the transition of mobile huntersgatherers to the sedentary lifestyle of farmers. The ancestors of the Slavs, Balts, Latins and Germans emerged earlier from the Middle Eastern dialect continuum in the vicinity of the Semitic, Hurrian-Urartian and Kartvelian tribes and ancestors of the Turks. Conclusion . The complex application of linguistic, archaeological, and paleogenetic data makes it possible to clarify the history of the emergence of a number of IE ethnic groups without using the hypothesis of a common PIE ancestral homeland. The separation of particular histories of ethnogenesis in space and time makes it possible to exclude some inconsistencies such as “Wanderwörter”.

Educational disadvantages of children of immigrants have been linked to speaking a language other than that of school instruction at home. Yet both theory and previous research suggests that the continued use of the language of (parental) origin can be beneficial for children of immigrants. We used data from a subset of countries in the 2018 Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA) and analysed reading test scores, educational expectations, sense of belonging at school, and subjective wellbeing, paying attention to appropriate measurement of language use. Our results suggest that the language used at home is not systematically associated with subjective wellbeing or educational expectations. In a few countries, switching the home language to that of the destination country is associated with an increased sense of belonging and higher reading scores. We discuss these results with reference to ethnic boundary making and responding to the needs of linguistically diverse students. Keywords: language spoken at home; children of immigrants; learning outcomes; belonging

ABSTRACT Language education policies in Catalonia have experience in incorporating languages of origin in schools, with more than 15 languages taught both in and out of school and over 100,000 pupils benefiting. This qualitative exploratory study analyzes the implementation of the Arabic Language and Moroccan Culture (LACM) program in Catalan schools. Data were collected through 39 semi-structured interviews with members of the educational community to identify facilitators and barriers. Findings show that, despite institutional efforts to promote linguistic and cultural rapprochement, significant barriers persist, including implementation gaps and a prevailing paternalistic perspective. General guidelines are proposed to improve the program's implementation.

Abstract This paper re-evaluates the significance of José Vicente Asuar (1933–2017), a pioneering figure in Latin American computer music, shifting the focus from the hardware construction of his COMDASUAR system to the innovative software he developed for algorithmic composition. While Asuar’s hybrid digital-analog computer is noteworthy, the true core of his contribution lies in his original machine language programs designed for the Intel 8080 microprocessor. This study examines how Asuar thought about and designed algorithms specifically created for generating musical structures, processing symbolic data in real-time, and enabling interactive performance. By analyzing newly discovered handwritten notebooks containing his meticulous code documentation, we uncover Asuar’s deep engagement with low-level programming to express complex musical ideas. His approach, focused on the computer as an “amplifier of the imagination,” prioritized the development of software to facilitate generative composition and real-time manipulation of musical parameters. This paper argues that Asuar’s legacy rests not solely on the COMDASUAR hardware but primarily on his visionary software architecture, which transformed the computer into a dynamic compositional partner. In doing so, he anticipated later developments in interactive music systems, demonstrating a pioneering approach to computer music that placed software innovation at its center.

Empirical investigations on communication systems in non-human animals have provided significant insight into the evolutionary origins of language. To further explore how vocal culture may influence such processes, we artificially reduced the vocal diversity found in a colony of zebra finches (Taeniopygia castanotis) by creating three different colonies with founder males trained to produce the same song. Zebra finch song is hierarchically organized: a song bout is composed of one or several song motifs sometimes interspaced by call-like syllables, each motif being composed of a few syllables repeated in a fixed order. We found that most males that hatched in those colonies conformed to the original song motif even if the overall similarity tend to decrease over time. They also introduced some vocal innovations such as syllable recombination mainly at the macrostructural level of song, namely the song bout. By constraining the acoustic diversity of song models at the foundation of colonies of zebra finches, we succeeded in creating artificial song cultural lineages. We show that vocal production learning, through imitation and innovation, can shape a vocal signal differently at different levels of its structure and maintain vocal polymorphism, a process reminiscent of what is proposed for language evolution.

ABSTRACT The relationship between Islam and human evolution remains contested. One possible tension concerns language, since Q. 2:31 is often read as implying that Adam was taught a complete revealed language, leaving little room for gradual linguistic development. Yet Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 1210), in The Compendium on the Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (al-Maḥṣūl fī ʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh), examined four theories of language origin and suspended judgement (tawaqquf) after finding no decisive proof for any one view. This article argues that al-Rāzī’s analysis weakens a key theological barrier, allowing Muslims to consider scientific accounts of language origins within an Islamic framework.

The purpose of this article is to trace the reception of the poetry of Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz (1894–1980) in Bulgaria. Moreover, the study aims to examine the questions and outline the challenges related to conveying poetic rhythm in selected Bulgarian translations of his work. An overview of rhythm as a concept opens the paper. It is followed by a more specific discussion of rhythm in syllabic versification, which is characteristic of Polish poetry, including the period during which the poet published most of his work. The author examines in detail the reception of Iwaszkiewicz’s poems published in Bulgaria and then focuses the analysis on selected Bulgarian translations by Ivan Valev, included in the collection Tomorrow Is the Harvest (1982). The originals are drawn from the Polish poet’s debut volume Oktostychy (Octaves), published in 1919. Only the works with syllabic versification are considered in the present research. The article explores how this feature is conveyed in the Bulgarian translation, as well as the challenges arising from the differences between the original language and the language of translation. The study shows that the translator does not keep the syllabic meter used in the original works, but instead seeks a rhythmic correspondence through introducing a syllabotonic meter and employing several metrical feet. This shows how the characteristics of the two languages influence the analyzed texts. This influence is expressed in the lengthening of verses in some of the translations, and in cases where the syllable count is preserved, parts of the imagery from the original poems are sometimes omitted, replaced with others, or supplemented with new elements. These changes were made to keep the rhyming. Original title in Bulgarian: "Трансформации на поетическия ритъм в стихове на Ярослав Ивашкевич, преведени от Иван Вълев"

This international, peer-reviewed journal aims to advance knowledge in the growing and strongly interdisciplinary area of Interaction Studies in biological and artificial systems. Understanding social behaviour and communication in biological and artificial systems requires knowledge of evolutionary, developmental and neurobiological aspects of social behaviour and communication; the embodied nature of interactions; origins and characteristics of social and narrative intelligence; perception, action and communication in the context of dynamic and social environments; social learning, adaptation and imitation; social behaviour in human-machine interactions; the nature of empathic understanding, behaviour and intention reading; minimal requirements and systems exhibiting social behaviour; the role of cultural factors in shaping social behaviour and communication in biological or artificial societies.The journal welcomes contributions that analyze social behaviour in humans and other animals as well as research into the design and synthesis of robotic, software, virtual and other artificial systems, including applications such as exploiting human-machine interactions for educational or therapeutic purposes. Fields of interest comprise evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, artificial life, robotics, psychology, cognitive neuroscience, computational neuroscience, cognitive modeling, ethology, social and biological anthropology, palaeontology, animal behaviour, linguistics. Interaction Studies publishes research articles, research reports, and book reviews.Interaction Studiesis a successor of Evolution of Communication. While IS significantly broadens the original aims and scope of EoC, we clearly continue to encourage researchers studying the origins of human language and the evolutionary continuum of communication in general to submit high quality manuscripts to Interaction Studies.

SummaryBackgroundThe effect of providing oral information in immigrants’ language of origin on screening participation remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effect of a reminder phone call in the language of origin combined with a reminder letter in Norwegian, compared to only a reminder letter in Norwegian, on participation in ColorectalScreen Norway among immigrants from Pakistan and Somalia.MethodsWe conducted a randomised controlled trial among individuals born in Pakistan or Somalia (age 55–56) who did not return a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) within six weeks after the kit was mailed. Individuals were randomised (1:1), to receive a reminder letter in Norwegian and a phone call in their language of origin (intervention) or solely the reminder letter (control). The primary outcome was participation in ColorectalScreen Norway, defined as return of the kit within 12 weeks after sending the reminder letter. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06324409.FindingsWe included 416 individuals (215 men and 201 women) during the period from March to October 2024: 217 in the intervention group and 199 in the control group. Overall participation was 24% (53/217) in the intervention group and 11% (22/199) in the control group (risk ratio 2·21 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1·40–3·49)). Participation among Pakistani immigrants was 30% (30/101) in the intervention group and 12% (12/101) in the control group (risk ratio 2·50 (95% CI 1·36–4·60)), and among Somali immigrants 20% (23/116) and 10% (10/98), respectively (risk ratio 1·94 (95% CI 0·97–3·88)) (pheterogeneity = 0·5110).InterpretationReminder phone calls in the individuals’ language of origin doubled the participation rate among immigrants from Pakistan and Somalia in ColorectalScreen Norway, with consistent effects across both nationality groups. The results highlight the complexity and diversity of ensuring access to cancer screening for all and demonstrate the potential of oral information to reach immigrants.FundingThe Norwegian Cancer Society.